Influence of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome from Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients on the Proliferation and Death of K562 and K562-Lucena Leukemia Cell Lineages.

Leukemias are among the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) participate in the development of a suitable niche for hematopoietic stem cells, and are involved in the development of diseases such as leukemias, to a yet unknown extent. Here we described the effect of secretome of bone marrow MSCs obtained from healthy donors and from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) on leukemic cell lineages, sensitive (K562) or resistant (K562-Lucena) to chemotherapy drugs. Cell proliferation, viability and death were evaluated, together with cell cycle, cytokine production and gene expression of ABC transporters and cyclins. The secretome of healthy MSCs decreased proliferation and viability of both K562 and K562-Lucena cells; moreover, an increase in apoptosis and necrosis rates was observed, together with the activation of caspase 3/7, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and changes in expression of several ABC proteins and cyclins D1 and D2. These effects were not observed using the secretome of MSCs derived from AML patients. In conclusion, the secretome of healthy MSCs have the capacity to inhibit the development of leukemia cells, at least in the studied conditions. However, MSCs from AML patients seem to have lost this capacity, and could therefore contribute to the development of leukemia.

Patellar Tilt and Patellar Tendon-Trochlear Groove Angle Present the Optimum Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnostic Reliability for Patients With Patellar Instability.

PURPOSE: To describe, in controls and in a population with patellar instability, magnetic resonance imaging values of measurements representing major associated factors for patellar instability (patellar height, trochlear dysplasia, and extensor mechanism alignment), as well as their cutoff values. METHODS: In total, 323 knee magnetic resonance imaging scans, 142 with patellar instability and 181 controls without patellofemoral complaints (anterior cruciate, medial collateral ligament, meniscus ruptures or normal) were evaluated. Means, normality values in the control population, ideal cutoff values through receiver operating characteristic curves analysis, and interobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) were described for a series of measurements. RESULTS: All measurements were statistically different in control and instability patients, except for the patellotrochlear index and tibial tuberosity to posterior cruciate ligament distance. The interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was good or excellent (above 0.75) only for the patellotrochlear index, patellar tendon-trochlear groove (PTTG) angle, and patellar tilt. The optimal cutoff value for each measurement was: PTTG angle ≥25.3o with sensitivity (S) of 70% and specificity (E) of 89%, patellar tilt ≥16o (S: 69% and E: 84%), trochlear sulcus angle ≥153o (S: 75% and E: 76%), Carrillon ≤12.8o (S: 62% and E: 87%), PTTG distance ≥11mm (S: 71% and E: 78%), Caton-Deschamps index ≥1.23 (S: 72% and E: 76%) and trochlear bump ≥3.95 mm (S: 76% and E: 65%). CONCLUSIONS: Caton-Deschamps index (≥1.23), trochlear sulcus angle (≥153o), ventral prominence of the trochlea (≥3.95 mm), PTTG distance (≥11 mm), PTTG angle (≥25.3o), Carrillon angle (≤12.8o), and patellar tilt (≥16o) presented better diagnostic performance for patellar instability. Patellotrochlear index and tibial tuberosity to posterior cruciate ligament distance were not related to patellar instability. The interobserver reliability of the factors related to patellar instability was excellent only for the PTTG angle and lateral patellar tilt. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective case-control study.

Magnetic resonance imaging overestimates patellar height compared with radiographs.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the inter-observer and inter-method reliability for patellar height measurements between conventional radiographs (CR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using one or two slices. METHODS: This was a reliability study, with 60 patients divided in two groups: 30 patients with patellar instability (patella group) and 30 patients with anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus injury (control group). CR and MRI were evaluated by two independent observers. Insall-Salvati index (IS) and Caton-Deschamps index (CD) were measured using three different methods: CR, one-slice MRI or two-slice MRI. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for inter-observer reliability and inter-method reliability. Bland-Altman agreement was also calculated. RESULTS: The inter-observer reliability was very good for the IS with ICCs of 0.93, 0.84 and 0.82, for the CR, one-slice MRI and two-slice MRI, respectively. Similarly, for the CD the ICCs were good, 0.76, 0.80 and 0.75 for the CR, one-slice MRI and two-slice MRI, respectively. No differences were found between the patella and the control group. The inter-method analysis results were: ICCs for IS (0.83, 0.86, 0.93) and CD (0.72, 0.82, 0.83), for the comparisons of CR/one-slice MR, CR/two-slice MRI and one-slice MRI/two-slice MRI, respectively. The Bland-Altman mean differences showed an 8% and a 7% increase on IS values with one-slice MRI and two-slice MRI compared to CR results, while the increase was of 9% and 1% in CD for the respective comparisons with CR. CONCLUSION: MRI can overestimate patellar height compared to CR, as much as an 8% increase in Insall-Salvati values when using one- or two-slice MRI measurements, and up to a 9% increase in Caton-Deschamps value when using the one-slice MRI method. It is recommended to use the CR as the preferred method when measuring patellar height. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Surgical Timing Does Not Interfere on Clinical Outcomes in Combined Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Anterolateral Ligament: A Comparative Study With Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up.

PURPOSE: To compare the functional outcomes, knee stability, failure rate and complication rates of combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction with hamstrings grafts between acute and chronic cases. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent combined ACL and ALL reconstruction with hamstrings grafts were evaluated. Patients operated on less than 8 weeks after injury were allocated to group 1, and the others were allocated to group 2. Demographic data, knee stability, and functional outcomes of the 2 groups were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients in the acute group and 96 in the chronic group were evaluated. The follow-up time was similar between the groups (28.7 ± 5.2 [24-43] months vs 29.4 ± 7.2 [24-58] months; P = 0.696). No differences were found between the groups in age, sex, trauma mechanism, presence of knee hyperextension, graft diameter, and meniscal injuries. There was no difference between the groups in the postoperative KT-1000 and in the pre- or postoperative pivot shift. The preoperative KT-1000 was higher in group 2 (7.9 ± 1.1 vs 7.4 ± 1.2; P = 0.031). There were no differences in the International Knee Documentation Committee or Lysholm. Three (2.3%) patients developed failure, 1 (2.9%) in group 1 and 2 (2.1%) in group 2. The total complication rate was 10% and did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combined ACL and ALL reconstruction has similar outcomes in patients undergoing surgery in the acute and chronic phases. Patients with chronic injury have similar knee stability, functional scores, and failure rates as acute-injury patients, and patients with acute injury have no more complications than chronic patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative therapeutic trial.

Degenerative Medial Meniscus Tear With a Displaced Flap Into the Meniscotibial Recess and Tibial Peripheral Reactive Bone Edema Presents Good Results With Arthroscopic Surgical Treatment.

PURPOSE: To report the arthroscopic treatment results of a degenerative medial meniscus tear with a displaced flap into the meniscotibial recess, tibial peripheral reactive bone edema, and focal knee medial pain. As a secondary objective, we propose to identify possible factors associated with a good or poor prognosis of the surgical treatment of this lesion. METHODS: From 2012 to 2018, patients who had this specific meniscus pathology and underwent arthroscopic surgical treatment were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) classification greater than 2 were excluded. KL classification, the presence of an Outerbridge grade III/V chondral lesion of the medial compartment, limb alignment, body mass index, and smoking were evaluated. The subjective outcomes included the International Knee Documentation Committee score, improvement in the pain reported by patients, and the Global Perceived Effect (GPE) scale score. RESULTS: A total of 69 patients were evaluated. The mean age was 58.6 ± 7.1 years. The follow-up time was 48.7 ± 20.8 months. Fifty-five (79.7%) patients reported pain improvement. The postoperative International Knee Documentation Committee was 62.6 ± 15.4, and the mean GPE was 2.3 ± 2.6. Fourteen patients (20.3%) showed no improvement in pain, and 7 patients (10.2%) presented complications. Groups that improved (GPE > 0) and did not improve (GPE < 0) did not present differences regarding age, sex, follow-up time, chondral lesions, or body mass index. Patients without improvement had a greater incidence of smoking (P = .001), varus alignment (P = .008), and more advanced KL classification (P < .001). In the multivariate analysis based on the GPE score, KL classification (P = .038) and smoking (P = .003) were significant. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic surgical treatment of degenerative medial meniscal tears with a meniscal flap displaced into the meniscotibial recess and adjacent focal bone edema in the tibia shows good results in approximately 80% of cases. Smoking and KL grade 2 were factors associated with poor prognosis of surgical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV (case series).

The use of negative-pressure wound therapy after total knee arthroplasty is effective for reducing complications and the need for reintervention.

BACKGROUND: Wound healing complications are causal factors of prosthesis infection and poor postoperative evolution of patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) can be an option to minimize these complications. The aim of this study is to compare the complications of patients undergoing TKA who used a portable NPWT device in the immediate postoperative period with those of a control group. METHODS: A total of 296 patients were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups: those who used NPWT for seven days in the postoperative period (Group 1 - prospective evaluated) and those who used conventional dressings (Group 2 - historical control group). Epidemiological data, comorbidities, local parameters related to the surgical wound and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: The groups did not differ in regard to sex, age and clinical comorbidities. Overall, 153 (51.7%) patients had at least one risk factor for wound complications. Patients who used NPWT had a lower rate of complications (28.5% vs. 45.7%, p = 0.001) and a lower rate of reintervention in the operating room (2% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.001). Patients in group 1 had a lower incidence of hyperaemia (14.7% vs. 40.2%, p = 0.01), skin necrosis (2.1% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.04) and wound dehiscence (3.1% vs 10.1%, p = 0.03). The use of NPWT was a protective factor for the presence of complications, with an odds ratio of 0.36 (95% CI 0.206-0.629). CONCLUSION: The number of complications related to the wound after TKA is high; however, most of them are minor and have no impact on the treatment and clinical evolution of patients. The use of NPWT decreased the number of surgical wound complications, especially hyperaemia, dehiscence and necrosis, and reduced the need for reintervention.

Bacteria drug resistance profile affects knee and hip periprosthetic joint infection outcome with debridement, antibiotics and implant retention.

BACKGROUND: Evaluate the effect of bacteria drug resistance profile on the success rates of debridement, antibiotics and implant retention. METHODS: All early acute periprosthetic infections in hip and knee arthroplasties treated with DAIR at our institution over the period from 2011 to 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The success rate was evaluated according to the type of organism identified in culture: multidrug-sensitive (MSB), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MRB) and according to other risk factors for treatment failure. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients were analyzed; there were 37 in the multidrug-sensitive bacteria (MSB) group, 11 in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) group and 9 in the other multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MRB) group. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the treatment failure rate among the three groups: 8.3% for the MSB group, 18.2% for the MRSA group and 55.6% for the MRB group (p = 0.005). Among the other risk factors for treatment failure, the presence of inflammatory arthritis presented a failure rate of 45.1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: DAIR showed a good success rate in cases of early acute infection by multidrug-sensitive bacteria. In the presence of infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria or association with rheumatic diseases the treatment failure rate was higher and other surgical options should be considered in this specific population. The MRSA group showed intermediate results between MSB and MRB and should be carefully evaluated.

Combined Reconstruction of the Anterolateral Ligament in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Ligamentous Hyperlaxity Leads to Better Clinical Stability and a Lower Failure Rate Than Isolated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To compare functional outcomes, residual instability, and rupture rates in patients with ligamentous hyperlaxity undergoing isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction or combined ACL and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction. METHODS: Two groups of patients were evaluated and compared retrospectively. Both groups consisted of patients with ACL injuries and associated ligamentous hyperlaxity, defined based on the modified Beighton scale with a minimum score of 5. Group 1 patients underwent anatomical ACL reconstruction, and group 2 patients underwent anatomical ACL reconstruction combined with ALL reconstruction. Group 1 consisted of historical controls. The presence of associated meniscal injury, subjective International Knee Documentation Committee and Lysholm functional scores, KT-1000 measurements, the presence of a residual pivot-shift, and the graft rupture rate were evaluated. The study was performed at University of São Paulo in Brazil. RESULTS: Ninety patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with ligamentous hyperlaxity were evaluated. The mean follow up was 29.6 ± 6.2 months for group 1 and 28.1 ± 4.2 months for group 2 (P = .51). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding Beighton scale, gender, the duration of injury before reconstruction, follow-up time, preoperative instability, or associated meniscal injuries. The mean age was 29.9 ± 8.1 years in group 1 and 27.0 ± 9.1 years in group 2 (P = .017). In the final evaluation, group 2 patients showed better anteroposterior clinical stability as evaluated by KT-1000 arthrometry (P = .02), better rotational stability as evaluated by the pivot-shift test (P = .03) and a lower reconstruction failure rate (21.7% [group 1] vs 3.3% [group 2]; P = .03). Clinical evaluations of postoperative functional scales showed no differences between the 2 groups (P = .27 for International Knee Documentation Committee; P = .41 for Lysholm). CONCLUSIONS: Combined ACL and ALL reconstruction in patients with ligamentous hyperlaxity resulted in a lower failure rate and improved knee stability parameters compared to isolated ACL reconstruction. No differences were found in the functional scales. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, case control study.

Combined reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament in chronic ACL injuries leads to better clinical outcomes than isolated ACL reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction in patients with chronic ACL injury. It was hypothesized that patients who underwent combined ACL and ALL reconstruction would exhibit less residual laxity and better clinical outcomes. METHODS: Two groups of patients were evaluated and compared retrospectively. Both groups consisted only of patients with chronic (more than 12 months) ACL injuries. Patients in group 1 underwent anatomical intra-articular reconstruction of the ACL and patients in group 2 underwent anatomic intra-articular ACL reconstruction combined with ALL reconstruction. The presence of associated meniscal injury, the subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm functional outcome scores in the postoperative period, KT-1000 evaluation, the presence of residual pivot shift and graft rupture rate were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients who underwent reconstruction of chronic ACL injuries were evaluated. The median follow-up was 26 (24-29) months for group 1 and 25 (24-28) months for group 2. There were no significant differences between groups regarding gender, age, duration of injury until reconstruction, follow-up time or presence of associated meniscal injuries in the preoperative period. Regarding functional outcome scores, patients in group 2 presented better results on both the IKDC (p = 0.0013) and the Lysholm (p < 0.0001) evaluations. In addition, patients in group 2 had better KT-1000 evaluation (p = 0.048) and a lower pivot shift rate at physical examination, presenting only 9.1% positivity versus 35.3% in the isolated ACL reconstruction (p = 0.011). Regarding re-ruptures, group 1 presented 5 (7.3%) cases, and group 2 presented no cases. CONCLUSION: The combined ACL and ALL reconstruction in patients with chronic ACL injury is an effective and safety solution and leads to good functional outcomes with no increase in complication rate. The clinical relevance of this finding is the possibility to indicate this type of procedure when patients present with more than 12 months after injury for surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Using a Single Peroneus Longus Tendon Graft.

The peroneus longus tendon seems a viable graft option for knee ligament reconstructions, with adequate biomechanical properties and low morbidity after harvesting. The objective of this article is to describe a combined anterior cruciate ligament and anterolateral ligament reconstruction technique using a single peroneus longus tendon graft harvested from the infra malleolar region to ensure sufficient length.

Risk Factors for Symptomatic Cyclops Lesion Formation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Objective To evaluate the incidence of symptomatic cyclops lesions requiring surgical treatment after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and to establish possible intraoperative risk factors related to it. Methods Three hundred and eighty-nine patients aged between 18 and 50 years who underwent primary ACL reconstruction were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence of symptomatic cyclops lesions, and their characteristics were compared. Patients with associated lesions that required additional surgical procedures (except anterolateral extra-articular procedures) were not included. The rate of symptomatic cyclops lesions was recorded and the following parameters were evaluated: age, gender, time from injury to surgery, graft type and diameter, femoral tunnel perforation technique, fixation type, presence of knee hyperextension, preservation of the ACL remnant, associated anterolateral extra-articular procedure, associated meniscal injury and participation in sports. Results 389 patients were evaluated and 26 (6.7%) patients developed cyclops. The patients with and without cyclops lesions did not differ in age, time from injury to surgery, graft type or diameter, surgical technique, femoral fixation method, presence of knee hyperextension, remnant preservation and associated meniscal injury. The group with cyclops lesion had a higher proportion of females (10 (38.4%) vs 68 (18.7%); OR = 2.7; p = 0.015), higher proportion of extra-articular reconstruction (18 (11.8%) vs 8 (3.4%); OR = 3.8; p = 0.001) and higher proportion of sports practice (23 (8.6%) vs 3 (2.5%); OR = 3.6; p = 0.026). Conclusion In our series, 6.7% of the patients required arthroscopic removal of cyclops lesions. Female gender, associated extra-articular reconstruction and sports practice were factors related to this lesion. Remnant preservation had no relationship with cyclops lesion formation.

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients without correction of bony risk factors leads to acceptable outcomes but higher failure rates.

OBJECTIVES: To report outcomes and re-dislocation rates of medial patellar stabilizers reconstruction without bone procedures for correction of anatomical risk factors for patellar instability in skeletally immature patients; to compare isolated medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction to combined MPFL and medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) reconstruction in this population. METHODS: Patients with open physis and bone abnormalities including patella alta and/or increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance and/or trochlear dysplasia underwent MPFL reconstruction, either isolated or associated with MPTL reconstruction. Preoperative, 1-year follow-up and the latest follow-up (5 years minimum) data were collected. Radiological and clinical evaluations were conducted, with special attention to failure rate. Comparison of results from isolated MPFL and combined MPFL/MPTL reconstructions was performed. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were included, 19 in the isolated MPFL group (median 14 years old; follow-up 5.8 â€‹± â€‹1.7 years) and 10 in the combined MPFL/MPTL group (median 13.5 years old; follow-up 5.2 â€‹± â€‹1.4 years). Kujala and Tegner scores increased over time, although without statistically significant differences between the two groups at the latest follow-up (p â€‹= â€‹0.840 and p â€‹> â€‹0.999, respectively). During follow-up, 5 of 19 (26.3%) isolated MPFL and 2 of 10 (20%) MPFL/MPTL reconstructions experienced recurrence of patellar dislocation (p â€‹> â€‹0.999). Trochlear dysplasia type D (p â€‹= â€‹0.028), knee rotation (p â€‹= â€‹0.009) and lateral patellar tilt angle (p â€‹= â€‹0.003) were associated with patellar instability recurrence. The isolated MPFL group showed increased laxity on physical exam at the latest follow-up compared to the 1-year follow-up (patellar glide test (p â€‹= â€‹0.002), patellar tilt test (p â€‹= â€‹0.042) and subluxation in extension (p â€‹= â€‹0.019). This increased laxity was not observed in the MPFL/MPTL group (p â€‹> â€‹0.999). Comparing both groups, the glide test was significantly better in the combined MPFL/MPTL group in comparison to the isolated MPFL reconstruction group at the latest follow-up (p â€‹= â€‹0.021). CONCLUSION: MPFL reconstruction in isolation or combined with MPTL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients with additional uncorrected anatomical patellofemoral abnormalities leads to acceptable clinical outcomes within a minimum of 5 years follow-up, although has a high failure rate of 24.1%. Addition of a MPTL reconstruction to the MPFL may result in decreased patellar laxity on physical exams, as demonstrated by better patellar glide test, patellar tilt test and subluxation in extension. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III; retrospective cohort study.

Prevalence and interference of neuropathic pain in the quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: With the aging of the population, more patients have complained of pain due to knee Osteoarthritis (OA), and the number of arthroplasties has also increased. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of the neuropathic pain component in candidates for Total Knee Replacement and the effects of this component on their quality of life. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patients with OA candidates for knee arthroplasty in the present institution were evaluated using the pain detection questionnaire and the Visual Analog Pain (VAS) scale to measure the pain index and the presence of associated neuropathic pain. In addition, evaluation of the quality of life and functionality using the EQ5D and SF12 questionnaires and their relationship with cases of neuropathic pain were performed. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-six patients were evaluated, and 71.4 % were female. The age ranged from 46 to 85 years, and about 70 % of the patients had some associated clinical comorbidity. Neuropathic pain was present in 28.6 % of the patients evaluated. Patients with neuropathic pain presented worse results in the VAS evaluation, in the care, pain, and anxiety domains of the EQ5D, and in the physical and mental scores of the SF12. CONCLUSION: Neuropathic pain was present in 28.6 % of the patients with knee OA who are candidates for arthroplasty. Patients with associated neuropathic pain present a higher level of pain and worse quality of life scores. Recognizing this type of pathology is extremely important in fully monitoring gonarthrosis.

Comparative study of superficial medial collateral ligament reconstruction combined with posterior oblique ligament reconstruction or posteromedial capsule advance in grade III injuries of the medial compartment in a complex knee injury scenario.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the combined reconstruction of the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) and the posterior oblique ligament (POL) with the reconstruction of the sMCL associated with the advancement of the posteromedial capsule in a complex knee injury scenario. We hypothesized that both techniques would present similar knee stability and failure rates. METHODS: This is a retrospective case-control study designed to compare the results of the two reported techniques for grade III MCL instability. Patients undergoing MCL reconstruction associated with anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, or both, from 2010 to 2019, were included. The following parameters were evaluated: demographic data, type of graft, time from injury to surgery, associated meniscus injuries, follow up time, mechanism of trauma, postoperative objective IKDC, subjective IKDC and Lysholm scales, range of motion, reconstruction failure and complications. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients were evaluated, 37 of whom underwent reconstruction of the sMCL and POL, and 41 of whom underwent reconstruction of the sMCL with advancement of posteromedial structures. There was no difference in any preoperative variable. Patients undergoing reconstruction of the sMCL + advancement had greater loss of flexion (Group 1 3.4 ± 4.6 vs Group 2 8.4 ± 7.9; P = 0.002) and more individuals with flexion loss greater than 10° (Group 1, seven patients (18.9%) vs Group 2, 17 patients (41.5%); P = 0.031). Postoperative knee stability, failures and complications were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: Both techniques presented good functional results and low rates of complications. However, the advancement technique showed greater flexion loss, which should be considered when choosing the best surgical option.

High Incidence of Osteoarthritis Observed in Patients at Short- to Midterm Follow-Up after Delayed Multiligament Knee Reconstruction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of knee osteoarthritis, failure rate of reconstruction, and clinical outcomes of patients with chronic multiligament knee injuries subjected to surgical treatment. Sixty-two patients with chronic knee dislocation subjected to multiligament reconstruction between April 2008 and July 2016 were evaluated, with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were performed in the pre- and last postoperative evaluation; the progression of degenerative changes according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification (KL) was assessed. The Schenck classification, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), time between injury and surgery, type of postoperative rehabilitation protocol (brace vs. external fixator), and physical examination for ligament instability were also evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed, p <0.05 was considered significant. Fifty-two (83.9%) patients were men and 16.1% (n = 10) were women, with a mean age of 38.8 ± 1.3 years. The time from injury to surgery was 31.1 ± 6.1 months, and the follow-up time was 6.1 ± 0.5 years. The mean final KOOS was 79.3 ± 10.4 and the overall reconstruction failure occurred in 25.8%. Of all patients, 64.5% (n = 40) presented a KL classification of ≥2 and were defined as having radiographic osteoarthritis (OA). As 11.7% (n = 7) also presented arthritis in the contralateral knee, in 53.2% (n = 33) the progression was most likely due to the initial injury. The failure of ligament reconstruction or residual instability was present in 15 (35.7%) of patients with OA, and only one patient (4.5%) without OA. In the multivariate analysis, only reconstruction failure was an independent predictor of OA (odds ratio = 13.2 [p = 0.028]). There is a high incidence of knee OA following ligament reconstruction for chronic multiligament knee injuries. Ligament reconstruction failure was the only independent predictor for the development of OA in our study.

Anatomical Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Are Not Important As Patellar Instability Risk Factors in Patients with Acute Knee Injury.

To compare in magnetic resonance imaging the anatomical risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and patellar dislocation among patients who suffered acute knee injury, 105 patients with acute knee injury resulting in 38 patellar dislocations (patella group), 35 ACL injuries (ACL group), and 32 meniscus or medial collateral ligament injuries (control group) were included. These groups were compared for risk factors for patellar dislocation (patellar height, trochlear dysplasia, and quadriceps angle of action) and for ACL injury (intercondylar width, posterior inclination of tibial plateaus, and depth of the medial plateau). Univariate analysis found statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the patella and ACL groups in patellar height (Caton-Deschamps [CD] 1.23 vs. 1.07), trochlear facet asymmetry (55 vs. 68%), PTTG (13.08 vs. 8.01 mm), and the patellar tip and trochlear groove (PTTG) angle (29.5 vs. 13.71 degrees). The patella group also differed from control in medial plateau inclination (4.8 vs. 1.87 degrees), patellar height (CD 1.23 vs 1.08), trochlear facet asymmetry (55 vs. 69%), lateral trochlear inclination (17.11 vs. 20.65 degrees), trochlear depth (4.1 vs. 6.05 mm), PTTG (13.08 vs. 9.85 mm), and the PTTG angle (29.5 vs. 17.88 degrees). The ACL and control groups were similar in all measures. Multivariate analysis found the following significant determinants between the Patella and Control groups: patellar height (CD index, odds ratio [OR]: 80.13, p = 0.015), trochlear anatomy (asymmetry of facets M/L, OR: 1.06, p = 0.031) and quadriceps action angle (PTTG angle, OR: 1.09, p = 0.016); between the ACL and control groups: PTTG angle (OR: 0.936, p = 0.04) and female gender (OR: 3.876, p = 0.032); and between the patella and ACL groups, the CD index (OR: 67.62, p = 0.026), asymmetry of the M/L facets (OR: 1.07, p = 0.011) and PTTG angle (OR: 1.16, p < 0.001). In conclusion, in patients with acute knee injury, the anatomical factors patellar height, trochlear dysplasia, and quadriceps angle of action were related to the occurrence of patellar dislocation. None of the anatomical factors studied was related to the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Hippocampal plasticity in rats submitted to a gastric restrictive procedure.

Bariatric surgery has been the most effective therapeutic intervention for morbidly obese patients. However, recent evidence has shown that this procedure may cause serious neurological complications such as Wernicke encephalopathy, depression, and memory impairment. With this in mind, we conducted an experimental study to investigate whether weight-reduction surgery would promote morphological changes in the hippocampal formation, a brain region linked to cognitive and emotional processes. To do so, the present study evaluated the hippocampal expression of parvalbumin interneurons in rats submitted to a gastric restrictive procedure (experimental phytobezoar). Our results demonstrated that rats with gastric-reduced capacity presented a significant increase in the expression of the parvalbumin interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields. These data are the first experimental evidence that restrictive bariatric surgery may alter hippocampal cytoarchitecture.

The knee in congenital femoral deficiency and its implication in limb lengthening: a systematic review.

Congenital femoral deficiency (CFD) is a rare disorder with several limb anomalies including limb shortening and knee cruciate ligament dysplasia.Limb lengthening is usually performed to correct lower limb discrepancy. However, complications, such as knee subluxation/dislocation, can occur during this treatment.Here, we explore CFD knee abnormalities and knee dislocation during limb elongation, discussing when and whether knee ligament reconstruction prior to the lengthening would be necessary to reduce the risk of knee dislocation.There is not enough support in the literature for the routine reconstruction of cruciate ligaments in CFD patients.Of note, in cases of severe anteroposterior or posterolateral rotatory instability, cruciate ligament reconstruction might be considered to decrease the risk of knee subluxation/dislocation during the lengthening treatment. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:565-571. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200075.

Knee Hyperextension Greater Than 5° Is a Risk Factor for Failure in ACL Reconstruction Using Hamstring Graft.

BACKGROUND: The degree of knee hyperextension in isolation has not been studied in detail as a risk factor that could lead to increased looseness or graft failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. PURPOSE: To analyze whether more than 5° of passive knee hyperextension is associated with worse functional outcomes and greater risk of graft failure after primary ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A cohort of patients who had primary ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autografts was divided into 2 groups based on passive contralateral knee hyperextension greater than 5° (hyperextension group) and less than 5° (control group) of hyperextension. Groups were matched by age, sex, and associated meniscal tears. The following data were collected and compared between the groups: patient data (age and sex), time from injury to surgery, passive knee hyperextension, KT-1000 arthrometer laxity, pivot shift, associated meniscal injury and treatment (meniscectomy or repair), contralateral knee ligament injury, intra-articular graft size, follow-up time, occurrence of graft failure, and postoperative Lysholm knee scale and International Knee Documentation Committee subjective form scores. RESULTS: Data from 358 patients initially included in the study were analyzed; 22 were excluded because the time from injury to surgery was greater than 24 months, and 22 were lost to follow-up. From the cohort of 314 patients, 102 had more than 5° of knee hyperextension. A control group of the same size (n = 102) was selected by matching among the other 212 patients. Significant differences in the incidence of graft failure (14.7% vs 2.9%; P = .005) and Lysholm knee scale score (86.4 ± 9.8 vs 89.6 ± 6.1; P = .018) were found between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with more than 5° of contralateral knee hyperextension submitted to single-bundle ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendons have a higher failure rate than patients with less than 5° of knee hyperextension.