Risk factors in iatrogenic spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: In the last years, there has been a change in the aetiology of spinal cord injury. There has been an increase in the number of elderly patients with spinal cord injuries caused by diseases or medical procedures. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of the occurrence of iatrogenic spinal cord injury in our unit. The secondary aim is to study what variables can be associated with a higher risk of iatrogenesis. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, observational study of patients with acute spinal cord injury admitted from June 2009 to May 2014 was conducted. The information collected included the patient age, aetiology, neurological level and grade of injury when admitted and when discharged, cardiovascular risk factors, a previous history of depression and any prior treatment with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. We applied a logistic regression. The grade of statistical significance was established as P<0.05. RESULTS: In total, 265 patients were included. In 48 of the cases, the cause was iatrogenic (18.18%±4.6% IC). The most frequent level of injury was the thoracic level (48%). The main aetiology of spinal cord injury caused by iatrogenesis was surgery for degenerative spine disease, in patients under the age of 30 were treated with intrathecal chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Iatrogenic spinal cord injury is a frequent complication. A statistically significant association between a patient history of depression and iatrogenic spinal cord injury was found as well as with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drug use prior to iatrogenic spinal cord injury.

Adaptation and validation of the Spanish self-report version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III).

STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional validation study. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to adapt and validate a self-report version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III) for the Spanish population. METHODS: A cross-cultural adaptation of the self-report version of the SCIM III for the Spanish population was performed on the basis of international guidelines. A total of 100 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) were recruited. A team of healthcare professionals administered the SCIM III by observation. In addition, the patients completed the Spanish self-report version (eSCIM-SR). Data from both questionnaires were analysed jointly. RESULTS: A high correlation was observed between SCIM III and eSCIM-SR. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient for the global score was 0.998 (95% confidence interval: 0.997, 0.998), and the subscale scores were 0.988 (0.982, 0.992) for self-care, 0.992 (0.988, 0.995) for respiration and sphincter management and 0.997 (0.995, 0.998) for Mobility. Bland-Altman plots showed a small bias of -0.32 (95% limits of agreement: -3.01, 2.37). The estimated bias was low in all three domains, with values of -0.22 (-2.12, 1.68), -0.1 (-2.02, 1.82) and -0.03 (-1.69, 1.63) for the self-care, respiration and sphincter management and mobility subscales, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study validates the eSCIM-SR as a tool for the functional assessment of patients with SCI, principally in the outpatient setting.

Are the characteristics of the patient with a spinal cord injury changing?

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analytical study. OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiologic pattern of spinal cord injury (SCI) over the last decade. SETTING: Patients admitted in the spinal cord injury unit at a university hospital between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2013. METHODS: A review of the clinical history of the patients was conducted. Patients were allocated according to traumatic (traffic and non-traffic accidents) or non-traumatic origin (tumour and non-tumour disease). Information about gender, age, admission and discharge date and cause, level and grade of spinal cord injury was collected. An analysis using the time-trend series was performed. RESULTS: The average length of stay decreases 1.5 days quarterly, and the average patient's age increases 0.25 year quarterly. No trend was observed with respect to the number of cases. CONCLUSION: Although the number of patients with an SCI caused by an accident has decreased and the average age of patients with an SCI has increased, it cannot be said that there has been a paradigm shift in patients with SCI.

Neural network for estimating energy expenditure in paraplegics from heart rate.

The aim of the present study is to obtain models for estimating energy expenditure based on the heart rates of people with spinal cord injury without requiring individual calibration. A cohort of 20 persons with spinal cord injury performed a routine of 10 activities while their breath-by-breath oxygen consumption and heart rates were monitored. The minute-by-minute oxygen consumption collected from minute 4 to minute 7 was used as the dependent variable. A total of 7 features extracted from the heart rate signals were used as independent variables. 2 mathematical models were used to estimate the oxygen consumption using the heart rate: a multiple linear model and artificial neural networks. We determined that the artificial neural network model provided a better estimation (r=0.88, MSE=4.4 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)) than the multiple linear model (r=0.78; MSE=7.63 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)).The goodness of fit with the artificial neural network was similar to previous reported linear models involving individual calibration. In conclusion, we have validated the use of the heart rate to estimate oxygen consumption in paraplegic persons without individual calibration and, under this constraint, we have shown that the artificial neural network is the mathematical tool that provides the better estimation.

Effects of resistance training on strength, pain and shoulder functionality in paraplegics.

STUDY DESIGN: Time series design. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of a shoulder resistance training programme on isokinetic and isometric strength, body composition, pain and functionality in paraplegic subjects. SETTING: University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. METHODS: A total of 15 subjects with thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) performed three testing sessions with an 8-week period between the sessions. Subjects were not disturbed between the first and the second testing sessions. Subjects performed an 8-week resistance training programme after the second testing session. Variations in isometric and isokinetic shoulder muscle strength, body composition, reported pain and shoulder functionality were evaluated. RESULTS: The training programme produced a significant increase (P<0.05) in the isometric and isokinetic strength of several shoulder movements as well as an increase (P<0.05) in arm fat-free mass and a decrease in arm fat mass (FM). Furthermore, reported pain was decreased, (P<0.05) and upper-limb functionality was increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Implementing resistance training programmes as physical therapy in SCI subjects effectively increases strength, muscle mass and upper-limb functionality, whereas decreasing FM and pain perception.

Force normalization in paraplegics.

The principal aim of our study was the determination of the effectiveness of a standardized ratio, allometric scaling model and a gamma function model in normalizing the isometric torque data of spinal cord patients and healthy subjects. For this purpose we studied a sample of 21 healthy males and 23 spinal cord injury males. The experiment consisted of the measurement of the force of the upper limb movement executed by all the subjects. We also determined anthropometric variables with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The experimental data were analyzed with 3 force normalization methods. Our results indicate that the most important confounding variable was the fat free mass of the dominant upper limb (r>0.36, p<0.05). With the standardization by body mass and allometric scaling model, the normalized torque was influenced by body size variables. However, the normalized torque by the gamma function model was independent of body size measures. Paraplegics were weaker (p<0.05) in extension movements when the data were normalized by the gamma function model. In summary, this study shows that the gamma function model with fat free mass of the dominant upper limb was more effective than the standardized ratio in removing the influence of body size variables.

Iatrogenic spinal cord injury: an observational study.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive observational study. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to quantify the incidence of iatrogenic spinal cord injury (SCI) at our SCI unit (SCIU). The secondary objective was to discover the surgical and medical procedures that cause iatrogenic SCI and to estimate the incidence with each procedure. SUBJECTS: Patients admitted to or seen at outpatient services of the SCIU at a university hospital. METHODS: Histories were compiled from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2009. We included patients with SCI caused by any medical or surgical procedure. We collected age, sex, diagnosis leading to medical intervention, predominant clinical manifestations, medical-surgical procedure and level and grade of injury upon admission and discharge. RESULTS: Out of 250 patients admitted to the SCIU, 32 (14.7%) patients presented iatrogenic SCI. Average age was 56.2 (s.d. 17.3), ranging from 0 to 82 years old. The most frequent clinical manifestation was pain. The most common diagnosis was channel stenosis. Lumbar level grade C of American Spine Injury Association (ASIA) was the most frequently observed. CONCLUSION: The rise in the population's life expectancy entails an increase in elderly patients with vascular risk factors, who underwent invasive interventions leading to spinal cord iatrogenia.

Transdermal nitroglycerine treatment of shoulder tendinopathies in patients with spinal cord injuries.

STUDY DESIGN: A clinical blind study was conducted to determine the efficacy of transdermal nitroglycerine treatment on the awareness of shoulder pain. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the effects of transdermal nitroglycerine on shoulder pain and on functional shoulder movement in patients with spinal cord injuries and shoulder tendinopathies. A second aim is to establish the side effects of the treatment. SETTING: Hospital "La Fe" in Valencia, Spain. METHODS: A total of 45 spinal cord injury patients, all of whom are wheelchair users with shoulder tendinopathy, were randomly divided into two groups: placebo (n=12) and experimental (n=33). The experimental group (EG) received transdermal treatment for 6 months in the form of a 1.25 mg nitroglycerine (NT) patch on the greater tubercle. A placebo patch was used with the placebo subjects. Functional shoulder movements were assessed by articular range of motion and pain, using a visual analogical scale. RESULTS: NT treatment reduced the awareness of shoulder pain and increased the functional movement and range of articular motion in the shoulders of the EG members (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that transdermal NT is an efficient method for treating shoulder tendinopathies in wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries.

[Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-cannabidiol in the treatment of spasticity in chronic spinal cord injury: a clinical experience]. / Delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol-cannabidiol en el tratamiento de la espasticidad en la lesion medular cronica: una experiencia clinica.

INTRODUCTION: Spasticity in chronic spinal cord injury is a condition that can have negative repercussions on the patient's quality of life. Its treatment is complex and sometimes the outcome is insufficient. Cannabinoids have recently been used in multiple sclerosis to successfully treat spasticity that is refractory to other therapies. AIM: To quantify the clinical response of a group of patients with spastic chronic spinal cord injury to the orally administered drug delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-cannabidiol (Sativex ®) as medication for use in special situations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The research consists of a six-month observational study in patients with chronic spinal cord injuries with refractory spasticity. The variables collected were: modified Ashworth scale, Penn spasm frequency scale, Numeric Rating Scale, and Visual Analogue Scale for pain. Additionally, clinical variables and side effects of the treatment were also collected. RESULTS: Fifteen patients took part in this study. A significant improvement was observed on three of the scales recorded: modified Ashworth scale (z = -2.97; p = 0.003), Penn spasm frequency scale (z = -2.76; p = 0.006) and Numeric Rating Scale (z = -3.21; p = 0.001). The use of the drug was withdrawn in two patients due to side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Sativex can be considered an alternative in patients with spasticity associated with chronic spinal cord injury for whom other therapeutic measures have been insufficient. Further studies need to be conducted before the use of this drug can be recommended and so as to define a complete profile of its long-term side effects.

TITLE: Delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol-cannabidiol en el tratamiento de la espasticidad en la lesion medular cronica: una experiencia clinica.Introduccion. La espasticidad en la lesion medular cronica es una condicion que puede repercutir negativamente en la calidad de vida del paciente. Su tratamiento es complejo y, en ocasiones, el resultado es insuficiente. Recientemente, en la esclerosis multiple los cannabinoides se han empleado con exito en el tratamiento de la espasticidad refractaria a otras terapias. Objetivo. Cuantificar la respuesta clinica de un grupo de pacientes con lesion medular cronica espastica al farmaco delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol-cannabidiol (Sativex ®), de administracion oral, como medicamento de uso en situaciones especiales. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio observacional durante seis meses en lesionados medulares cronicos con espasticidad refractaria. Las variables recogidas fueron: escala modificada de Ashworth, escala de frecuencia de espasmos de Penn, Numeric Rating Scale y escala visual analogica del dolor. De forma adicional se recogieron variables clinicas y efectos secundarios del tratamiento. Resultados. Quince pacientes tomaron parte en el estudio. Se observo mejoria significativa en tres de las escalas registradas: escala de Ashworth modificada (z = -2,97; p = 0,003), escala de frecuencia de espasmos de Penn (z = -2,76; p = 0,006) y Numeric Rating Scale (z = -3,21; p = 0,001). Se suspendio el uso del farmaco en dos pacientes por efectos secundarios. Conclusiones. Sativex se muestra como una alternativa en pacientes con espasticidad asociada a lesion medular cronica, en las que otras medidas terapeuticas resultan insuficientes. Son necesarios mas estudios para recomendar el uso de este farmaco y definir un perfil completo de sus efectos adversos a largo plazo.

Clinical effectiveness of grip strength in predicting ambulation of elderly inpatients.

BACKGROUND: Assessing the clinical effectiveness of measuring grip strength as a prognostic tool in recovering ambulation in bed-confined frail elderly patients. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out with 50 elderly inpatients (mean age: 81.6 years old). Manual muscle test was used for checking strength of hip flexor muscles, hip abductor muscles and knee extensor muscles. Grip strength was assessed by hydraulic dynamometer. Walking ability was assessed by functional ambulation categories and Functional Classification of Sagunto Hospital Ambulation. Existence of cognitive impairment (Short Portable Mental Status of Pfeiffer) and comorbidity (abbreviated Charlson index) were considered to be confounding variables. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Simple comparisons and mixed models of multiple ordinal regression. RESULTS: The sample presented generalized weakness in scapular (mean 4.22) and pelvic (mean 3.82) muscle. Mean hand grip values were similar: 11.98 kg right hand; 11.70 kg left hand. The patients had lost walking ability. After treatment, there was a statistically significant for scapular waist strength (P=0.001), pelvic waist strength (P=0.005) and walking ability (P=0.001). A statistically significant relationship in the regression analysis was found between the grip (right and left hands) and walking ability post-treatment (P=0.009; odds ratio 1.14 and P=0.0014 odds ratio 1.113 for each walking scale). The confounding variables showed no statistical significance in the results. CONCLUSION: Grip strength is associated with walking ability in hospitalized frail elderly. Grip strength assessment by hydraulic dynamometry is useful in patients with poor collaboration. Walking ability training in frail elderly inpatients is useful.

Mujer con dolor cervical súbito y deterioro neurológico / Woman with sudden neck pain and neurological impairment

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Brown-Sequard syndrome associated with Horner's syndrome after a penetrating trauma at the cervicomedullary junction.

STUDY DESIGN: Case report of a 21-year-old man that had concurrence of Brown-Sequard syndrome and Horner's syndrome after a penetrating trauma in the neck. OBJECTIVES: This report analyzes the location of lesions that cause a combination of Horner's and Brown-Sequard syndrome. It is important to know the anatomic structure of spinal cord and the sympathetic nerve chain. SETTING: Spinal Cord Unit, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante, Alicante, Spain. METHODS: Description of a single patient case report. RESULTS: The clinical findings and MRI showed a good correlation. The Horner's syndrome was confirmed with a 4% cocaine test. The patient received a conservative treatment with high-dose steroid therapy (NASCIS-3). CONCLUSION: The patient presented with Brown-Sequard syndrome and Horner's syndrome. Clinical examination and MRI made a quick and correct diagnosis. The patient recovered completely after the conservative treatment.

¿Está cambiando la etiología de la lesión medular? / Is the etiology of spinal cord injury changing?

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Linfedema asociado a artropatía neuropática de Charcot / Lymphedema associated to Charcot neuropathic arthropathy

La artropatía vertebral de Charcot es una complicación tardía de la lesión medular y de otras entidades, consistente en un proceso destructivo articular por alteración de la sensibilidad propioceptiva. Este defecto en los mecanismos de protección articular facilita los microtraumatismos que conducen a la rotura del cartílago, luxación articular y destrucción oseoligamentosa. Debido a la sintomatología inespecífica de inicio, su diagnóstico puede ser tardío una vez se establecen secuelas invalidantes. Describimos el caso de una mujer de 57 años diagnosticada de artropatía de Charcot a raíz de un linfedema en extremidades inferiores, consecuencia de la extensión avanzada del proceso degenerativo articular. Por ello, la cirugía, tratamiento de elección de esta entidad, fue desestimada debido al elevado riesgo de complicaciones asociadas. Este caso refuerza la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de la artropatía de Charcot, de cara a poder aplicar a tiempo las medidas correctivas que prevengan el desarrollo de secuelas irreversibles (AU)

Charcot spinal arthropathy is a late complication of spinal cord injury, and other conditions consisting of a joint degeneration due to impairment of the local proprioceptive sensitivity. This defect in the protective mechanisms of the joint facilitates microtrauma leading to cartilage injury, joint luxation, and destruction of bones and ligaments. Due to the lack of specific-presenting features, the diagnosis is often made late in the course of the disease, once the invalidating consequences have already been developed. We describe the case of a 57-year-old woman diagnosed with Charcot arthropathy following the detection of lymphedema in both lower limbs, this being a consequence of the advanced local spread of the joint degeneration. Therefore, surgery, the treatment of choice for this condition, was ruled out because of the high risk of procedure-related complications. This case reinforces the importance of an early diagnosis of Charcot arthropathy in order to implement corrective measures before irreversible sequels are established (AU)

Lesión medular de origen iatrogénico ¿un diagnóstico a tener en cuenta? / Iatrogenic spinal cord injury. Should this diagnosis be considered?

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Fiebre alta asociada a osificación heterotópica en un lesionado medular / High fever with heterotopic ossification in a patient with spinal cord injury

Paciente de 27 años que 9 semanas después de una paraplejía postraumática aguda T5, grado A de ASIA, presenta un cuadro febril de hasta 40°C con buen estado general. En la exploración clínica sólo encontramos como posible foco un área de edema sin aumento de temperatura en la región proximal de la extremidad inferior izquierda (MII). Las pruebas complementarias realizadas aportan como hallazgos una elevación de la proteína C reactiva (PCR), sin leucocitosis ni aumento de las fosfatasas alcalinas (PA). En la gammagrafía ósea encontramos un foco de hipercaptación indicativo de osificación heterotópica paratrocantéreo izquierdo, la resonancia magnetica (RM) sólo aporta un foco de edema inespecífico, el eco-Doppler venoso es normal. Tras dos ciclos de tratamiento con AINE y bisfosfonatos se normalizaron los datos analíticos. La osificación heterotópica es común en pacientes con lesión medular, pero no es habitual que vaya asociada a cifras tan elevadas de fiebre, ni elevación de las fosfatasas alcalinas. La PCR y gammagrafía ósea sirvieron como marcadores de la enfermedad y de su resolución. El ibuprofeno y el etidronato sódico fueron nuestros fármacos de elección resolviéndose el cuadro con buena adaptación funcional acorde con la lesión. En casos de mala evolución es fundamental el diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoces (AU)

A 27-year old patient who presented with a fever of up to 40°C with good overall condition nine weeks after an acute T5 posttraumatic paraplegia (grade A on the ASIA Scale). In the physical examination, the only significant finding has been an area of edema with no increase in temperature in the proximal lower left limb (LLL). The complementary blood tests revealed an elevation in the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels without leukocytosis or increase in alkaline phosphatase (AP). The bone scintigraphy revealed an area of hyperuptake that is suggestive of the presence of left trochanteric heterotopic ossification. The MRI only showed a nonspecific area of edema, and a venous Doppler ultrasound did not reveal any abnormal findings. After two cycles of treatment with NSAIDs and bisphosphonates, the blood test returned to normal levels. Heterotopic ossification is a common finding in patients with spinal cord injury. However, its association with high fever or such a high alkaline phosphatase level is unusual. The CRP level and bone scintigraphy were used as biomarkers of disease and of its resolution. The treatment of choice consisted of ibuprofen and sodium etidronate, which resulted in complete resolution with good functional adaptation. In the event of poor evolution of the disease, both early diagnosis and treatment are essential (AU)