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1.
Tob Control ; 25(5): 584-6, 2016 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26316477

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: New York City (NYC) has strict minimum cigarette price and tax stamp laws, but evidence regarding the extent of evasion of such laws in over-the-counter sales is scarce. METHODS: 830 packs were purchased at licensed tobacco retailers at 92 randomly selected neighbourhoods in NYC in spring and fall 2014, following the establishment of NYC's minimum price law. The χ(2) analyses of illegal tax stamps on pack, by retailer type and data collection period, are presented. RESULTS: Over 15% of packs purchased had out-of-state (4.5%) or counterfeit tax stamps (10.6%). Purchases resulted in at least one illegal pack obtained in 70% of neighbourhoods, largely from independent stores. In 21.5% of sampled neighbourhoods, it was possible to purchase an illegal pack each collection period. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced enforcement of retail sales of cigarettes is needed to ensure the full benefit of existing tobacco control laws in NYC.


Assuntos
Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Impostos/legislação & jurisprudência , Produtos do Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência , Comércio/legislação & jurisprudência , Coleta de Dados , Humanos , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Impostos/economia , Produtos do Tabaco/economia
2.
J Med Internet Res ; 15(9): e203, 2013 Sep 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24055754

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Teens and young adults in the United States are in need of sexual and reproductive health information, as evidenced by elevated rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), pregnancy, and births among this population. In-person sexuality education programs are helpful, but they are unlikely to rapidly accommodate teens and young adults in a moment of crisis. Evidence suggests that technologies such as instant messaging (IM) and text messaging may be effective ways to provide teens and young adults with sexual and reproductive health information. In September 2010, Planned Parenthood Federation of America launched a text and IM program designed to provide immediate answers to urgent sexual and reproductive health questions from a reliable and confidential source and to link young people to sexual and reproductive health services if needed. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether this program is successful in reaching the target population, whether user characteristics vary by mode (IM vs text), and whether mode is associated with reaching individuals with high levels of worry or reducing worry postchat. METHODS: Data were collected from prechat and postchat surveys for all IM and text message conversations between September 2010 and August 2011. A bivariate analysis was conducted using chi-square tests for differences in the main covariates by mode of conversation. In the multivariable analysis, logistic regression was used to identify factors that were independently associated with prechat levels of worry and changes in worry postchat. RESULTS: A total of 32,589 conversations occurred during the program's first year. The odds of feeling very worried prechat were highest for IM users (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.72), users 17 years and younger (AOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.50-1.74), Latino/Hispanic users (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.27-1.46), and black users (AOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.30-1.50). After controlling for the study covariates, there was no significant difference in the odds of feeling better (less worried) postchat between IM and text message users. Feeling better postchat was associated with being younger (≤17 years: AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.17-1.72; 18-24 years: AOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02-1.42), being Latino/Hispanic (AOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.10-1.55), reporting that the service was very helpful (AOR 3.47, 95% CI 3.24-4.32), and asking about emergency contraception (AOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13-1.61). The odds of feeling better were lowest for users with questions about STIs (AOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.47-0.78). CONCLUSIONS: The results from the process evaluation suggest that the program was able to provide informational support to vulnerable groups, such as teens and racial minorities, in moments of particular worry. Differences between the IM and text message users reveal that each mode appeals to a different population and that both are necessary to reach a diverse audience.


Assuntos
Saúde Reprodutiva , Educação Sexual/métodos , Telemedicina/métodos , Envio de Mensagens de Texto , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Gravidez , Mídias Sociais , Estados Unidos , Adulto Jovem
3.
Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health ; 46: 199-210, 2020 09 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33001827

RESUMO

CONTEXT: Induced abortion is legally restricted and highly stigmatized in Indonesia, and is thus extremely difficult to measure. Indirect methods leveraging women's social networks, such as the Confidante Method, have shown promise in estimating hidden behaviors, including abortion, in similar settings. METHODS: A community-based survey was conducted among 8,696 women aged 15-49 in Java, Indonesia, in November 2018-January 2019. Data were collected via in-person interviews with respondents about their own abortions and those of up to three of their closest confidantes. One-year induced abortion incidence rates per 1,000 women were estimated using a direct-report approach and the Confidante Method. RESULTS: The direct-report abortion rate was 3.4 per 1,000 women in 2018, compared with the Confidante Method rate of 11.3 per 1,000. Among the confidantes of women who reported an abortion in the past five years, the abortion rate was 42.0 per 1,000. Half of the women reported that they had no confidantes with whom they shared private information. Among women reporting an abortion and at least one confidante, 58% had disclosed their abortion to their confidante, indicating that substantial transmission bias was present. CONCLUSIONS: The Confidante Method relies on several assumptions that did not hold in this study. Although the method performed better than the direct-report approach, it underestimated the incidence of abortion in Java. More research is needed to understand how abortion-related information is shared within social networks and to assess the appropriateness of applying the Confidante Method to estimate abortion in a given context.


RESUMEN Contexto: El aborto inducido está restringido legalmente y sumamente estigmatizado en Indonesia y, por lo tanto, es extremadamente difícil de medir. Los métodos indirectos que aprovechan las redes sociales de mujeres, como el método basado en confidentes, han demostrado ser promisorios para estimar comportamientos que se ocultan, incluido el aborto, en entornos similares. Métodos: Entre noviembre de 2018 y enero de 2019, se llevó a cabo una encuesta basada en la comunidad entre 8,696 mujeres en edades de 15 a 49 años en Java, Indonesia. Se recolectaron datos a través de entrevistas presenciales con personas sobre sus propios abortos y los de hasta tres de sus confidentes más cercanas. Se estimaron tasas anuales de incidencia de aborto inducido por 1,000 mujeres mediante el uso del enfoque de informe directo y del método basado en confidentes. Resultados: La tasa de aborto por informe directo fue de 3.4 por 1,000 mujeres en 2018, en comparación con la tasa del método basado en confidentes de 11.3 por 1,000. Entre las personas confidentes de mujeres que reportaron haber tenido un aborto en los últimos cinco años, la tasa de aborto fue de 42.0 por 1,000. La mitad de las mujeres reportaron que no tenían confidentes con quienes compartir su información privada. Entre las mujeres que reportaron haber tenido un aborto y tener al menos una persona confidente, el 58% habían revelado su aborto a su confidente, lo que indica que hubo un importante sesgo de transmisión. Conclusiones: El método basado en confidentes depende de varias suposiciones que no fueron aplicables en este estudio. Aunque el método funcionó mejor que el enfoque de informe directo, subestimó la incidencia del aborto en Java. Es necesario realizar más investigación para comprender la forma en que la información relacionada con el aborto se comparte dentro de las redes sociales, así como para determinar qué tan apropiado es aplicar el método basado en confidentes para estimar la incidencia del aborto en un contexto determinado.


RÉSUMÉ Contexte: L'avortement provoqué est limité par la loi et fait l'objet d'une forte stigmatisation en Indonésie. Il est par conséquent extrêmement difficile d'en mesurer l'incidence. Les méthodes indirectes tirant parti des réseaux sociaux des femmes, comme celle de la « confidente ¼, se sont révélées prometteuses dans l'estimation de comportements cachés, notamment l'avortement, dans des contextes comparables. Méthodes: Une enquête communautaire a été menée auprès de 8 696 femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans à Java (Indonésie) entre novembre 2018 et janvier 2019. Les données ont été collectées dans le cadre d'entretiens personnels avec les répondantes, concernant leurs propres avortements et ceux d'un maximum de trois de leurs confidentes les plus proches. Les taux d'incidence de l'avortement provoqué d'une année pour 1 000 femmes ont été estimés selon une approche de déclaration directe et par la méthode de la confidente. Résultats: Le taux d'avortement estimé par déclaration directe s'est avéré de 3,4 pour 1 000 femmes en 2018, par rapport à 11,3 pour 1 000 selon la méthode de la confidente. Parmi les confidentes des femmes ayant déclaré un avortement durant les cinq dernières années, le taux s'élevait à 42,0 pour 1 000. La moitié des femmes ont déclaré ne pas avoir de confidentes avec lesquelles elles partageaient une information privée. Parmi les femmes déclarant un avortement et au moins une confidente, 58% avaient divulgué leur avortement à leur confidente, indiquant un biais de transmission considérable. Conclusions: La méthode de la confidente repose sur plusieurs hypothèses non confirmées dans cette étude. Bien qu'ayant produit de meilleurs résultats que l'approche par déclaration directe, elle sous-estime l'incidence de l'avortement à Java. Il convient d'approfondir la recherche pour comprendre les modalités du partage de l'information relative à l'avortement au sein des réseaux sociaux et pour évaluer la pertinence du recours à la méthode de la confidente pour estimer l'incidence de l'avortement dans un contexte donné.


Assuntos
Aborto Induzido , Aborto Espontâneo , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Indonésia/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Inquéritos e Questionários
4.
Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health ; 46: 211-222, 2020 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33006558

RESUMO

CONTEXT: In Indonesia, maternal mortality is high and abortion is restricted. Reliable information on induced abortion is needed; however, the difficulty of measuring abortion in settings where it is legally restricted and highly stigmatized calls for innovation in approaches to measuring abortion incidence. METHODS: The data were from three original surveys conducted in Java among health facilities, knowledgeable informants and women aged 15-49, fielded in April 2018-January 2019. Two methods were used to estimate the one-year induced abortion incidence rate in Java: the standard Abortion Incidence Complications Method (AICM) and a modified AICM. Each method was evaluated on the basis of data quality, and what is known about sexual and reproductive health indicators related to abortion rates, to determine which performed best in measuring abortion incidence in Java. RESULTS: Estimates of complications resulting from induced abortion from knowledgeable informants and the women differed substantially. The modified AICM produced an estimate of 42.5 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-49, while the standard AICM estimate was lower (25.8 per 1,000). A comparison of the distribution of abortion methods used revealed that knowledgeable informants believed abortion was less safe than indicated by women's reports of their own experiences. Therefore, the standard AICM likely underestimates abortion. CONCLUSIONS: The modified AICM performed better than the standard AICM and indicates that abortion is common in Java. Increased access to contraceptives and high-quality postabortion care is needed. Future research should investigate the safety of abortion, especially with respect to self-managed abortion.


RESUMEN Contexto: La mortalidad materna en Indonesia es alta y el aborto está restringido. Se necesita información confiable sobre el aborto inducido; sin embargo, la dificultad de medir el aborto en entornos donde está restringido legalmente y es fuertemente estigmatizado, requiere esfuerzos de innovación en los enfoques para medir la incidencia del aborto. Métodos: Los datos se obtuvieron de tres encuestas originales realizadas en Java entre instituciones de salud, informantes conocedores del tema y mujeres en edades de 15 a 49 años y que fueron aplicadas entre abril de 2018 y enero de 2019. Se usaron dos métodos para estimar la tasa de incidencia de aborto inducido en un año en Java: el método estándar de estimación de aborto por complicaciones (AICM, por sus siglas en inglés) y el AICM modificado. Cada método se evaluó con base en la calidad de los datos y en lo que se sabe sobre indicadores de salud sexual y reproductiva relacionados con las tasas de aborto, para determinar cuál método se desempeñó mejor en la medición de la incidencia de aborto en Java. Resultados: Las estimaciones de complicaciones derivadas del aborto inducido según informantes conocedores del tema y según las mujeres, difirieron sustancialmente. El AICM modificado produjo una estimación de 42.5 abortos por 1,000 mujeres en edades de 15 a 49 años, mientras que la estimación del AICM estándar fue más baja (25.8 por 1,000). Una comparación de la distribución de los métodos de aborto usados reveló que los informantes conocedores creían que el aborto era menos seguro que lo indicado en los informes de las mujeres basados en sus propias experiencias. Por lo tanto, es probable que el método AICM estándar subestime la incidencia del aborto. Conclusiones: El método AICM modificado funcionó mejor que el AICM estándar e indica que el aborto es una práctica común en Java. Son necesarios un mayor acceso a los anticonceptivos y a una atención postaborto de alta calidad. Las futuras investigaciones deben investigar la seguridad del aborto, especialmente en relación con el aborto autoadministrado.


RÉSUMÉ Contexte: En Indonésie, la mortalité maternelle est élevée et l'avortement est limité par la loi. Il existe un besoin d'information fiable concernant l'avortement provoqué. La difficulté de mesurer l'avortement dans les contextes où il est strictement limité et fortement stigmatisé demande cependant des approches innovantes. Méthodes: Les données proviennent de trois enquêtes initiales menées à Java auprès de structures de santé, de sources bien informées et de femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans, entre avril 2018 et janvier 2019. Le taux d'incidence de l'avortement provoqué à l'échelle d'une année à Java a été estimé selon deux méthodes: la méthode AICM standard d'évaluation de l'incidence de l'avortement en fonction des complications traitées et une méthode AICM modifiée. Chaque méthode a été évaluée en fonction de la qualité des données et de l'information connue sur les indicateurs de santé sexuelle et reproductive relatifs aux taux d'avortement, afin de déterminer celle qui avait le mieux mesuré l'incidence de l'avortement à Java. Résultats: Les estimations des complications résultant de l'avortement provoqué obtenues des sources informées et des femmes consultées se sont avérées nettement différentes. La méthode AICM modifiée a produit une estimation de 42,5 avortements pour 1 000 femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans, tandis que la méthode AICM standard produisait une estimation inférieure (25,8 pour 1 000). En comparant la distribution des méthodes d'avortement pratiquées, on a constaté que les sources informées estimaient l'avortement moins sùr que ne l'indiquaient les déclarations des femmes concernant leur propre expérience. Il est dès lors probable que la méthode AICM standard sous-estime l'avortement. Conclusions: La méthode AICM modifiée, plus efficace que la méthode standard, fait état d'une pratique courante de l'avortement à Java. Un meilleur accès à la contraception et à des soins après avortement de qualité est nécessaire. La recherche future devrait se pencher sur la sécurité de l'avortement, en ce qui concerne en particulier les interventions autogérées.


Assuntos
Aborto Induzido , Aborto Espontâneo , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Indonésia/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Materna , Gravidez
5.
Clin Pediatr (Phila) ; 55(8): 717-23, 2016 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26350429

RESUMO

We compared (a) the effectiveness of print versus digital educational media for communicating information about Chlamydia trachomatis to adolescents and young adults and (b) the influence of media type on readiness for Chlamydia screening. Young men and women (n = 103), aged 15 to 24 years, were recruited from a youth center and university campus and randomized to receive the print or digital Chlamydia educational intervention. Participant mean knowledge score improved postintervention, but there was no association with type of intervention medium. Nearly two-thirds (61%) of sexually active participants endorsed an increased postintervention stage of readiness for screening; however, there was no association with type of intervention medium. Learning about Chlamydia infection may have positive effects on willingness to be screened. Further study is needed to evaluate the efficacy of educational interventions for increasing actual screening rates.


Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Comunicação em Saúde/métodos , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Programas de Rastreamento , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Recursos Audiovisuais , Chlamydia trachomatis , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
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