Preliminary validation in Spanish of a scale designed to measure motivation in physical education classes: the Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) Scale.

The purpose of this paper was to validate the Spanish version of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC; Goudas, Biddle, & Fox, 1994). To achieve this, two studies with samples of 1535 and 400 physical education students, of ages 12 to 17 years, were carried out. The psychometric properties of the PLOC were examined through the following analyses: confirmatory factor analysis, factor invariance, correlation among factors, reliability (Cronbach's alpha), temporal stability (test-retest), and criterion validity. The results partially supported the five-factor structure. This structure was invariant across the two study samples. Correlations among the subscales indicated a simplex pattern, supporting construct validity of the scale. Alpha values over .70 (except for introjected regulation) and high temporal stability (intra-class correlation coefficient = .83 to .90) over a four-week period were obtained. The mastery-approach goal positively predicted self-determined motivation, whereas the performance-avoidance goal predicted it negatively. Future studies should continue to analyze the psychometric properties of the PLOC, as the validation of an instrument should be an ongoing process.

[Influence of autonomy support, social goals and relatedness on amotivation in physical education classes]. / Influencia del apoyo a la autonomía, las metas sociales y la relación con los demás sobre la desmotivación en educación física.

The purpose of this study was to analyze some factors that influence amotivation in physical education classes. A sample of 399 students, of ages 14 to 16 years, was used. They completed the Perceived Autonomy Support Scale in Exercise Settings (PASSES), the Social Goal Scale-Physical Education (SGS-PE), the <> factor of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) adapted to physical education and the <> factor of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC). The psychometric properties of the PASSES were analyzed, as this scale had not been validated to the Spanish context. In this analysis, the scale showed appropriate validity and reliability. The results of the structural equation model indicated that social responsibility and social relationship goals positively predicted perception of relatedness, whereas the context of autonomy support did not significantly predict it. In turn, perception of relatedness negatively predicted amotivation. The findings are discussed with regard to enhancing students' positive motivation.

[The social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in physical education]. / Modelo cognitivo-social de la motivación de logro en educación física.

Our objective in this study was to test the new social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in a physical education setting. Research was conducted on a sample of 895 physical education students, ages 12 to 16 years. We measured perception of the motivational climate conveyed by the teacher, implicit beliefs of ability, perceived competence, 2 x 2 achievement goals and self-determined motivation. We carried out structural equation modeling to analyse the relationships among variables. Results showed that task climate positively predicted incremental belief, whereas ego climate positively predicted entity belief. Both climates positively predicted perceived competence. Incremental belief positively predicted mastery-approach goals, performance-approach goals and avoidance goals, whereas entity belief positively predicted performance-approach goals and avoidance goals. Perceived competence positively predicted mastery-approach and performance-approach goals. Mastery-approach goal positively predicted self-determined motivation, whereas performance-approach goal and avoidance goals negatively predicted self-determined motivation.

Relationships among goal orientations, motivational climate and flow in adolescent athletes: differences by gender.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationships among perceived motivational climate, individuals' goal orientations, and dispositional flow, with attention to possible gender differences. A sample of 413 young athletes, ages 12 to 16 years, completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) and Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ), as well as the Dispositional Flow Scale. Task orientation was positively and significantly related to a perceived task-involving motivational climate and to the disposition to experience flow in the sport. Ego orientation was positively and significantly associated with a perceived ego-involving motivational climate and with dispositional flow. The perceptions of task-involving and ego-involving motivational climates were positively and significantly linked to general dispositional flow. Multiple regression analysis indicated that both task and ego goal orientations and perceived task- and ego-oriented climates predicted dispositional flow. Males displayed a stronger ego orientation, and were more likely to report that they participated in an ego-oriented climate, than did females. To the contrary, the females were more likely to perceive a task-oriented climate than did the males. No meaningful differences were found between males and females in general dispositional flow.

Revisión de la Escala del Locus Percibido de Causalidad (PLOC) para la Inclusión de la Medida de la Regulación Integrada en Educación Física / Revision of the perceived locus of causality scale (ploc) to include the measure of integrated regulation in physical education / Revisao daescala de locus de causalidade percebido (ploc) para a inclusão da medida de regulação integradana educação física

El objetivo de este estudio fue añadir a la Escala del Locus Percibido de Causalidad (PLOC) la medida de la regulación integrada en las clases de educación física. En el estudio participaron 858 estudiantes de primero de bachillerato con una edad media de 16.72 años. El análisis factorial confirmatorio reveló unos índices de ajuste adecuados para la nueva versión de la escala, mostrándose la estructura factorial invariante respecto al sexo y la ciudad de origen del alumnado. La regulación integrada obtuvo una alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach = .93) y estabilidad temporal (CCI = .87). El análisis de validez de criterio mostró que la regulación integrada fue la única forma de motivación que predijo significativamente la actividad física, con un peso de regresión positivo. Este nuevo instrumento ayuda a entender mejor los procesos motivacionales que tienen lugar en las clases de educación física y su relación con el estilo de vida del alumnado. No obstante, se encontraron algunas limitaciones que deberían ser atendidas en futuras investigaciones

The aim of this study was to add the measure of integrated regulation in physical education to the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC). Eight hundred and fifty eight first-year post-compulsory secondary school students, mean age 16.72 years, participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable goodness-of-fit indices for the new version of the scale, revealing an invariant factor structure across gender and students’ city of origin. Integrated regulation obtained high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .93) and temporal stability (ICC = .87). The criterion validity analysis showed that integrated regulation was the only type of motivation which significantly predicted physical activity participation, with a positive regression weight. This new instrument helps to better understand the motivational processes that take place in physical education classes and their relationships with students’ lifestyle. Nevertheless, some limitations were identified that should be addressed in future research

objectivo deste estudo foi acrescentar à Escala de Locus de Causalidade Percebido (PLOC) a medida de regulação integrada nas aulas deeducação física. No estudo participaram 858 estudantes do primeiro ano do bacharelato com uma idade média de 16.72 anos. A análise factorialconfirmatória revelou índices de ajustamento adequados para a nova versão da escala, mostrando-se a estrutura factorial invariante relativamente aosexo e à cidade de origem dos alunos. A regulação integrada apresentou uma elevada consistência interna (alfade Cronbach = .93) e estabilidade temporal(CCI = .87). A análise da validade de critério revelou que a regulação integrada foi a única forma de motivação que predizeu significativamente aactividade física, com um peso de regressão positivo. Este novo instrumento contribui para uma melhor compreensão dos processos motivacionais queocorrem nas aulas de educação física e a sua relação com o estilo de vida dos alunos. Não obstante, verificaram-se algumas limitações que devem serconsideradas em investigações futuras

Factores motivacionales y experiencia autotélica en el ejercicio físico: propuesta de un modelo explicativo / Motivational factors and autotelic experience in physical exercise: an explanatory model

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia estimada del clima motivacional percibido, las creencias implícitas de habilidad y la motivación intrínseca sobre la propensión a la experiencia autotélica en el ejercicio físico. 727 practicantes (402 hombres y 325 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 78, respondieron a diferentes cuestionarios. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales revelaron que el clima tarea predecía positivamente la creencia incremental, la motivación intrínseca y la experiencia autotélica, mientras que el clima ego predecía positivamente la creencia de entidad. La creencia incremental predecía positivamente la motivación intrínseca, mientras que la creencia de entidad la predecía negativamente. La motivación intrínseca predecía positivamente la experiencia autotélica. El modelo fue invariante por sexo. Los resultados son discutidos de acuerdo a la importancia que puede jugar el personal de los centros deportivos para promover una práctica física continuada.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the estimated influence of perception of the motivational climate, implicit beliefs of ability and intrinsic motivation on the autotelic experience propensity in physical exercise. A sample of 727 practitioners of non-competitive physical-sport activities (402 men y 325 women), age between 16 and 78 years, participated in this study. The results of the structural equation model showed that the task climate positively predicted incremental belief, intrinsic motivation and autotelic experience, whereas the ego climate positively predicted entity belief. Incremental belief positively predicted intrinsic motivation, whereas entity belief negatively predicted the latter. Intrinsic motivation positively predicted autotelic experience. The model was invariant across gender. The results are discussed with reference to the important role staff could play in encouraging practitioners to continue to do sport.

Preliminary Validation in Spanish of a Scale Designed to Measure Motivation in Physical Education Classes: The Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) Scale

The purpose of this paper was to validate the Spanish version of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC; Goudas, Biddle, & Fox, 1994). To achieve this, two studies with samples of 1535 and 400 physical education students, of ages 12 to 17 years, were carried out. The psychometric properties of the PLOC were examined through the following analyses: confirmatory factor analysis, factor invariance, correlation among factors, reliability (Cronbach’s alpha), temporal stability (test-retest), and criterion validity. The results partially supported the five factor structure. This structure was invariant across the two study samples. Correlations among the subscales indicated a simplex pattern, supporting construct validity of the scale. Alpha values over .70 (except for introjected regulation) and high temporal stability (intra-class correlation coefficient = .83 to .90) over a four-week period were obtained. The mastery-approach goal positively predicted self-determined motivation, whereas the performance avoidance goal predicted it negatively. Future studies should continue to analyze the psychometric properties of the PLOC, as the validation of an instrument should be an ongoing process (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue validar la versión española de la Escala del Locus Percibido de Causalidad (PLOC) de Goudas, Biddle y Fox (1994). Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos estudios con muestras de 1535 y 400 alumnos en clases de educación física, edades entre 12 y 17 años. Se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la PLOC por medio de análisis factoriales confirmatorios, análisis de la invarianza factorial, análisis de correlaciones entre factores, fiabilidad a través del alfa de Cronbach, estabilidad temporal test-retest y validez de criterio. Los resultados ofrecieron un apoyo parcial a la estructura de cinco factores. Esta estructura se mostró invariante entre las dos muestras de estudio. Las correlaciones entre las subescalas indicaron un modelo simplex que apoya la validez de constructo de la escala. Se obtuvieron valores alfa de Cronbach superiores a .70, salvo para la regulación introyectada, y altos niveles de estabilidad temporal (coeficiente de correlación intra-clase = .83 a .90) en un periodo de cuatros semanas. La meta de aproximación-maestría predijo positivamente la motivación autodeterminada, mientras que la meta de evitación-rendimiento lo hizo de forma negativa. Futuros trabajos deberán continuar analizando las propiedades psicométricas de la PLOC, puesto que la validación de un instrumento debe ser un proceso continuado (AU)

Flow disposicional en salvamento deportivo: una aproximación desde la teoría de la autodeterminación / Dispositional flow in lifesaving sport: a self-determination theory approach

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación de los climas motivacionales percibidos, los mediadorespsicológicos y la motivación autodeterminada con el flow disposicional en salvamento deportivo. Además, se examinaronlas diferencias en las variables de estudio según el género, la edad y el tiempo de práctica diario de los deportistas. En elestudio participaron 283 deportistas federados, con una edad media de 17.27 años (DT = 3.36), pertenecientes a 32 clubesde salvamento deportivo. Se administró el Cuestionario del Clima Motivacional Percibido en el Deporte-2 (PMCSQ-2), laEscala de Mediadores Motivacionales en el Deporte (EMMD), la Escala de Motivación Deportiva (SMS) y la Escala de FlowDisposicional (DFS). Los resultados revelaron que el clima tarea, el clima ego, la competencia y autonomía percibidas, y lamotivación autodeterminada predecían positivamente el flow disposicional, con un 50% de varianza explicada. Loshombres se percibieron con mayor autonomía, competencia y flow disposicional que las mujeres. Los deportistas de mayoredad mostraron mayor autonomía percibida que los de menor edad. Los resultados se discuten en relación a los factoresmotivacionales que juegan un papel importante para incrementar el flow disposicional (AU)

This study analyzed the relationships between perceived motivational climates, psychological mediators, selfdeterminedmotivation and dispositional flow in lifesaving sport. The study variables also examined differences accordingto gender, age and daily practice time. A total of 283 athletes with a mean age of 17.27 years (SD = 3.36) who completedthe Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), the Motivational Mediators in Sport Scale(EMMD), the Sport Motivational Scale (SMS) and the Dispositional Flow Scale (DFS) participated in the study. The resultsrevealed that perceived task and ego-involving motivational climates, perceived competence and autonomy, and selfdeterminedmotivation positively predicted dispositional flow with 50% of the variance explained. Men reported higherscores in autonomy, competence and dispositional flow than women did. Older athletes displayed a higher level ofperceived autonomy than younger ones. The results are discussed in connection with the motivational factors important toimproving dispositional flow (AU)

Influencia del apoyo a la autonomía, las metas sociales y la relación con los demás sobre la desmotivación en educación física / Influence of autonomy support, social goals and relatedness on amotivation in physical education classes

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar algunos factores que influyen en la desmotivación en las clases de educación física. Participaron 399 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 16 años, que respondieron a la Escala del Apoyo a la Autonomía Percibido en Contextos de Ejercicio (PASSES), la Escala de Metas Sociales en Educación Física (EMSEF), el factor «relación» de la Escala de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el Ejercicio (BPNES) adaptada a la educación física, y el factor «desmotivación» de la Escala del Locus Percibido de Causalidad (PLOC). Puesto que la PASSES no había sido validada al contexto español se analizaron sus propiedades psicométricas, mostrando una adecuada validez y fiabilidad. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales señalaron que las metas sociales de responsabilidad y relación predecían positivamente la satisfacción de la necesidad de relación con los demás, mientras que el contexto de apoyo a la autonomía no lo hacía significativamente. Esta satisfacción de la necesidad de relación predecía negativamente la desmotivación. Se discutieron los resultados en relación al fomento de una motivación positiva del alumnado

The purpose of this study was to analyze some factors that influence amotivation in physical education classes. A sample of 399 students, of ages 14 to 16 years, was used. They completed the Perceived Autonomy Support Scale in Exercise Settings (PASSES), the Social Goal Scale-Physical Education (SGS-PE), the «relatedness» factor of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) adapted to physical education and the «amotivation» factor of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC). The psychometric properties of the PASSES were analyzed, as this scale had not been validated to the Spanish context. In this analysis, the scale showed appropriate validity and reliability. The results of the structural equation model indicated that social responsibility and social relationship goals positively predicted perception of relatedness, whereas the context of autonomy support did not significantly predict it. In turn, perception of relatedness negatively predicted amotivation. The findings are discussed with regard to enhancing students’ positive motivation

Modelo cognitivo-social de la motivación de logro en educación física / The social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in physical education

El objetivo de este estudio fue testar en educación física el nuevo modelo cognitivo-social de la motivación de logro. Se utilizó una muestra de 895 estudiantes en clases de educación física, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 16 años. Se midió la percepción del clima motivacional transmitido por su profesor, las creencias implícitas de habilidad, la competencia percibida, las metas de logro 2 x 2 y la motivación autodeterminada. Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para analizar las relaciones entre las variables. Los resultados mostraron que el clima tarea predijo positivamente la creencia incremental, mientras que el clima ego predijo positivamente la creencia de entidad. Ambos climas predijeron positivamente la competencia percibida. La creencia incremental predijo positivamente la meta de aproximación-maestría, la meta de aproximación-rendimiento y las metas de evitación, mientras que la creencia de entidad predijo positivamente la meta de aproximación-rendimiento y las metas de evitación. La competencia percibida predijo positivamente las metas de aproximación-maestría y aproximación-rendimiento. La meta de aproximación-maestría predijo positivamente la motivación autodeterminada, mientras que la meta de aproximación-rendimiento y las metas de evitación lo hicieron de forma negativa

Our objective in this study was to test the new social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in a physical education setting. Research was conducted on a sample of 895 physical education students, ages 12 to 16 years. We measured perception of the motivational climate conveyed by the teacher, implicit beliefs of ability, perceived competence, 2 x 2 achievement goals and self-determined motivation. We carried out structural equation modeling to analyse the relationships among variables. Results showed that task climate positively predicted incremental belief, whereas ego climate positively predicted entity belief. Both climates positively predicted perceived competence. Incremental belief positively predicted mastery-approach goals, performance-approach goals and avoidance goals, whereas entity belief positively predicted performance-approach goals and avoidance goals. Perceived competence positively predicted mastery-approach and performance-approach goals. Mastery-approach goal positively predicted self-determined motivation, whereas performance-approach goal and avoidance goals negatively predicted self-determined motivation

Relationships among Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate and Flow in Adolescent Athletes: Differences by Gender

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationships among perceived motivational climate, individuals’ goal orientations, and dispositional flow, with attention to possible gender differences. A sample of 413 young athletes, ages 12 to 16 years, completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) and Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ), as well as the Dispositional Flow Scale. Task orientation was positively and significantly related to a perceived task involving motivational climate and to the disposition to experience flow in the sport. Ego orientation was positively and significantly associated with a perceived ego-involving motivational climate and with dispositional flow. The perceptions of task-involving and ego-involving motivational climates were positively and significantly linked to general dispositional flow. Multiple regression analysis indicated that both task and ego goal orientations and perceived task- and ego-oriented climates predicted dispositional flow. Males displayed a stronger ego orientation, and were more likely to report that they participated in an ego-oriented climate, than did females. To the contrary, the females were more likely to perceive a task-oriented climate than did the males. No meaningful differences were found between males and females in general dispositional flow (AU)

El objetivo de esta investigación era examinar las relaciones entre el clima motivacional percibido, las orientaciones de meta y la disposición al «flow» de los individuos, atendiendo las posibles diferencias de género. Una muestra de 413 atletas jóvenes, de edades entre 12 y 16 años, completaron el Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) y el Perception of Success Questionnaire(POSQ), además de la Dispositional Flow Scale. La orientación a la tarea tenía una relación positiva y significativa con el clima motivacional implicante a la tarea percibido y con la disposición a experimentar el «flow» en el deporte. La orientación al ego tenía una relación positiva y significativa con el clima motivacional implicante al ego percibido y con el flow disposicional. Las percepciones de climas motivacionales implicantes a la tarea y al ego tenían una relación positiva y significativa con el flow general disposicional. El análisis de regresión múltiple indicaba que tanto las orientaciones de meta ala tarea y al ego y los climas percibidos orientados a la tarea y al ego predecían el flow disposicional. Los varones mostraron una orientación al ego más fuerte y era más probable que dijeran que participaban en un clima orientado al ego que las mujeres. En contraste, era más probable que las mujeres percibieran un clima orientado a la tarea que los varones. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre varones y mujeres en el flow disposicional general (AU)

Analizando la motivación en el deporte: un estudio a través de la teoría de la autodeterminación / No disponible

En este trabajo se trataron de establecer relaciones entre los elementos que definenla Teoría de las Metas de Logro de Nicholls y la Teoría de la Autodeterminación de Deciy Ryan, así como analizar las diferencias existentes en función de una serie de variablesdemográficas. Para ello se empleó una muestra de 413 deportistas de diversos deportescon edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 16 años, que respondieron el POSQ, PMCSQ-2y SMS. Los resultados revelan que los deportistas con un alto SDI muestran una mayororientación a la tarea y perciben en mayor medida un clima tarea que los deportistascon un bajo SDI, que tienen una mayor orientación al ego y una mayor percepción deun clima ego. Además, los chicos muestran una mayor orientación al ego y perciben unclima motivacional más implicante al ego que las chicas, que perciben un clima motivacionalmás implicante a la tarea y tienen un mayor SDI. También se ha encontrado quelos deportistas más jóvenes perciben un mayor clima tarea, y que un mayor tiempo depráctica se relaciona con un mayor SDI. Los deportistas de deportes colectivos tienenuna mayor orientación al ego y una mayor percepción de un clima ego, mientras que enlos deportes individuales es mayor la orientación a la tarea y el SDI

This paper is an attempt to establish relationships among elements that define theAchievement Goal Theory (Nicholls) and the Self-determination Theory (Deci & Ryan),as well as to analyze existing differences, depending on several demographic variables. Asample of 413 athletes of different sports, ranging in age from 12 to 16, who respondedthe POSQ, PMCSQ-2 and SMS, was used for it. The results reveal that athletes with high SDI show higher task orientation and perceive higher task-involving climate thanathletes with low SDI, who have higher ego orientation and higher ego-involving climateperception. Also, boys show higher ego orientation and perceive higher ego-involvingmotivational climate than girls, who perceive higher task-involving motivational climateand have higher SDI. It has also been found that youngest athletes perceive higher taskinvolvingclimate, and that higher practice time is related with higher SDI. Team sportathletes have higher ego orientation and higher ego-involving climate perception, whiletask orientation and SDI is higher in individual sports

Motivación autodeterminada y flujo disposicional en el deporte / Self-determined motivation and dispositional flow in sport

Este trabajo pretende establecer relaciones entre los diferentes tipos de motivación que establece la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (Deci y Ryan, 1980, 1985, 1991) y el flujo disposicional, así como analizar las diferencias existentes en función de una serie de variables sociodemográficas. Para ello se empleó una muestra de 413 deportistas de diversos deportes, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 16 años, que respondieron a las versiones españolas de la SMS y la DFS. Los resultados revelan que el flujo disposicional es predicho por la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca, mostrando los deportistas con un alto SDI un mayor flujo disposicional que los deportistas con un bajo SDI. Además, se observa una mayor motivación intrínseca y extrínseca en los deportistas más jóvenes, una mayor desmotivación en el género masculino y en los deportistas cuyos padres no practican deporte, mayor motivación intrínseca y extrínseca y menor desmotivación en los deportistas que practican más días, y una mayor motivación intrínseca en los que entrenan más minutos

This paper is an attempt to establish relationships among the different motivation types stated by Self-determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1980, 1985, 1991), and dispositional flow, as well as to analyze existing differences depending on several socio-demographic variables. A sample of 413 athletes of different sports, ranging in age from 12 to 16, who responded Spanish versions of the SMS and the DFS, was used for it. The results reveal that dispositional flow is predicted by intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, showing athletes with high SDI higher dispositional flow than athletes with low SDI. Also, it is observed higher intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in youngest athletes, higher amotivation in boys and in athletes whose parents don't practice sport, higher intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and lower amotivation in athletes that practice more days, and higher intrinsic motivation in those that train more minutes

Motivación hacia la prática físico-deportiva en personas mayores / Motivation to physical-sportive practice in aged persons

Em este capítulo se proponen una serie de estratégias motivacionales para fomentar la adherencia a la práctica deportiva em la población mayor.