Diverted versus undiverted restorative proctocolectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis: an analysis of long-term outcomes after pouch leak short title: outcomes after pouch leak.

BACKGROUND: The safety of undiverted restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) is debated. This study compares long-term outcomes after pouch leak in diverted and undiverted RPC patients. METHODS: Data were obtained from a prospectively maintained registry from a single surgical practice. One-stage and staged procedures with an undiverted pouch were considered undiverted pouches; all others were considered diverted pouches. The outcomes measured were pouch excision and long-term diversion defined as the need for loop ileostomy at 200 weeks after pouch creation. Regression models were used to compare outcomes. RESULTS: There were 317 diverted and 670 undiverted pouches, of which 378 were one-stage procedures. Pouch leaks occurred in 135 patients, 92 (13.7%) after undiverted, and 43 (13.6%) after diverted pouches. Eighty-six (64%) leaks were diagnosed within 6 months of pouch creation. Undiverted patients underwent more emergent procedures within 30 days of pouch creation (p < 0.01). Pouch excision occurred in 14 (33%) diverted patients and 13 (14%) undiverted patients (p = 0.01). Thirteen (32%) diverted patients and 18 (21%) undiverted patients (p = 0.17) had ileostomies at 200 weeks after surgery. In multivariable analyses, diverted patients had a higher risk of pouch excision (HR 3.67 p < 0.01), but similar rates of ileostomy at 200 weeks (HR 1.8, p = 0.19) compared to undiverted patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a likely selection bias in which "healthier" patients undergo an undiverted pouch, our data suggest that diversion does not prevent pouch excision and the need for long-term diversion after pouch leak. These findings suggest that undiverted RPC is a safe procedure in appropriately selected patients.

Immunosuppressive therapy does not increase operative morbidity in patients with Crohn's disease.

GOALS: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of immunosuppressive therapy on the morbidity of intestinal surgery in patients with Crohn's disease. BACKGROUND: An increasing number of immunomodulating agents are being used in the treatment of Crohn's disease. The effect of these medications on surgical morbidity is controversial. STUDY: We performed a retrospective review of our prospectively maintained database of patients with Crohn's disease who underwent intestinal surgery between June 1999 and May 2010. The effect of perioperative immunomodulation on postoperative outcomes, specifically anastomotic complications, was evaluated. Predictors of postoperative morbidity among demographic and surgical variables were identified. Length of hospitalization and rate of hospital readmission were compared between groups. Comparisons were made using Student t test and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six intestinal procedures were performed. One hundred twenty-seven (64.8%) of these were performed among patients who received perioperative immunomodulation. Forty-six (23.5%) procedures were in patients who received >1 immunomodulating medication perioperatively. Complications occurred in 45 (23.0%) cases. There were 20 (10.2%) anastomotic complications, including 8 (4.1%) intra-abdominal abscesses, 8 (4.1%) anastomotic leaks, and 4 (2%) enterocutaneous fistulas. Preoperative treatment with steroids (P=0.21), 6-MP (P=0.10), and anti-tumor necrosis factor biologics (P=1.0) was not associated with increased postoperative anastomotic complications. Combination immunosuppressive therapy also did not increase morbidity (P=0.39). CONCLUSIONS: In our series, single agent and combination immunosuppressive therapy given around the time of intestinal surgery did not increase the incidence of surgical complications in patients with Crohn's disease.

The clinical impact of preoperative percutaneous drainage of abdominopelvic abscesses in patients with Crohn's disease.

PURPOSE: Although image-guided percutaneous drainage is increasingly being used to treat Crohn's disease-related abdominopelvic abscesses, surgery is seldom avoided. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes following the treatment of intra-abdominal Crohn's abscesses with percutaneous drainage followed by surgery to those after surgery alone. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients treated for Crohn's-related abdominopelvic abscesses at Mount Sinai Medical Center between April 2001 and June 2010. Patients who underwent drainage followed by surgery were compared to those who underwent surgery alone. Differences in operative and postoperative outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Seventy patients with Crohn's disease-related abdominopelvic abscesses were identified, 38 (54%) of whom underwent drainage before surgery. Percutaneous drainage was technically successful in 92% of patients and clinically successful in 74% of patients. No differences in rate of septic complications (p = 0.14) or need for stoma creation (p = 0.78) were found. Patients who underwent percutaneous drainage had greater overall hospital lengths of stay (mean 15.8 versus 12.2 days, p = 0.007); 8.6% of patients had long-term postponement of surgery after percutaneous drainage. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, the treatment of Crohn's abscesses with percutaneous drainage prior to surgery did not decrease the rate of postoperative septic complications.

Bupivacaine extended-release liposome injection for prolonged postsurgical analgesia in patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Bupivacaine extended-release liposome injection is a novel formulation of bupivacaine designed to achieve long-acting postoperative analgesia. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the magnitude and duration of postoperative analgesia from a single dose of bupivacaine extended-release injection with placebo administered intraoperatively in patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy. DESIGN: This evaluation was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. SETTINGS: Data were obtained from 13 centers in the Republic of Georgia, Poland, and Serbia. PATIENTS: Included in this study were patients aged 18 to 86 years undergoing excisional hemorrhoidectomy. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received either a single dose of bupivacaine extended-release 300 mg or placebo administered intraoperatively via wound infiltration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The cumulative pain score was assessed by measurement of the area under the curve of pain intensity through 72 hours after study drug administration. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-nine patients were randomly assigned and treated; 186 completed the study. Pain intensity scores were significantly lower in the bupivacaine extended-release group in comparison with the group receiving placebo (141.8 vs 202.5, P < .0001). More patients in the bupivacaine extended-release group remained opioid free from 12 hours (59%) to 72 hours (28%) after surgery compared with patients receiving placebo (14% and 10%; P < .0008 through 72 h). The mean total amount of opioids consumed through 72 hours was 22.3 mg and 29.1 mg in the bupivacaine extended-release and placebo groups (P ≤ .0006). The median time to first opioid use was 14.3 hours in the bupivacaine extended-release group vs 1.2 hours in the placebo group (P < .0001). A greater proportion of patients in the bupivacaine extended-release group were satisfied with their postsurgical analgesia (95% vs 73%, P = .0007) than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Bupivacaine extended-release demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in pain through 72 hours, decreased opioid requirements, delayed time to first opioid use, and improved patient satisfaction compared with placebo after hemorrhoidectomy.

Prospective analysis of clinician accuracy in the diagnosis of benign anal pathology: comparison across specialties and years of experience.

PURPOSE: The majority of patients referred to a colorectal surgeon with anal complaints are told they have "hemorrhoids"; however, many of these patients have other anal pathology causing their symptoms. Therefore, we prospectively evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of physicians for common anal pathology, stratified by specialty and experience. METHODS: Seven common benign anal pathologic conditions were selected (prolapsed internal hemorrhoid, thrombosed external hemorrhoid, abscess, fissure, fistula, condyloma acuminata, and full-thickness rectal prolapse). Prospectively accrued subjects included attending physicians, fellows, residents, and medical students. Subjects were shown images and asked to provide a written diagnosis. We prospectively evaluated the overall diagnostic accuracy and stratified accuracy across specialties and years of clinical experience. Medical students were the control group. RESULTS: There were 198 physicians and 216 medical students. Overall diagnostic accuracy for physicians was 53.5% and for controls was 21.9% (P < .001). Surgeons had the highest overall accuracy at 70.4%, whereas all of the other groups had an accuracy of <50%. Physicians correctly identified condylomata and rectal prolapse most frequently and hemorrhoidal conditions least frequently. All 7 conditions were correctly identified by 4.1% of subjects and all of the conditions were incorrectly diagnosed by 20.2%. There was no correlation between years of experience and diagnostic accuracy (P = NS). CONCLUSION: Diagnostic accuracy for common benign anal pathologic conditions was suboptimal across all clinical specialties. Although many specialties had a diagnostic accuracy that was significantly better than the control group, there was no association between years of experience and accuracy. Improved programs for physician education for these common conditions should be developed.

Evaluation of one-stage laparoscopic-assisted restorative proctocolectomy at a specialty center: comparison with the open approach.

PURPOSE: This study compared outcomes after laparoscopically assisted and open restorative proctocolectomy performed as a one-stage procedure, including anorectal mucosectomy and omission of ileal diversion. METHODS: We reviewed our prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent restorative proctocolectomy between 1998 and 2006. Demographic data, surgical indications, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated. Anastomotic leaks were identified by radiologic, endoscopic, or intraoperative evidence. The primary outcome variables were complications, duration of operation, blood loss, intraoperative spillage of enteric contents, and the ability to complete the procedure in one stage. RESULTS: One-stage laparoscopically assisted restorative proctocolectomy was performed in 50 patients and open restorative proctocolectomy was performed in 155 patients. The mean operative time was longer for the laparoscopically assisted group (198.7 vs. 159.1 minutes; P = 0.006). The mean estimated blood loss was less among the patients in the laparoscopically assisted group (287.5 vs. 386.4 ml; P = 0.006). There were no significant differences in intraoperative or postoperative complications between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopically assisted one stage restorative proctocolectomy is a safe and technically feasible procedure. There seems to be no increase in the rate of postoperative complications compared with the open approach. Laparoscopically assisted restorative proctocolectomy should be considered in the surgical management of patients who require this procedure.

Delayed Kock pouch nipple valve failure: is revision indicated?

PURPOSE: This study was designed to review our experience with patients who, after more than 10 years of normal Kock pouch valve function, required repair of the valve. In addition, we describe the surgical techniques employed for valve repair. METHODS: A retrospective chart review identified 31 patients who underwent Kock pouch revision after a minimum time interval between previous pouch surgery and the current revision of 10 (average, 19.7) years. RESULTS: The intraoperative findings included slipped valve, valve prolapse, and internal nipple valve fistulas. The procedures performed included standard valve reconstruction, turnaround procedures, pedicle repair, wall stapling, and oversewing of fistula. Twelve of the 31 patients failed the initial revision and required additional operations, with an overall pouch salvage success rate of 93 percent. Only two patients required excision of the pouch and conversion to a Brooke ileostomy. The procedures were performed with minimal morbidity and no mortality. CONCLUSION: Surgical revision can be offered to patients with a continent ileostomy complicated by delayed valve dysfunction with low morbidity and good functional outcome.

Septic complications after restorative proctocolectomy do not impair functional outcome: long-term follow-up from a specialty center.

PURPOSE: After restorative proctocolectomy, 7 to 8 percent of patients may have a pouch leak. Concern exists that pouch leak may be associated with impaired functional outcome. We evaluated patients who underwent restorative proctocolectomy to determine whether pouch leak adversely affected long-term functional outcome and quality of life. METHODS: We queried our prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent restorative proctocolectomy for demographic and clinical data. We sent a long-term outcome questionnaire to patients, including the validated Fecal Incontinence Severity Index and Cleveland Global Quality of Life scores. Pouch leak was identified by clinical or radiographic evidence of leak. Patients with leak were compared with those without to determine the impact on long-term functional outcome or quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 817 patients were available for follow-up and 374 patients (46 percent) completed questionnaires. The group with (n = 60; 16 percent) and without (n = 314; 84 percent) leak had similar demographics. The median Fecal Incontinence Severity Index score (15.3 vs. 14.7, P = 0.77), Cleveland Global Quality of Life score (0.79 vs. 0.81, P = 0.48), and bowel movements per 24 hours (7.92 vs. 7.88, P = 0.92) were similar. The pouch loss/permanent ileostomy rate was higher in those who leaked (13.3 vs. 0.9 percent, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Anastomotic leak after restorative proctocolectomy does not adversely affect long-term quality of life or functional outcome. However, pouch loss/permanent ileostomy is significantly more likely in patients who have had an anastomotic leak.

Laparoscopic-assisted ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: This study reviews our experience with laparoscopic-assisted ileocolic resection in patients with Crohn's disease. The adequacy and safety of this procedure as measured by intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated. Special attention was paid to the group in which laparoscopy was not feasible and conversion to laparotomy was necessary. METHODS: Between 1992 and 2005, 168 laparoscopic-assisted ileocolic resections were performed on 167 patients with Crohn's ileal or ileocolic disease. Follow-up data were complete in 158 patients. RESULTS: In 38 patients (24%), conversion to laparotomy was necessary. Previous resection was not a predictor of conversion to laparotomy. Average ileal and colonic length of resected specimens was 20.9 cm and 6.5 cm, respectively, in the laparoscopic group, versus 24.9 cm and 10.6 cm in the converted group. Twenty of 120 specimens (16.6%) in the laparoscopic group were found to have margins microscopically positive for active Crohn's disease. None of the 38 specimens in the converted group had positive ileal margins. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic-assisted ileocolic resection can be safely performed in patients with Crohn's disease ileitis. The finding of positive surgical margins following laparoscopic resections compared with none among conventional resections has to be thoroughly evaluated.

Innate immune receptor genetic polymorphisms in pouchitis: is CARD15 a susceptibility factor?

BACKGROUND: Pouchitis is a frequent complication after ileal pouch-anal anastamosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic polymorphisms in the innate immune receptors toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and caspase activation and recruitment domain family member 15 (CARD15) genes are associated with pouchitis. METHODS: From a retrospectively ascertained cohort of patients with UC 5 to 12 years after IPAA (n = 101), subjects were classified into 3 groups: no pouchitis (n = 52); 1 to 2 episodes per year (n = 11), and more than 2 episodes per year (n = 38). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the tlr4 gene (D299G, T399I) were determined by a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based fluorogenic probe technique; and card15 polymorphisms (L1007fsinsC, R702W, G908R) were determined by pyrosequencing. RESULTS: Pouchitis affected 49% (49/101) of the study population. No correlation between pouchitis and the presence of TLR4 polymorphisms was found. The percentage of patients who harbored CARD15 mutations was significantly higher in patients with pouchitis than in patients without pouchitis (18% versus 8%; P < 0.05); 24% of pouchitis patients with more than 2 episodes per year harbored CARD15 mutations (P < 0.01 compared with the no pouchitis group). The CARD15 insertion mutation L1007fsinsC was present in 14% of patients with pouchitis and in 0% without pouchitis (P < 0.05). All patients who carried L1007fsinsC developed more than 2 episodes per year. CONCLUSIONS: CARD15 polymorphisms are seen in greater frequency in patients with pouchitis after IPAA for UC. These findings, if borne out in prospective analyses, suggest that CARD15 mutations, particularly L1007fsinsC, may predispose to the development of pouchitis after IPAA for UC.

Efficacy profile of liposome bupivacaine, a novel formulation of bupivacaine for postsurgical analgesia.

BACKGROUND: Liposome bupivacaine is a novel formulation of the local anesthetic bupivacaine, designed to provide prolonged postsurgical analgesia. This analysis examined pooled efficacy data as reflected in cumulative pain scores from 10 randomized, double-blind liposome bupivacaine clinical studies in which the study drug was administered via local wound infiltration. METHODS: A total of 823 patients were exposed to liposome bupivacaine in 10 local wound infiltration studies at doses ranging from 66 mg to 532 mg in five surgical settings; 446 patients received bupivacaine HCl (dose: 75-200 mg) and 190 received placebo. Efficacy measures were assessed through 72 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Overall, 45% of patients were male and 19% were ≥65 years of age. In the analysis of cumulative pain intensity scores through 72 hours, liposome bupivacaine was associated with lower pain scores than the comparator in 16 of 19 treatment arms assessed, achieving statistically significant differences compared with bupivacaine HCl (P < 0.05) in five of 17 treatment arms. These results were supported by results of other efficacy measures, including time to first use of opioid rescue medication, proportion of patients avoiding opioid rescue medication, total postsurgical consumption of opioid rescue medication, and patient/care provider satisfaction with postoperative analgesia. Local infiltration of liposome bupivacaine resulted in significant systemic plasma levels of bupivacaine, which could persist for 96 hours; systemic plasma levels of bupivacaine following administration of liposome bupivacaine were not correlated with local efficacy. Liposome bupivacaine and bupivacaine HCl were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Based on this integrated analysis of multiple efficacy measures, liposome bupivacaine appears to be a potentially useful therapeutic option for prolonged reduction of postsurgical pain in soft tissue and orthopedic surgeries.

Mucosal dysplasia in ileal pelvic pouches after restorative proctocolectomy.

PURPOSE: Inflammation, villous atrophy, colonic metaplasia, and dysplasia have been observed within the mucosa of ileal pelvic pouches after restorative proctocolectomy. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of mucosal dysplasia in ileal pouch and any associated risk factors. METHODS: Prospectively registered patients having restorative proctocolectomy were recruited. A cross-sectional study was performed using a questionnaire focusing on disease history, functional results, and pouchitis after surgery. Participants underwent screening endoscopic pouch examination using sigmoidoscopy. Mucosal biopsies were taken from six specific locations in the pouch from proximal ileal-pouch (inflow) to ileoanal anastomosis. All biopsies were performed under strict surveillance protocol regardless of patients' symptoms. Biopsies were interpreted by two pathologists unaware of each other's report. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients completed the protocol. Colectomy specimens from restorative proctocolectomy showed chronic ulcerative colitis in 118 (85.6 percent), familial adenomatous polyposis in 10 (7.2 percent), Crohn's colitis in 2 (1.4 percent), and indeterminate colitis in 8 (5.8 percent) patients. Twenty-two patients (18.3 percent) had dysplasia and eight (6.7 percent) had invasive cancer found in colectomy specimens after restorative proctocolectomy. Median interval between proctocolectomy and pouch biopsy was 5.4 years. Inflammatory changes were present in a majority of specimens, but these did not correlate with clinical history of pouchitis. No villous atrophy was identified. Pouch biopsies from only one patient were indefinite for dysplasia. Subsequent biopsies were negative. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and microscopic evidence of ileal-pouch inflammation is common. Ileal-pouch mucosal dysplasia is uncommon, occurring in only 1 of 138 patients. Villous atrophy and colonic metaplasia were not observed in this series. Routine pouch surveillance with biopsies may not be warranted.

Restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis complicated by colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is widely accepted as the procedure of choice for patients requiring surgery for chronic ulcerative colitis. The role of restorative proctocolectomy in the setting of chronic ulcerative colitis complicated by colorectal carcinoma is not clear. This study was undertaken to explore the clinical outcomes of chronic ulcerative colitis patients with coexisting colorectal carcinoma who underwent restorative proctocolectomy. METHODS: A total of 756 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis were followed prospectively after restorative proctocolectomy. Forty-five (5.9 percent) were found to have invasive carcinoma of the colon (n = 31) or rectum (n = 14). These patients were followed with special attention to cancer stage, adjuvant therapy, oncologic outcome, and functional results after restorative proctocolectomy. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (45.6 percent) had staged surgery (colon, 14; rectum, 7). Twenty-seven patients received adjuvant chemotherapy (colon, 22; rectum, 5). Fourteen patients (51.8 percent) who received chemotherapy were not diverted during this treatment. Two node-positive rectal cancer patients had pelvic radiotherapy: one before restorative proctocolectomy and one after restorative proctocolectomy. Mean time to restoration of intestinal continuity among staged patients did not differ between cancer and noncancer patients. Six patients died of metastatic disease (colon, 3; rectum, 3). Five deaths occurred among patients with Stage III disease (colon, 3/13, 23.1 percent; rectum, 2/3, 66.7 percent). One patient with Stage I cancer at the time of restorative proctocolectomy died. Thirty-nine patients are alive without evidence of disease at a mean interval from surgery of 76.5 months. Thirty-six patients have functioning pelvic pouches. Bowel frequency, continence, and complication rates are similar among restorative proctocolectomy patients with and without cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Restorative proctocolectomy as a single or staged procedure is a viable therapeutic option for selected chronic ulcerative colitis patients with associated colorectal cancers. Prognosis seems to be related to cancer stage. Adjuvant chemotherapy can safely be given to nondiverted patients. Appropriate use of preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer patients who are otherwise candidates for restorative proctocolectomy is unknown. Long-term functional results for cancer patients are similar to those seen in chronic ulcerative colitis patients without cancer.

Early postoperative small-bowel obstruction: a prospective evaluation in 242 consecutive abdominal operations.

PURPOSE: Early postoperative small-bowel obstruction is a common but poorly defined complication of abdominal surgery. This prospective cohort study was undertaken to examine a reproducible definition of early postoperative small-bowel obstruction, determine its incidence, evaluate potential risk factors for its development, and delineate management strategies. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-five patients undergoing 242 consecutive abdominal operations during a 9-month period were prospectively evaluated from the time of admission until Postoperative Day 30. Early postoperative small-bowel obstruction was present if, within 30 days of surgery, all of the following criteria were met after the return of intestinal function: development of crampy abdominal pain, vomiting, and radiographic findings consistent with intestinal obstruction. Patients with early postoperative small-bowel obstruction were followed up until discharge or reexploration. All patients with early postoperative small-bowel obstruction were initially treated with nasogastric decompression. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-two abdominal procedures were performed on 119 males and 123 females aged 13 to 98 (mean, 51) years. Ulcerative colitis (n = 70), malignancy (n = 59), and Crohn's disease (n = 41) were the most common diagnoses. One hundred nineteen patients (49.2 percent) had undergone previous laparotomy, and 45 patients (18.6 percent) had previously been diagnosed with intestinal obstruction. Early postoperative small-bowel obstruction occurred in 23 cases (9.5 percent). Patients with and without early postoperative small-bowel obstruction were similar with respect to diagnosis, preoperative immunosuppression, previous laparotomy or obstruction, surgery performed, and time to return of intestinal function. Twenty episodes (87 percent) resolved with nasogastric decompression alone; all but one resolved within six days or less. Three patients (13 percent) required relaparotomy; one required small-bowel resection. Two of three patients whose symptoms did not resolve with six days of nasogastric decompression required reexploration. There were no deaths and no major morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Early postoperative small-bowel obstruction, defined by an objective data set, was observed in 9.5 percent of cases. No independent risk factors predisposing to early postoperative small-bowel obstruction were identified. Early postoperative small-bowel obstruction was safely and effectively managed by nasogastric decompression in the majority of cases, with low morbidity and no mortality. In general, reexploration should be reserved for those patients whose symptoms do not resolve within six days of nasogastric decompression.

Long-term results of salvage surgery for septic complications after restorative proctocolectomy: does fecal diversion improve outcome?

PURPOSE: Septic complications related to the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis after restorative proctocolectomy have been reported in up to 16 percent of patients in major series. Management strategies are not well established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of salvage surgery and to assess the impact diversion had on the outcome. METHODS: Patients who developed ileal pouch-anal anastomosis-related septic complications after restorative proctocolectomy were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Surgical procedures and follow-up data were obtained at the time of hospital and office visits. Successful salvage was defined as the absence of clinical evidence of fistula, sinus, or abscess at least three months after salvage surgery or closure of ileostomy. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis-related sepsis were identified. All patients had sinus or fistulous tracts from pouch-anal anastomoses. Eighty-nine salvage procedures were performed among these 51 patients (range, 1-4 procedures per patient). Forty-eight transanal anastomotic revisions were performed in nondiverted patients. Thirty-seven transanal revisions and four abdominoperineal revisions were performed in diverted patients. At a median follow-up of 65.2 (range, 3 to 166) months after salvage surgery or closure of the diverting stoma, 21 patients (41 percent) had complete resolution of their septic problems. Bowel frequency and continence for these patients were similar to patients who had not had ileal pouch-anal anastomotic problems. Eleven (29.7 percent) of 37 transanal procedures with diversion succeeded, whereas 10 (20.8 percent) of 48 nondiverted procedures succeeded. This difference was not significant (11/37 vs. 10/48; P = 0.448). None of the four abdominoperineal revisions succeeded. Of 51 patients, 34 (66.7 percent) retained their pouches and 21 (41.2 percent) were successfully revised. Seventeen patients (33.3 percent) had pouch excision. Five (9.8 percent) had persistent fistulas and remained diverted, and 8 (15.7 percent) had persistent fistulas and were not diverted. Thus, pouch function was retained in 29 patients (56.9 percent). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that anastomotic failure after restorative proctocolectomy is associated with a high rate of pouch failure. Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis-related fistula or sinus warrants an aggressive surgical approach in selected, highly motivated patients because acceptable functional results are possible. Multiple procedures may often be necessary to achieve complete healing. Successful repair can be achieved after one or more unsuccessful attempts. Repeat procedures can be performed safely without adversely affecting ultimate outcome.

Are pANCA, ASCA, or cytokine gene polymorphisms associated with pouchitis? Long-term follow-up in 102 ulcerative colitis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Pouchitis is the most frequent complication after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. This study aims to analyze the frequency and characteristics of pouchitis in long-term follow-up in a large population, and to determine whether a significant association exists between five immunogenetic markers and pouchitis. METHODS: From a population of over 500 ulcerative colitis patients who had undergone ileal pouch-anal anastamosis 5-12 yr earlier, 102 subjects participated in the study. Using clinical data obtained from interviews and chart reviews, patients were classified into three groups: no pouchitis; 1-2 episodes per year; and >2 episodes per year. Coded sera from the patients were analyzed for ulcerative colitis-associated perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and Crohn's disease-associated anti-saccharomyces cerevesiae antibodies. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and lymphotoxin beta (lymphotoxin) polymorphisms were also analyzed. RESULTS: Pouchitis affected 49% of the study population. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, anti-saccharomyces cerevesiae antibodies, and lymphotoxin-beta polymorphisms were not associated with pouchitis. Carriage of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 was significantly greater among those without pouchitis than those with pouchitis. Patients without pouchitis had a significantly greater carriage rate of TNF allele 2. CONCLUSIONS: Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and anti-saccharomyces cerevesiae antibodies are not correlated with pouchitis, but interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and TNF may play a role in its development. Further evaluation of these markers in pouchitis will require larger populations, long-term prospective observation, and studies that correlate polymorphisms with specific immunologic functions.