Observation of the Superstructure in Fe5-xGeTe2 by X-ray Fluorescence Holography.

Fe5-xGeTe2 is a two-dimensional van der Waals material that exhibits ferromagnetic order with a high Curie temperature (TC) of around room temperature. In addition to TC, two magnetic transitions occur with decreasing temperature, and a charge-ordered state is observed at low temperatures. We employed Ge Kα X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) for Fe5-xGeTe2 to directly investigate the local structure in the charge-ordered state, i.e., the 3×3 superstructure. The Ge Kα XFH results revealed local atomic structures around the Ge atom, thus clarifying the simultaneous locations and arrangements of the Te, Fe, and Ge atoms. The atomic positions relative to the Ge atom are useful for understanding the coexistence of the ideal 1 × 1 structure and 3×3 superstructure found in the charge-ordered state.

Structural and Superconducting Properties of Bi2Rh3(Se1-xSx)2 (x = 0-1.0).

The structural and superconducting properties of the Bi-based superconductor Bi2Rh3(Se1-xSx)2 were investigated over a wide pressure range. Bi2Rh3Se2 is a superconductor with a superconducting transition temperature, Tc, of less than ∼1.0 K, whereas Bi2Rh3S2 is a nonsuperconductor. The former shows a clear charge density wave (CDW) phase transition at 240 K and the latter shows a first-order structural phase transition at 165 K, providing the supercell structure. Both compounds have the same crystal structure at ambient temperature and pressure (monoclinic, space group of C2/m (No. 12)). This implies the possible formation of solid solution-like phases Bi2Rh3(Se1-xSx)2. In this study, we prepared Bi2Rh3(Se1-xSx)2 (x = 0-1.0) and investigated its superconducting properties and phase transitions at different x values. Because the superconducting properties and temperature causing the phase transition (Tpt) are quite different between Bi2Rh3Se2 and Bi2Rh3S2, their variation against x is quite intriguing from the viewpoint of the pursuit of physical properties via the replacement of Se with S. In this study, the features of the superconductivity and crystal structure against x were fully explored to depict the phase diagram. Moreover, we investigated the pressure (p) dependence of superconductivity and phase transition (CDW or the first-order structural transition) to clarify the interplay between the two ordered states.

Pressure Dependence of the Structural and Superconducting Properties of the Bi-Based Superconductor Bi2Pd3Se2.

The structural and superconducting properties of the Bi-based compound Bi2Pd3Se2 were investigated over a wide pressure range. The prepared Bi2Pd3Se2 sample was a superconductor with a superconducting transition temperature, Tc, of approximately 3.0 K, which differed from a previous report (Tc of less than 1.0 K). At ambient pressure, the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Bi2Pd3Se2 sample was consistent with that previously reported for Bi2Pd3Se2. The Rietveld method was used to refine the crystal structure, which had a space group of C2/m (No. 12), as reported previously. This compound showed no clear anomaly due to the charge-density-wave (CDW) transition, as seen from the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. However, the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity indicated a clear anomaly, presumably because of the CDW transition in the low-pressure range; the CDW transition temperature was approximately 230 K. The XRD patterns of the Bi2Pd3Se2 sample were measured at 0.160-22.7 GPa, and the patterns were well analyzed by both the Le Bail and Rietveld refinement methods, showing no structural phase transitions in the above pressure range. The pressure dependence of Tc of Bi2Pd3Se2 was recorded based on the temperature dependence of the electrical resistance, which showed an almost constant Tc at 0-13.7 GPa, and the Tc-pressure (p) behavior was fully discussed.

Pressure Dependence of Superconductivity in a Charge-Density-Wave Superconductor Bi2Rh3Se2.

The structural and superconducting properties of a Bi-based compound, Bi2Rh3Se2, are investigated over a wide pressure range. Bi2Rh3Se2 is a superconductor with a superconducting transition temperature, Tc, of 0.7 K. This compound is in a charge-density-wave (CDW) state below 240 K, which implies the coexistence of superconducting and CDW states at low temperatures. Here, the superconducting properties of Bi2Rh3Se2 are studied from the perspective of the temperature dependence of electrical resistance (R) at high pressures (p's). The pressure dependence of Tc of Bi2Rh3Se2 shows a slow increase in Tc at 0-15.5 GPa, and the Tc slowly decreases with pressure above 15.5 GPa, which is markedly different from that of normal superconductors because the value of Tc should simply decrease owing to the decrease in density of states (DOS) on the Fermi level, N(εF), driven by a simple shrinkage of the lattice under pressure. To ascertain the origin of such a dome-like Tc-p behavior, the crystal structure of Bi2Rh3Se2 was explored over a wide pressure range of 0-20 GPa on the basis of powder X-ray diffraction; no structural phase transitions or simple shrinkage of the lattice was observed. This result implies that the increase in Tc against pressure cannot simply be explained from a structural point of view. In other words, a direct relation between superconductivity and crystal structure was not found. On the other hand, the CDW transition became ambiguous at pressures higher than 3.8 GPa, suggesting that the Tc had been suppressed by the CDW transition in a low pressure range. Thus, the findings suggest that for Bi2Rh3Se2, Tc is enhanced through the suppression of CDW transition, which may be reasonable because the CDW-ordered state restrains the charge fluctuation to weaken the electron-phonon coupling and opens the gap to decrease the density of states on the Fermi level. The obtained dome-like Tc-p behavior indicates the possibility of Bi2Rh3Se2 being an exotic superconductor.

Structural Characterization of Graphite Analogue BCx Synthesized Under Various Conditions and Its Application to Ti Intercalation.

A graphite-like material boron carbide (BCx) was synthesized under various heat treatment conditions and extensively characterized. First, we synthesized the BCx precursor phase by a single-step reaction using a mixed solution of BBr3 and C6H6. We confirmed that the precursor phase had a graphite-like structure with B-C chemical bonds, but its crystallinity was poor. To improve their crystallinity, we annealed the precursor sample at high temperature using a high-frequency furnace and determined the annealing condition. We also investigated the magnetic properties of BCx. The high-temperature annealing for the precursor phase yields the highest Pauli paramagnetic susceptibility χPauli, indicating the highest density of states at the Fermi level. Accordingly, the high-temperature treatment for the precursor phase is significant to improve its crystallinity and physical properties. In addition, we synthesized a Ti-intercalated material TiBC by using the same procedure as that for making the BCx precursor phase. The crystal structure can be indexed by the AlB2 structure, indicating that Ti atoms are intercalated between the BC layers. The χPauli value of TiBC is obtained to be 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of BCx, suggesting the compensation of hole carriers by electron doping through Ti intercalation into the BCx system.

Superconducting Behavior of BaTi2(Sb1-yBiy)2O under Pressure.

The crystal structure and superconducting properties of a new type of titanium-pnictide superconductor, BaTi2(Sb1-yBiy)2O (y = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8), are comprehensively investigated over a wide pressure range to elucidate the effect of substituting Bi for Sb on the superconducting behavior. The behavior of superconducting properties under pressure changes drastically with y, as expected from the double-dome Tc-y phase diagram obtained at ambient pressure. In this study, three BaTi2(Sb1-yBiy)2O samples (y = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8) are considered, which correspond to the first superconducting dome, nonsuperconducting part, and second superconducting dome, respectively, in the Tc-y phase diagram. The crystal of BaTi2(Sb1-yBiy)2O with y = 0.2 shows a clear collapse transition, i.e., a drastic shrinkage of the lattice constant c at ca. 5 GPa. Strictly speaking, the collapsed crystal phase coexists with the noncollapsed phase above 5 GPa. On the other hand, BaTi2(Sb1-yBiy)2O with y = 0.8 shows a continuous change in the crystal lattice with pressure, i.e., no collapse transitions. The pressure dependence of Tc for BaTi2(Sb1-yBiy)2O with y = 0.2 shows a drastic increase in Tc at approximately 5 GPa, where the collapse transition occurs, indicating a clear pressure-induced superconducting phase transition related to the collapse transition. The value of Tc for BaTi2(Sb1-yBiy)2O with y = 0.8 increases slightly up to ∼2 GPa and is almost constant at 2-13 GPa. It is found that the superconducting behavior under pressure can be unambiguously classified by y based on the double-dome Tc-y phase diagram, indicative of distinguishable superconducting features at different y values. In this study, we comprehensively discuss the superconducting properties of the exotic material, BaTi2(Sb1-yBiy)2O, with a double-dome Tc-y phase diagram.

Pressure dependence of superconductivity in alkali-Bi compounds KBi2 and RbBi2.

The structural and superconducting properties of alkali-Bi-based compounds, KBi2 and RbBi2, were investigated over a wide pressure range for the first time. The samples of KBi2 and RbBi2 were prepared using a liquid ammonia (NH3) technique, and demonstrated superconductivity with superconducting transition temperatures, Tc, of 3.50 and 4.21 K at ambient pressure, respectively. The onset superconducting transition temperature, Tconset, of KBi2 decreased slightly; however, it suddenly jumped at 2 GPa and increased gradually with pressure, indicating the presence of two superconducting phases in the low-pressure range. The pressure-dependent X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the KBi2 sample decomposed into KBi and Bi at pressures higher than 2.5 GPa. Moreover, a discontinuous change in Tconset was observed for KBi2 at 9 GPa, which reflects the decomposition of KBi2 into KBi and Bi. By contrast, the value of Tconset of RbBi2 was almost constant over a pressure range of 0-8 GPa. Thus, the superconducting properties and stability of alkali-Bi-based compounds against pressure were comprehensively explored in this study. In addition, the superconducting Cooper pair symmetry was investigated from the magnetic field dependence of Tc of KBi2 at 0.790 and 2.32 GPa, and of RbBi2 at 1.17 GPa, indicating the exact deviation from the simple s-wave paring model, which may be due to the complex electronic structure of Bi. The results elucidated the exotic superconducting properties of KBi2 and RbBi2 based on the pressure and magnetic field dependence of Tc and verified the chemical stability of KBi2 under pressure.

Emergence of a Pressure-Driven Superconducting Phase in Ba0.77Na0.23Ti2Sb2O.

We investigated the pressure dependence of electric transport in a superconducting sample, Ba0.77Na0.23Ti2Sb2O, to complete the phase diagram of superconducting transition temperature (Tc) against pressure (p). This superconducting sample exhibits a Tc value of 5.8 K at ambient pressure. Here, the superconductivity of the recently reported sample was investigated over a wide pressure range. The Tc value monotonously decreased with pressure below 8 GPa. Interestingly, the Tc value rapidly increased above 8 GPa and slowly declined with pressure above 11 GPa. Thus, a new superconducting phase was discovered above ∼9 GPa. The crystal structure of Ba0.77Na0.23Ti2Sb2O was also elucidated at 0-22.0 GPa with synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. Consequently, an evident relation between the crystal structure and the superconductivity was revealed, namely, a clear structural phase transition was observed at 8-11 GPa, where the Tc value rapidly increased against pressure. This study provides detailed information on the superconductivity of Ba0.77Na0.23Ti2Sb2O under pressure, which will lead to a comprehensive understanding of pressure-driven superconductivity.

Superconducting properties of BaBi3 at ambient and high pressures.

Herein, we report the preparation and characterization of BaBi3 clarified by DC magnetic susceptibility, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical transport. The superconducting properties of BaBi3 were elucidated through the magnetic and electrical transport properties in a wide pressure range. The superconducting transition temperature, Tc, showed a slight decrease (or almost constant Tc) against pressure up to 17.2 GPa. The values of the upper critical field, Hc2, at 0 K, were determined to be 1.27 T at 0 GPa and 3.11 T at 2.30 GPa, using the formula, because p-wave pairing appeared to occur for this material at both pressures, indicating the unconventionality of superconductivity. This result appears to be consistent with the topological non-trivial nature of superconductivity predicted theoretically. The pressure-dependent XRD patterns measured at 0-20.1 GPa indicated no structural phase transitions up to 20.1 GPa, i.e., the structural phase transitions from the α phase to the ß or γ phase which are induced by an application of pressure were not observed, contrary to the previous report, demonstrating that the α phase is maintained over the entire pressure range. Admittedly, the lattice constants and the volume of the unit cell, V, steadily decrease with increasing pressure up to 20.1 GPa. In this study, the plots of Tcversus p and V versus p of BaBi3 are depicted over a wide pressure range for the first time.

Superconducting behavior of BaTi2Bi2O and its pressure dependence.

A new superconducting sample, BaTi2Bi2O, was synthesized and characterized over a wide pressure range. The superconducting transition temperature, Tc, of BaTi2Bi2O was 4.33 K at ambient pressure. The crystal structure was tetragonal (space group of P4/mmm (No. 123)), according to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern at ambient pressure. The XRD pattern was analyzed using the Le Bail method. The magnetic-field dependence of the magnetization at different temperatures was precisely investigated to elucidate the characteristics of the superconductivity. The pressure-dependent XRD patterns showed absence of structural phase transitions up to 19.8 GPa. The superconducting properties of BaTi2Bi2O were investigated under pressure. Tc monotonously increased with the pressure (p) up to 4.0 GPa and saturated above 4.0 GPa. The variations in the Tc-p plot were thoroughly analyzed. The Cooper pair symmetry (or superconducting pairing mechanism) was analyzed based on the magnetic field dependence of the superconductivity at ambient and high pressures, which indicated a sign of p-wave pairing for the superconductivity of BaTi2Bi2O, i.e., topologically nontrivial sign was suggested for BaTi2Bi2O.

Novel imaging detailing the origins of a pneumothorax.

This is a prospective clinical study aimed at introducing a method to visualise the location of an air leak and to identify the bulla responsible on three-dimensional (3-D) cine CT. In 10 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, dynamic 320-detector row CT was performed with injection of 0.9% saline into the affected pleural cavity via a preplaced chest tube. In eight cases, 3-D cine CT thoracography revealed the location of the air leak and the bulla responsible (7 cases: air stream sign; 1 case: repeated collapse and expansion of a bulla with the patient's breathing).

Fascial reinforcement fixing the bronchi to the heart: its anatomy and clinical significance.

PURPOSE: The details of the mediastinal fascia have been scarcely described and the bronchopericardial membrane is the only known structure that is present between the bronchi and the pericardium. However, the anatomical description of this structure is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the fascial structures between the bronchi and the pericardium based on surgical findings. METHODS: The connective tissues in the mid-mediastinum were observed surgically when lung lobectomy, including mediastinal lymph node dissection for lung cancer, was performed at our institute from April 2011 to March 2016. RESULTS: In total, 96 lobectomies were performed in 94 patients. A firm fibrous structure connecting the tracheobronchus and the fibrous pericardium was observed. It fixes the central bronchi to the pericardium and is composed of three parts. The largest part exists in front of the carina, its appearance is membranous, and runs behind the pulmonary artery. The other parts run over the right pulmonary artery and diverge at its superior trunk. The location at which all these structures fuse to the pericardium is the venous part of the hilum cordis (VHC). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that connections of the dense fibrous tissues existed between the tracheobronchus and VHC. The structure not only works as a ligament that fixes the bronchi to the mid-mediastinum, but also divides the mid-mediastinum into two compartments: the Baréty and subcarinal spaces. The anatomy of the structure observed in this study differs from the previous description of the bronchopericardial membrane.

Parity effects in few-layer graphene.

We study the electronic properties in few-layer graphenes (FLGs) classified by even/odd layer number n. FLGs with even n have only parabolic energy dispersions, whereas FLGs with odd n have a linear dispersion besides parabolic ones. This difference leads to a distinct density of states in FLGs, experimentally confirmed by the gate-voltage dependence of the electric double-layer capacitance. Thus, FLGs with odd n are unique materials that have relativistic carriers originating in linear energy dispersion.

Edge-dependent transport properties in graphene.

Graphene has two kinds of edges which have different electronic properties. A singular electronic state emerges at zigzag edges, while it disappears at armchair edges. We study the edge-dependent transport properties in few-layer graphene by applying a side gate voltage to the edge with an ionic liquid. The devices indicating a conductance peak at the charge neutrality point have zigzag edges, confirmed by micro-Raman spectroscopy mapping. The hopping transport between zigzag edges increases the conductance.

Right upper lobectomy with mediastinal dissection under uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer in a patient with a right-sided aortic arch: a case report.

BACKGROUND: A right-sided aortic arch is a rare congenital vascular structure variation. Right lobectomy is not commonly performed on patients with such a condition. Further, there are no reports on lobectomy under uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in this patient group. CASE PRESENTATION: A 67-year-old man with a right-sided aortic arch and Kommerell diverticulum underwent right upper lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection under uniportal VATS for primary lung cancer. Due to the right descending aorta, which narrows the space of the dorsal hilum, handling of the stapler for stapling the right upper lobe bronchus from the uniport in the 6th intercostal space at the medial axillary line can be challenging. This issue was resolved by manipulating the staple over the azygos vein toward the inferior margin of the aortic arch. Via mediastinal lymphadenectomy, we found that the right recurrent laryngeal nerve branched from the right vagus nerve and hooked around the right-sided aortic arch. CONCLUSIONS: Right lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection under uniportal VATS can be performed for lung cancer in patients with a right-sided aortic arch.

Fascial structure of the anterior mediastinum: the surgical figure of the sternopericardial ligament and the role of affixing the thymus to the pericardium.

Background: The fascial anatomy of the anterior mediastinum has not been thoroughly investigated. Only the sternopericardial ligament (SPL) has been defined and is often described as two independent tendons. However, these descriptions differ from our observations of thoracic surgery. Here, we aimed to precisely investigate the fascial anatomy, particularly the SPL, of the anterior mediastinum. Methods: We surgically and radiologically observed and analyzed the fascial anatomy of the anterior mediastinum in patients who underwent surgery for anterior mediastinal disease at our institution between July 2009 and August 2018. Results: A total of 55 thoracoscopic surgeries were performed. We observed a sagittal layer of fibrous tissue bridging the pericardium and sternum, in addition to the well-known fascial layers. Behind the lower bifurcation of the thymic glands, the thymic capsule was firmly fixed to the pericardium around the anterior aortopulmonary trunk. It thickened locally, formed a small white stripe, and occasionally deformed the pericardium by pulling it anteriorly. No other tendon-like structure was observed. Conclusions: Our observation of the SPL showed differences from classical descriptions. The SPL is a sagittal fibrous collection showing a unique figure. Part of the SPL is thickened behind the thymus, anchoring the thymus to the pericardium in the midline. The SPL is part of the bottom of Grodinsky's Space 3 in the thorax. The SPL is visible in radiologic images, such as the anterior junction line on a plain chest radiograph.

Superstructure of Fe5-xGeTe2 Determined by Te K-Edge Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Te Kα X-ray Fluorescence Holography.

The local structure of the two-dimensional van der Waals material, Fe5-xGeTe2, which exhibits unique structural/magnetic phase transitions, was investigated by Te K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Te Kα X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) over a wide temperature range. The formation of a trimer of Te atoms at low temperatures has been fully explored using these methods. An increase in the Te-Fe distance at approximately 150 K was suggested by EXAFS and presumably indicates the formation of a Te trimer. Moreover, XFH displayed clear atomic images of Te atoms. Additionally, the distance between the Te atoms shortened, as confirmed from the atomic images reconstructed from XFH, indicating the formation of a trimer of Te atoms, i.e., a charge-ordered superstructure. Furthermore, Te Kα XFH provided unambiguous atomic images of Fe atoms occupying the Fe1 site; the images were not clearly observed in the Ge Kα XFH that was previously reported because of the low occupancy of Fe and Ge atoms. In this study, EXAFS and XFH clearly showed the local structure around the Te atom; in particular, the formation of Te trimers caused by charge-ordered phase transitions was clearly confirmed. The charge-ordered phase transition is fully discussed based on the structural variation at low temperatures, as established from EXAFS and XFH.

Fabrication of high performance/highly functional field-effect transistor devices based on [6]phenacene thin films.

Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on [6]phenacene thin films were fabricated with SiO2 and parylene gate dielectrics. These FET devices exhibit field-effect mobility in the saturation regime as high as 7.4 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which is one of the highest reported values for organic thin-film FETs. The two- and four-probe mobilities in the linear regime display nearly similar values, suggesting negligible contact resistance at 300 K. FET characteristics were investigated using two-probe and four-probe measurement modes at 50-300 K. The two-probe mobility of the saturation regime can be explained by the multiple shallow trap and release model, while the intrinsic mobility obtained by the four-probe measurement in the linear regime is better explained by the phenomenon of transport with charge carrier scattering at low temperatures. The FET device fabricated with a parylene gate dielectric on polyethylene terephthalate possesses both transparency and flexibility, implying feasibility of practical application of [6]phenacene FETs in flexible/transparent electronics. N-channel FET characteristics were also achieved in the [6]phenacene thin-film FETs using metals that possess a small work function for use as source/drain electrodes.

Ciliated muconodular papillary tumor of the lung: a newly defined low-grade malignant tumor with CT findings reminiscent of adenocarcinoma.

A ciliated muconodular papillary tumor has been reported to be a peripheral low-grade malignant tumor, consisting of ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells with basaloid cell proliferation. Although ciliated muconodular papillary tumors have not yet been classified according to the World Health Organization classification, they can pose diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Here we report a resected case of ciliated muconodular papillary tumor with computed tomography findings reminiscent of adenocarcinoma, showing a small irregular nodule adjacent to the intersegment pulmonary vein. There was no uptake of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. The patient underwent surgical resection, and a lobectomy was performed because intraoperative needle biopsy suggested neoplastic proliferation. No EGFR mutations were detected. No recurrence was noted during 24-month follow-up after lobectomy.

A New Index for the Quantitative Evaluation of Surgical Invasiveness Based on Perioperative Patients' Behavior Patterns: Machine Learning Approach Using Triaxial Acceleration.

BACKGROUND: The minimally invasive nature of thoracoscopic surgery is well recognized; however, the absence of a reliable evaluation method remains challenging. We hypothesized that the postoperative recovery speed is closely linked to surgical invasiveness, where recovery signifies the patient's behavior transition back to their preoperative state during the perioperative period. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether machine learning using triaxial acceleration data can effectively capture perioperative behavior changes and establish a quantitative index for quantifying variations in surgical invasiveness. METHODS: We trained 7 distinct machine learning models using a publicly available human acceleration data set as supervised data. The 3 top-performing models were selected to predict patient actions, as determined by the Matthews correlation coefficient scores. Two patients who underwent different levels of invasive thoracoscopic surgery were selected as participants. Acceleration data were collected via chest sensors for 8 hours during the preoperative and postoperative hospitalization days. These data were categorized into 4 actions (walking, standing, sitting, and lying down) using the selected models. The actions predicted by the model with intermediate results were adopted as the actions of the participants. The daily appearance probability was calculated for each action. The 2 differences between 2 appearance probabilities (sitting vs standing and lying down vs walking) were calculated using 2 coordinates on the x- and y-axes. A 2D vector composed of coordinate values was defined as the index of behavior pattern (iBP) for the day. All daily iBPs were graphed, and the enclosed area and distance between points were calculated and compared between participants to assess the relationship between changes in the indices and invasiveness. RESULTS: Patients 1 and 2 underwent lung lobectomy and incisional tumor biopsy, respectively. The selected predictive model was a light-gradient boosting model (mean Matthews correlation coefficient 0.98, SD 0.0027; accuracy: 0.98). The acceleration data yielded 548,466 points for patient 1 and 466,407 points for patient 2. The iBPs of patient 1 were [(0.32, 0.19), (-0.098, 0.46), (-0.15, 0.13), (-0.049, 0.22)] and those of patient 2 were [(0.55, 0.30), (0.77, 0.21), (0.60, 0.25), (0.61, 0.31)]. The enclosed areas were 0.077 and 0.0036 for patients 1 and 2, respectively. Notably, the distances for patient 1 were greater than those for patient 2 ({0.44, 0.46, 0.37, 0.26} vs {0.23, 0.0065, 0.059}; P=.03 [Mann-Whitney U test]). CONCLUSIONS: The selected machine learning model effectively predicted the actions of the surgical patients with high accuracy. The temporal distribution of action times revealed changes in behavior patterns during the perioperative phase. The proposed index may facilitate the recognition and visualization of perioperative changes in patients and differences in surgical invasiveness.