Tear Trough Treatment with Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Suspension.

BACKGROUND: Blepharoplasty is a very requested surgery for aesthetic rejuvenation of the eyes with grateful results. Lower blepharoplasty involving a variety of different techniques can be considered to refresh the oculopalpebral area. The approach of the treatment of the tear trough as releasing the tear trough ligament and plication of orbicularis oculi muscle in the palpebral portion to fill the tear trough concavity is essential in our surgical technique demonstrated here. METHODS: From July 2014 to January 2020, 435 patients were submitted to blepharoplasty surgery for rejuvenation of the eyes. Lower blepharoplasty was performed with releasing of the tear trough ligament and suspension and fixation of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle in the medial part of orbital bone corresponding to the tear trough area. The follow-up was 12 months. RESULTS: Patient satisfaction was high, and no complications were observed. Ten patients (2.2%) needed the addition of hyaluronic acid fillers in the tear trough 12 months after the surgery. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the use of the orbicularis oculi muscle suspension improves the long-term aesthetic results for the tear trough and the technique is easy to perform. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Correction to: Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) and the Textured Breast Implant Crisis.

Anne K. Groth's name was wrongly tagged in the original publication of this article. It has been corrected here.

Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) and the Textured Breast Implant Crisis.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an uncommon T-cell, CD-30+/ALK lymphoma. Late (9 years) periprosthetic fluid (seroma) is the most common presentation (90% of the cases). A combination of textured breast implant, bacterial contamination, and genetic predisposition seems to be necessary for BIA-ALCL to occur. There are 35 million patients with implants in the world, and at the present moment, 573 cases of BIA-ALCL have been reported. The risk of developing BIA-ALCL in Australia varies from 1:2832 to 1:86,029, with texture grades 3 and 4 seeming to pose a higher risk than grades 2 and 1. NCCN has established guidelines for diagnosis and treatment, and early diagnosis is the key to cure. At an early stage and for the vast majority of patients, the treatment consists of capsulectomy and implant removal. However, at stages II to IV, a systemic treatment is warranted, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy (residual disease), and brentuximab vedotin. The majority of patients can be cured, and complete capsular removal is the most important factor. So far, 33 patients have died from BIA-ALCL worldwide, with deaths related to delay in diagnosis and treatment. Textured implants have been in the midst of the current implant crisis, and Biocell was recalled worldwide after the latest FDA update on the disease. At the present moment, no medical society or regulatory agency has recommended implant removal. It is about time that we start robust breast implant registries to determine risks. Besides, based on scientific criteria, we must consider all the benefits and risks associated with the available breast devices.Level of Evidence III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Simultaneous Augmentation Mastopexy: An Innovative Anatomical Approach-The Fascioglandular Flap for Improved Lower Pole Support.

Simultaneous breast augmentation and mastopexy is very challenging often considered to be one of the most difficult cosmetic breast surgeries. Although a patient is sometimes better served with 2 separately staged procedures, the demand for single-stage combined augmentation mastopexy is increasing associated with increasing demands for larger implants. Combining these 2 operations presents special problems because of the interplay of opposing forces. To avoid bottoming out, wound dehiscence, and ultimately implant extrusion, it is essential to provide proper coverage and support of the inferior breast pole. The goal of this report is to illustrate the benefit of an inferiorly based fascioglandular flap in providing adequate breast lower pole support in simultaneous breast augmentation mastopexy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Breast Auto-augmentation (Mastopexy and Lipofilling): An Option for Quitting Breast Implants.

BACKGROUND: Breast augmentation with implants is one of the most commonly performed plastic surgical procedures, but has potential complications-asymmetry, implant displacement, rippling and wrinkling, capsular contracture, late seromas, and benign and malignant tumors-and potential financial costs. The auto-augmentation procedure, with mastopexy and lipofilling, is a second option to offer to patients who do not desire to continue with breast implants in secondary procedures. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to present a series of patients who intended to quit having breast implants, and they went to an auto-augmentation procedure, with mastopexy and lipofilling. METHOD: The study included patients who underwent a mastopexy plus lipofilling following breast implant removal. The indications for the surgical procedure were: desire of not having breast implants anymore and smaller breasts, capsular contracture, and implant rupture. The surgical procedure is detailed. Fat grafting and mastopexy are done immediately at the time of explantation. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients (mean age 59.1 years) underwent mastopexy plus lipofilling following breast implant removal. The mean follow-up was 18 months. The mean amount of lipofilling was 258 cc. No major complications were observed, no infection, dehiscence, hematoma, or seroma. One patient had an oil cyst which was handled with resection. CONCLUSION: The auto-augmentation procedure after implant removal with local flaps and lipofilling is the better option for patients in whom breast implants are not an option anymore. Complication and reoperation rates are low and patient satisfaction is good. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Is There a Breast Augmentation Outcome Difference Between Subfascial and Subglandular Implant Placement? A Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Study.

INTRODUCTION: Subfascial breast augmentation is gaining popularity because of no distortion when the pectoral muscle is contracted and minimizing visualization of the edges of the implant. Although some studies have reported a satisfactory outcome with subfascial technique, it still is controversial the influence of the pectoral fascia and outcome compared to the subglandular technique. Therefore, this prospective randomized study aimed to investigate whether there are clinical/radiological differences between subfascial and subglandular pockets following primary breast augmentation. METHODS: Twenty patient candidates for primary breast augmentation were recruited. Each patient was selected for subfascial or subglandular pockets in a randomized fashion. Both patient and surgeon were blinded. Clinical and radiological differences were evaluated through five independent surgeons and MRI (capsule, folds, fluids, base and projection). Median follow-up was 12 months. RESULTS: Breast consistency (p = 0.24), implant pocket (p = 0.52), symmetry (p = 1), contour, and shape (p = 0.09) demonstrated no statistically significant difference after the surgeons' assessments at 3 and 12 months after surgery. MRIs demonstrated a larger implant base in the subfascial group (p = 0.024). No differences were observed in capsule thickness (p = 0.42), folds (p = 0.51), fluids (p = 0.28), or projection (0.20). CONCLUSION: The choice between subfascial and subglandular planes shows no clinical differences and can be selected according to individual professional experience, not evidencing any advantages of one over the other. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Influence of the Pectoralis Major Muscle Sling in Chest Wall-Based Flap Suspension After Vertical Mammaplasty: Ten-Year Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: The pectoralis muscle sling has proven to be a suitable alternative technique for long-term results in breast parenchyma suspension. Although the pectoralis muscle sling has been subjectively observed to reduce the bottoming-out effect with a bipedicled muscle flap (muscular loop), there has not been a study to objectively or numerically prove it. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to radiologically evaluate the influence of a pectoralis muscle sling in supporting the chest wall-based flap after a vertical breast-reduction technique. METHODS: Twenty-one female patients underwent a vertical breast reduction with the chest wall-based flap and were randomly divided into two subgroups. Ten patients were in subgroup (S), which consisted of patients with a muscle sling. Eleven patients without the muscle sling technique were assigned as a control group (C). Periodic radiological examinations were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and then at 10 years postoperatively to analyze the breast flap and any migration with respect to three titanium clips placed intraoperatively on the chest wall parenchyma flap. RESULTS: Patients in subgroup S had a significantly higher difference in migration of the chest wall-based flaps between the first day and 10 years postoperatively when compared with patients in subgroup C (P < .001), as shown by the distances measured between titanium clip locations. CONCLUSIONS: After 10 years of follow-up, there were changes in chest wall-based flap bottoming-out in patients in whom a pectoralis major muscle sling was utilized compared with those patients without it. Thus, a pectoralis major muscle sling seems to provide greater and longer-lasting support to the flap position on the patient's chest. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Therapeutic.

Autologous Fat Grafting for Treatment of Breast Implant Capsular Contracture: A Study in Pigs.

BACKGROUND: Capsular contracture (CC) is a common complication after breast augmentation. Autologous fat grafting may be effective for restoring tissue vascularization and function. OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the efficacy of autologous fat grafting in a porcine model as a treatment for CC after breast augmentation. METHODS: This prospective study was performed in 20 female 30-day-old pigs. Each animal was implanted with three 30-cc textured silicone implants (stage 1 of the experiment). Group A served as the untreated control group. To induce CC, 2 mL of autologous fibrin glue was applied to the pericapsular space in group B and C animals at implantation. Three months after implantation (stage 2), the CCs of all groups were assessed by Baker classification and applanation tonometry (AT). Liposuction was performed in group B to harvest fat for these animals. Three months after group B underwent fat grafting, all 3 groups were reevaluated. Reassessments included Baker classification, AT, histologic analysis, and tensiometry (stage 3). RESULTS: The deposition of mature and immature collagen was similar for the 3 groups. The amount of fat remaining around the implanted capsules did not differ significantly between the groups. At stage 3, group B exhibited significantly larger tonometry areas than did group C. The CCs in groups B and C were significantly thicker than those of group A, but the difference between groups B and C was not significant. Capsule rupture forces did not differ significantly between groups A and B but were significantly higher in group C compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results in this animal model indicate that pericapsular lipoinjection may be a promising treatment for CC in humans.

"Intramuscular Breast Augmentation in Secondary Mastopexy Augmentation."

BACKGROUND: Breast augmentation with implants is one of the most performed aesthetic surgical procedures performed worldwide. We describe this new option for breast implant secondary procedures, the intra pectoralis major pocket, as a feasible and reproducible surgical technique. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients who underwent revision augmentation or mastopexy augmentation procedure between 2005 and 2022 by the senior author. The intramuscular pocket is dissected between the pectoral muscle fascicles where almost is not bleeding. RESULTS: Patients were followed for an average of 21.5 months. A total of 319 patients underwent revisionary breast augmentation/mastopexies performed by the senior author. Indications for reoperation were based both on specific patient dissatisfaction with their original surgery and surgeon's physical examination and assessment. In 196 cases we performed the intramuscular pocket. None of the intramuscular had capsular contracture or animation deformity in the follow up period. CONCLUSIONS: The intramuscular technique is a valuable and safe technique for secondary breast augmentation.

Evaluation of Photographic Variables in Patients with Indication for Facial Rejuvenation.

BACKGROUND: Photography standardization is paramount for appropriate critical analysis of aesthetic surgery outcomes. Therefore, the authors designed a study to evaluate the influence of different variables in photos of patients with indications for undergoing facial rejuvenation. METHODS: This blinded prospective study was conducted by the Section of Plastic Surgery in the Hospital das Clínicas at the Federal University of Paraná. In the study, 29 patients had their photos taken in two separate settings. Photo 1, termed "preoperative" (Pre), was obtained according to the same pattern for all patients. Photo 2, termed "postoperative" (Post), was acquired on the same day using different variables to manipulate the photo outcome. No surgery was actually performed. Both photos (Pre and Post) were sent to five experienced Brazilian plastic surgeons, who provided a score for photo 2 that varied from -10 to +10 compared with photo 1. RESULTS: The photos were examined by 119 plastic surgeons. No significant improvement was observed in most of the groups, except for the group that used a flash for the Post photography (p = 0.035). Almost half of the scores (45.37 %) were above zero. The highest score was found to be ten for two photographs of the makeup group. A score of zero was assigned to 54.62 % of the photos, which means no changes occurred between the Pre and Post photos. CONCLUSION: Inadequate photographic technique can change assessments of photos in a meaningful way. All the factors evaluated had a positive impact, but the only statistically significant variable was the use of a flash in the Post group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .