Recent Trends and Challenges in Employment for Emergency Medicine Trainees: A Survey of Graduating Residents' Perspectives.

OBJECTIVES: The landscape of the emergency medicine (EM) workforce has undergone significant changes recently, posing challenges for residents who are about to graduate from EM training programs. The objective of this study was to survey graduating residents' perceptions of the recent EM job market. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey study involving EM residents from programs in New York and New Jersey between August 2021 and November 2021. The survey consisted of 12 multiple-choice questions that focused on graduating EM residents' perceptions of the EM job market, its impact on their job search, and their interest in pursuing fellowship training. RESULTS: During the study period, 436 survey results were collected from 26 EM residency programs. Of the 418 respondents, 233 (56%) expressed their intention to start their job search earlier than their counterparts in previous years, as highlighted by the survey. Among respondents, 141 (76%) postgraduate year (PGY)-2, 139 (79%) PGY-3, and 47 (85%) PGY-4 residents anticipated a challenging job search. Nearly 90% of respondents believed that the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic would affect both academic and nonacademic medical centers in terms of job openings. A total of 248 (59%) were interested in pursuing a fellowship after residency. Most residents preferred job opportunities on the East and West Coasts of the United States. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the increasing competitiveness and challenges residents face in securing their first job, the declining interest in pursuing fellowships as residents progress in their training, and the geographic preferences for job opportunities.

Distribution of Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis and Implications for Limited Compression Ultrasound Examinations.

BACKGROUND: Limited compression bedside ultrasonography (LCUS) including two-point, three-point, and extended compression examinations have become increasingly popular among emergency physicians to assess for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT). OBJECTIVE: Our objective in this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of lower extremity DVT in sites identified by complete duplex ultrasonography (CDUS) that may potentially be missed using limited compression ultrasonography techniques. METHODS: This was a retrospective, multicenter study conducted at 12 hospitals within the Northwell Health system over a span of 4 years. Study participants (emergency department patients) underwent CDUS to assess for possible DVT. Images were reviewed and interpreted by radiologists and vascular surgeons at each of the participating institutions. RESULTS: A total of 42,487 CDUS examinations were performed, of which 3383 were positive for DVT. DVTs were deemed to be acute in 2664 (79%) and chronic in the remaining 21% on the basis of comparison with previous studies and appearance of the vein. Of the acute DVTs, 136 (5.1%) were confined to the common femoral vein, 116 (4.4%) to the femoral vein, 8 (0.3%) to deep femoral vein, 213 (8.0%) to popliteal vein, and 934 (35.1) to calf veins alone. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, a significant number of DVTs were identified in sites that may have been potentially missed on LCUS examinations, thereby supporting the use of complete duplex ultrasonography when available.

A Case Report of Delayed Presentation of a Carotid-Jugular Fistula Caused by Blunt Injury from an Arrow.

BACKGROUND: Acquired arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are most commonly caused by direct arterial trauma, with 90% of traumatic AVFs due to penetrating trauma. Post-traumatic common carotid artery-internal jugular vein fistulae are rare, with an incidence of 4% to 7% of all traumatic AVFs. CASE REPORT: We present a case of delayed presentation of a patient with shortness of breath, neck pain, and worsening right upper extremity paresthesias 10 days after a blunt injury to the neck by an arrow. He was subsequently found to have a common carotid artery-internal jugular vein fistula and a common carotid pseudoaneurysm on computed tomography angiography. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Post-traumatic common carotid-jugular AVFs are uncommon, especially in patients with delayed presentations and a blunt injury mechanism. If left untreated, AVFs may progress to high-output cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation, and embolization. Clinicians must be aware of this finding, given the potential for significant morbidity.

Assessment of Written Feedback for Emergency Medicine Residents.

OBJECTIVES: An essential component of resident growth is a learning environment with high-quality feedback. Criteria have been developed for characterizing and assessing written feedback quality in internal medicine residents by Jackson et al. Our primary goal was to describe feedback characteristics and assess the quality of written feedback for emergency medicine (EM) residents. Our secondary goals were to evaluate the relation between feedback quality and objective outcome measures. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted between July 1, 2016 and July 1, 2018. EM residents with an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education composite score (ACS), an in-service score, and written evaluations completed by an attending physician or EM resident in each of the 2 years of the study period were included. RESULTS: Overall, most of the evaluations contained 1 (21%), 2 (23%), or 3 (17%) feedback items. Feedback tended to be positive (82%) and the feedback quality of the evaluations was more likely to be high (44%). There was an association between feedback quality and ACS change (P < 0.0001), but not in-service score change (P = 0.63). Resident evaluations were more likely than attending evaluations to correlate with ACS change (P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: The written evaluations contained few individual feedback items. Evaluations generally focused on the feedback characteristics of professionalism and interpersonal communication. The general feedback quality of evaluations tended to be high and correlated with an increase in ACSs.

Does Specialty Training and Practice Setting Affect Adherence to the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network Criteria for Pediatric Head Trauma?

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to determine the effects of specialty training and practice settings on the adherence to the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) criteria. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on a 2-campus hospital. Chart documentation was used to determine adherence to PECARN criteria. Inclusion criteria were any traumatic head injury within 24 hours in patients younger than 18 years over a 1-year period. Specialty training was subdivided into 3 groups: pediatric emergency medicine, emergency medicine (EM), and general pediatrics. The 2 hospital campuses are distinctly different practice settings, one being an academic practice setting, which is also a trauma center that has a dedicated pediatric emergency department, staffed by pediatric emergency medicine, EM, and general pediatrics physicians, and the second campus is a community practice and is staffed solely by EM physicians. Statistical analysis was performed using χ and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests. All analyses were 2-sided, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 709 pediatric patients with traumatic head injuries were analyzed. Overall adherence to PECARN criteria was 93%. No statistical difference was found between different specialty training on the academic campus. In addition, the rate of adherence among EM physicians at the academic and community settings was 94.8% versus 86.5%, respectively (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Practice setting had an effect on adherence to PECARN criteria in pediatric patients with acute traumatic head injury. The same determination on adherence was not demonstrated among physicians with different specialty trainings.

Tranexamic acid for treatment of pulmonary hemorrhage after tissue plasminogen activator administration for intubated patient.

BACKGROUND: The risk of tPA in the treatment of stroke, is that approximately 5% of patients may have significant intracranial bleeding, increasing mortality to 45%. Use of tPA can also cause other forms of life-threatening bleeding, most commonly gastrointestinal bleeding. In this case review, we discuss the presentation and management of a patient with post-tPA pulmonary hemorrhage and the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) for the cessation of bleeding. CASE REPORT: A 78-year-old female reported dysarthria, left-sided facial droop, left sided weakness of 1-hour duration with an initial NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) of 7. The patient had tPA administered, had an abrupt change in mental status and was ultimately intubated for airway protection. After endotracheal intubation, the patient began to hemorrhage from the endotracheal tube and was administered nebulized TXA totaling 2 g over the course of 20 min, with subsequent cessation of bleeding. tPA administration comes with inherent risks given the known bleeding complications and no consensus for the reversal of bleeding secondary to tPA. TXA may be a viable option in the setting of tPA induced pulmonary hemorrhage.

The use of cadaver models to diagnose rib fractures: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: In the emergency department, rib fractures are a common finding in patients who sustain chest trauma. Rib fractures may be a sign of significant, underlying pathology, especially in the elderly patients where rib fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To date, no studies have evaluated the ability of ultrasound to detect rib fractures using cadaver models and subsequently use this model as a teaching tool. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine if it is possible to generate rib fractures on cadaver models which could be accurately identified using ultrasound. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed during one session at a cadaver lab. A single hemithorax from four adult cadavers were used as models. Single rib fractures on each of rib five through eight were created. Four subjects, blinded to the normal versus fractured ribs, were asked to identify the presence of a fracture on each rib. RESULTS: A total of 8 of 16 potential ribs had fractured induced by study staff. Mean accuracy was 55% for all subjects. The overall sensitivity and specificity for detecting rib fractures was 50% (CI: 31.89-68.11) and 59.38% (CI: 35.69-73.55) respectively. The overall PPV and NPV was 55.17% and 54.29% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, subjects were not able to detect induced rib fractures using ultrasound on cadaver models. The use of this model as a teaching tool in the detection of rib fractures requires further investigation.

The effect of practice settings on individual Doctor Press Ganey scores: A retrospective cohort review.

OBJECTIVE: The Press Ganey (PG) survey is a patient experience survey mailed to patients upon discharge from the emergency department (ED). It is a nationally recognized survey that is commonly used to measure patient's perception of the healthcare delivered. Emergency medicine physicians at Staten Island University Hospital staff two distinct sites: a tertiary-care setting (SIUH-N) and a community setting (SIUH-S). The goal of our study was to compare the effect of different ED practice settings, within the same hospital and healthcare system, on individual attending physician PG scores. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study of EM physicians, conducted at Staten Island University Hospital between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016. Physicians with PG survey responses from both sites were included. The number of responses and mean scores for the four doctor specific survey questions and the doctor overall score were extracted from PG surveys. RESULTS: Mean PG scores at SIUH-N were significantly lower than the mean scores at SIUH-S in each of the four doctor-specific questions, as well as the doctor overall score (p < 0.05). 16 out of 18 doctors demonstrated higher doctor overall scores at SIUH-S. CONCLUSION: Variables other than the individual doctor may be influencing the PG survey responses and perceptions of care. The PG survey may underestimate the impact of different practice settings on individual doctor PG scores.

Effect of New York State Electronic Prescribing Mandate on Opioid Prescribing Patterns.

BACKGROUND: Drug overdose was the leading cause of injury and death in 2013, with drug misuse and abuse causing approximately 2.5 million emergency department (ED) visits in 2011. The Electronic Prescriptions for Controlled Substances (EPCS) program was created with the goal of decreasing rates of prescription opioid addiction, abuse, diversion, and death by making it more difficult to "doctor-shop" and alter prescriptions. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we describe the opioid-prescribing patterns of emergency physicians after the introduction of the New York State EPCS mandate. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, single-center, descriptive study with a pre-/post-test design. The pre-implementation period used for comparison was April 1-July 31, 2015 and the post-implementation period was April 1-July 31, 2016. All ED discharge prescriptions for opioid medications prior to and after the initiation of New York State EPCS were identified. RESULTS: During the pre-implementation study period, 22,221 patient visits were identified with 1366 patients receiving an opioid prescription. During the post-implementation study period, 22,405 patient visits were identified with 642 patients receiving an opioid prescription. This represented an absolute decrease of 724 (53%) opioid prescriptions (p < 0.0001), which is an absolute difference of 2.3% (95% confidence interval 2.0-2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant decline in the overall number of opioid prescriptions after implementation of the New York EPCS mandate.

Newborn with a depression to her skull.

A 9 week-old female, born via normal spontaneous vaginal delivery at 40 weeks, presented to the emergency department for a depression to her left skull, first noticed 3 three weeks prior. Ping Pong Fractures should be recognized and appropriately treated by an emergency physician.

Blunt traumatic axillary artery truncation, in the absence of associated fracture.

BACKGROUND: Axillary artery injuries can be associated with both proximal humeral fractures (Naouli et al., 2016; Ng et al., 2016) [1,2] as well as shoulder dislocations (Leclerc et al., 2017; Karnes et al., 2016) [3,4]. We report a rare case of an isolated axillary artery truncation following blunt trauma without any associated fracture or dislocation. CASE REPORT: A 58-year-old male presented to the emergency department for evaluation after falling on his outstretched right arm. The patient was found to have an absent right radial pulse with decreased sensation to the right arm. Point of care ultrasound showed findings suspicious for traumatic axillary artery injury, and X-rays did not demonstrate any fracture. Computed tomography with angiography confirmed axillary artery truncation with active extravasation. The patient underwent successful vascular repair with an axillary artery bypass. Although extremity injuries are common in emergency departments, emergency physicians need to recognize the risk for vascular injuries, even without associated fracture or dislocation.

Effect of an emergency department opioid prescription policy on prescribing patterns.

BACKGROUND: Staten Island University Hospital is located in NYC, where the opioid epidemic has resulted in significant mortalities from unintentional overdoses. In 2013 as a response to the rising threat to our community, our Emergency Department (ED) administration adopted a clinical practice policy focused on decreasing the prescription of controlled substances. The effects of this policy on our provider prescription patterns are presented here. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients prescribed opioids from the ED before and after policy implementation was performed. Dates chosen for analysis was November 1, 2012 through January 31, 2013 and November 1, 2013 through January 31, 2014; these time periods were used to serve as a seasonally comparative group pre and post clinical practice policy implementation. Opioids written for the treatment of cough, and for children under eighteen were excluded from analysis. Patient age, sex, diagnoses, and prescription formulation, strength, and pill number was recorded for each patient receiving an opioid prescription. RESULTS: There was a drop in the total prescriptions from 1756 to 1128 without a change in the average number of pills (12.78 vs 12.44) or average total dose prescribed (69.39 vs 68.98) mg of morphine equivalent per prescription. Additionally, there were sizable reductions in opioid prescriptions written for arthralgias/myalgias, dental pain, soft tissue injuries, and headaches. CONCLUSION: The opioid clinical policy had a clear effect in decreasing the number of patients prescribed opioids. Such policies may be the key to reducing the epidemic and saving lives from unintentional opioid overdoses.