Genomic Differences Associated with Resistance and Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Clinical and Environmental Sites.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that causes healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) worldwide. It is unclear whether P. aeruginosa isolated from the natural environment has the same pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance potential as clinical strains. In this study, virulence- and resistance-associated genes were compared in 14 genomic sequences of clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa using the VFDB, PATRIC, and CARD databases. All isolates were found to share 62% of virulence genes related to adhesion, motility, secretion systems, and quorum sensing and 72.9% of resistance genes related to efflux pumps and membrane permeability. Our results indicate that both types of isolates possess conserved genetic information associated with virulence and resistance mechanisms regardless of the source. However, none of the environmental isolates were associated with high-risk clones (HRCs). These clones (ST235 and ST111) were found only in clinical isolates, which have an impact on human medical epidemiology due to their ability to spread and persist, indicating a correlation between the clinical environment and increased virulence. The genomic variation and antibiotic susceptibility of environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa suggest potential biotechnological applications if obtained from sources that are under surveillance and investigation to limit the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant strains.

Factors Associated with the Extent of Clinical Attachment Loss in Periodontitis: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Periodontitis has significant public health implications, affecting individuals' overall health, well-being, and quality of life. This study aimed to assess the risk factors associated with the extent of clinical attachment loss (CAL) in a population diagnosed with periodontitis. Six hundred and sixty-seven patients with different degrees of CAL (mild, n = 223; moderate, n = 256; and advanced, n = 188) were enrolled. Socio-demographics, lifestyle, microbiological profiles, specific immune response, obesity, and single-nucleotide polymorphism of the IL1 gene were determined. Unconditional logistic regression models were conducted to determine the factors associated with the extent of CAL. Aging, smoking, microbial factors, plaque index, and IgG2 antibodies against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were associated with advanced CAL. IgG2 antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans (OR 1.50; CI 95% 1.23-1.81), plaque accumulation (OR 2.69; CI 95% 2.20-3.29), Porphyromonas gingivalis (OR 1.93; CI 95% 1.35-2.76), Tanerella forsythia (OR 1.88; CI 95%1.30-2.70), and current smoking (OR 1.94; CI 95% 1.31-2.87) were associated with advanced CAL. Gene IL polymorphisms, obesity, and stress were not associated with the extent of CAL. Aging, plaque accumulation, smoking, and having antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans were the most critical factors associated with advanced CAL. In contrast, obesity, stress, and gene polymorphisms were not associated with the extent of CAL.

Tooth and periodontal clinical attachment loss are associated with hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease has been associated with diabetes, but there is still controversy on the relationship between periodontal clinical parameters and glycemic control. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between blood glucose levels and clinical parameters of periodontal disease in individuals with diabetes. METHODS: A total of 65 individuals with diabetes and 81 individuals without diabetes were included in the study. A full-mouth periodontal examination and preprandial fasting glycemia values were recorded for each individual. Glycosylated hemoglobin was only measured in patients with diabetes. A comparative analysis between groups (Mann-Whitney U test) and a correlation analysis between glycemia and periodontal parameters were performed (Spearman test). RESULTS: Patients without diabetes presented more teeth than individuals with diabetes (P <0.05). Patients with diabetes with periodontitis displayed loss of periodontal clinical attachment compared to patients without diabetes, but the highest value was observed in patients with periodontitis that reported a smoking habit. Furthermore, patients with diabetes with periodontitis presented higher glycemia and glycated hemoglobin values in contrast to patients with gingivitis. Patients with diabetes with hyperglycemia had a higher risk to develop periodontitis (odds ratio = 2.24; 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 4.93). A positive correlation was observed between glycemia and clinical attachment loss (AL), whereas a negative correlation between glycemia and the number of teeth present was found (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Tooth and periodontal AL were increased by hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes. This study contributes additional evidence that diabetes could aggravate periodontal disease and affect the systemic health of individuals.

[Enteric Gram negative rods and unfermented of glucose bacteria in patients with peri-implant disease]. / Bacilos Gram negativos entéricos y no fermentadores de la glucosa en pacientes con enfermedad periimplante.

INTRODUCTION: Implants can be colonized by microorganisms from oral biofilms and may affect peri-implant tissues health. Among these bacteria, pathogens typically associated with periodontitis can be found, such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as Gram negative enteric bacilli not typically associated with periodontal diseases. OBJECTIVE: Superinfecting bacteria were characterized from peri-implant lesions in patients with history of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight implants were studied in 55 patients; the average patient age was 56 years. Forty-nine implants had peri-implant lesions and 19 were considered stable. Subgingival samples were obtained in affected and stable implants. The samples were streaked on Mac-Conkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The colonies were identified with the kit-BD BBL Crystal E/NF®. RESULTS: Superinfecting organisms were detected in 20 patients--they were seen more frequently at diseased implants (n=15) than at healthy implants (n=5). The prevalence of superinfecting bacteria on the selected implants was 33.8% (n=23/68). These bacteria were more prevalent among affected implants (n=17 or 25%) than those with stable implants n=6 (8.8%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent Gram negative rod detected (n=12). CONCLUSIONS: One-third of the implants had superinfecting organisms. Implants with a peri-implant lesion had a higher frequency of superinfecting bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common superinfecting organism isolated. A multiple infection caused by superinfecting bacteria was present only at diseased implants. These microbial agents potentially affect implant stability.

Bacilos Gram negativos entéricos y no fermentadores de la glucosa en pacientes con enfermedad periimplante / Enteric Gram negative rods and unfermented of glucose bacteria in patients with peri-implant disease

Introducción. Los implantes pueden ser colonizados por microorganismos de la biopelícula oral y así afectarse su salud. Entre los patógenos encontrados están los típicamente relacionados con periodontitis, como Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans y Porphyromonas gingivalis, así como bacilos Gram negativos entéricos, los cuales no son clásicos de la enfermedad periodontal. Objetivo. Determinar el perfil de las bacterias sobreinfecciosas en lesiones periimplante (mucositis o periimplantitis), en pacientes con historia de periodontitis. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 68 implantes en 55 pacientes; 49 implantes tuvieron lesión periimplante19 se consideraron estables. Se obtuvieron muestras subgingivales de implantes afectados y estables; éstas fueron sembradas en Agar MacConkey e incubadas a 37 °C por 24 horas. Las colonias aisladas fueron identificadas con el estuche BD BBL-Cristal E/NF®. Resultados. En 20 de los pacientes estudiados se detectaron bacterias sobreinfecciosas, pero, con mayor frecuencia en pacientes con implantes afectados (n=15) que en portadores de implantes sanos (n=5). La prevalencia de bacterias sobreinfecciosas en todos los implantes fue de 33,8 % (n=23/68), y también fue más frecuente su aislamiento en implantes afectados (n=17) (25%), que en estables (n=6) (8,8%). Klebsiella pneumoniae fue el microorganismo que se aisló con mayor frecuencia en todos los implantes (n=12). Conclusiones. Un tercio de los implantes estudiados presentaron organismos sobreinfecciosos. Los implantes con lesiones periimplante presentan una mayor frecuencia de bacterias sobreinfecciosas. K. pneumoniae es la especie sobreinfecciosa más frecuente en los implantes estudiados. Se presentó infección múltiple con dichas bacterias en los implantes afectados. Estos microorganismos pueden afectar la estabilidad de los implantes.

Introduction. Implants can be colonized by microorganisms from oral biofilms and may affect peri-implant tissues health. Among these bacteria, pathogens typically associated with periodontitis can be found, such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as Gram negative enteric bacilli not typically associated with periodontal diseases. Objective. Superinfecting bacteria were characterized from peri-implant lesions in patients with history of periodontitis. Materials and methods. Sixty-eight implants were studied in 55 patients; the average patient age was 56 years. Forty-nine implants had peri-implant lesions and 19 were considered stable. Subgingival samples were obtained in affected and stable implants. The samples were streaked on Mac-Conkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The colonies were identified with the kit-BD BBL Crystal E/NF®. Results. Superinfecting organisms were detected in 20 patients--they were seen more frequently at diseased implants (n=15) than at healthy implants (n=5). The prevalence of superinfecting bacteria on the selected implants was 33.8% (n=23/68). These bacteria were more prevalent among affected implants (n=17 or 25%) than those with stable implants n=6 (8.8%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent Gram negative rod detected (n=12). Conclusions. One-third of the implants had superinfecting organisms. Implants with a peri-implant lesion had a higher frequency of superinfecting bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common superinfecting organism isolated. A multiple infection caused by superinfecting bacteria was present only at diseased implants. These microbial agents potentially affect implant stability.

Estudio comparativo de medios de cultivo para crecimiento y recuperación del Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 in vitro / Comparative study of cultivation means for growth and recovery of the streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175

El presente estudio evaluó la recuperación in vitro de S. mutans ATCC 25175 en siete medios de cultivo:Mitis Salivarius Agar (MSA), Mitis Salivarius Agar-Bacitracina (MSB), Mitis Salivarius AgarKanamicina Bacitracina (MSKB), Mitis Salivarius Agar-Bacitracina Sulfisoxazol (MS-MUT), Tripticasa soya-Extracto de levadura-Sucrosa-Bacitracina Agar (TYS20B) (medios referenciados como selectivos), Agar Infusión Cerebro Corazón (BHI) (medio de enriquecido) y Agar Todd Hewitt (TH) (medio selectivo para Streptococcus). Se demostró una mayor recuperación del microorganismo en el medio TYS20B,seguido en orden decreciente de los medios: BHI, MSA, TH, MS-MUT, MSB y MSKB. El medio TYS20B, fue el más adecuado para el microorganismo; presentando un porcentaje de recuperación significativamente mayor a los demás medios selectivos evaluados, coincidiendo con el éxito obtenido en otros estudios para recuperación de S.mutans