Adrenoceptor agonist poisoning after accidental oral ingestion of brimonidine eye drops.

OBJECTIVE: Brimonidine tartrate is a relatively selective alpha(2) adrenic agonist that lowers elevated intraocular pressure. A 2-yr-old boy presented with severe cardiorespiratory symptoms of systemic alpha(2) adrenergic intoxication after accidentally ingesting 2 mL of brimonidine ophthalmic solution (0.2%) orally. At 20 mins after ingestion, he became acutely pale and lethargic, with shallow infrequent respirations. The symptoms resolved completely within the next 10 hrs. METHODS: The pharmacokinetics of brimonidine in plasma and urine were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Maximum plasma concentrations were 40 ng/mL 5 hrs after ingestion. The plasma elimination half-life value was 2.7 hrs. Elimination via urine was calculated as having a terminal half-life value of 3.2 hrs. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates the ability of brimonidine to gain rapid access to the central nervous system. This first passage is followed by a redistribution phase with rising plasma concentrations. Children who accidentally ingest brimonidine orally should be admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit.

B cell depletion for autoimmune diseases in paediatric patients.

Data on B cell depletion therapy in severe autoimmune diseases in paediatric patients are very limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and recruited patients who were treated with rituximab (RTX) and followed up for at least 6 months through the German societies of paediatric rheumatology and nephrology. The aim was to describe the spectrum of autoimmune disorders for which RTX was used and to describe the applied therapeutic regimens, the observed efficacy, as well as potential immunological side effects. The need to develop standard treatment guidelines for future trials should be discussed. Sixty-five patients were included. Nineteen patients suffered from systemic lupus erythematosus, 13 from vasculitic disorders, 12 from hematological autoimmune diseases, 5 from mixed connective tissue disorders, 4 from juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and 9 had other autoimmune diseases. Adverse, infusion-related events were reported in 12/65 (18%) patients. Considering laboratory and clinical parameters, 13 patients (22%) were in complete remission, 31 (52%) were in partial remission, 6 (10%) were unchanged and 10 (17%) had progressed after 6 months. In 46% of the patients, the steroid dose could be more than halved. IgG, IgM and IgA decreased from normal levels prior to RTX therapy to below normal levels at 6 months in 2/22 (9%), 10/21 (48%), and 4/22 (18%) patients, respectively. Immunoglobulin deficiency or prolonged CD20 depletion was reported in eight patients after an observation period longer than 12 months. RTX therapy led to a perceivable reduction in disease activity. However, long-term immunological alterations may occur in more than 10% of the patients. Guidelines and protocols for off-label therapy are desirable to document reasonable follow-up data. Controlled prospective studies for RTX therapies in children with standardised therapeutic and diagnostic protocols are urgently needed.

Patients with mutations in NPHS2 (podocin) do not respond to standard steroid treatment of nephrotic syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) represents the association of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) is defined by primary resistance to standard steroid therapy. It remains one of the most intractable causes of ESRD in the first two decades of life. Mutations in the NPHS2 gene represent a frequent cause of SRNS, occurring in approximately 20 to 30% of sporadic cases of SRNS. On the basis of a very small number of patients, it was suspected that children with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in NPHS2 might exhibit primary steroid resistance and a decreased risk of FSGS recurrence after kidney transplantation. To test this hypothesis, NPHS2 mutational analysis was performed with direct sequencing for 190 patients with SRNS from 165 different families and, as a control sample, 124 patients with steroid-sensitive NS from 120 families. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in NPHS2 were detected for 43 of 165 SRNS families (26%). Conversely, no homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in NPHS2 were observed for the 120 steroid-sensitive NS families. Recurrence of FSGS in a renal transplant was noted for seven of 20 patients with SRNS (35%) without NPHS2 mutations, whereas it occurred for only two of 24 patients with SRNS (8%) with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in NPHS2. None of 29 patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in NPHS2 who were treated with cyclosporine A or cyclophosphamide demonstrated complete remission of NS. It was concluded that patients with SRNS with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in NPHS2 do not respond to standard steroid treatment and have a reduced risk for recurrence of FSGS in a renal transplant. Because these findings might affect the treatment plan for childhood SRNS, it might be advisable to perform mutational analysis of NPHS2, if the patient consents, in parallel with the start of the first course of standard steroid therapy.

Prevalence of WT1 mutations in a large cohort of patients with steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) represents the association of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is defined by primary resistance to standard steroid therapy. It remains one of the most intractable causes for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the first two decades of life. Sporadic mutations in the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene WT1 have been found to be present in patients with SRNS in association with Wilms' tumor (WT) and urinary or genital malformations, as well as in patients with isolated SRNS. METHODS: To further evaluate the incidence of WT1 mutations in patients with NS we performed mutational analysis in 115 sporadic cases of SRNS and in 110 sporadic cases of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) as a control group. Sixty out of 115 (52%) patients with sporadic SRNS were male, 55/115 (48%) were female. Sex genotype was verified by haplotype analysis. Mutational analysis was performed by direct sequencing and by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). RESULTS: Mutations in WT1 were found in 3/60 (5%) male (sex genotype) cases and 5/55 (9%) female (sex genotype) cases of sporadic SRNS, and 0/110 (0%) sporadic cases of SSNS. One out of five female patients with mutations in WT1 developed a WT, 2/3 male patients presented with the association of urinary and genital malformations, 1/3 male patients presented with sexual reversal (female phenotype) and bilateral gonadoblastoma, and 4/5 female patients presented with isolated SRNS. CONCLUSION: According to the data acquired in this study, patients presenting with a female phenotype and SRNS and male patients presenting with genital abnormalities should especially be screened to take advantage of the important genetic information on potential Wilms' tumor risk and differential therapy. This will also help to provide more data on the phenotype/genotype correlation in this patient population.