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Zoo-based (ex situ) conservation breeding programs provide invaluable opportunities to uncover enigmatic behaviors and traits of focal species under managed care, which can support research and conservation management efforts. A suite of factors and a limited range have yielded population declines in the threatened narrow-headed gartersnake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus). Better understanding its cryptic ecology and life history (e.g., reproductive ecology) offers conservation benefits. We analyzed data on courtship behavior, parity and litter size, offspring size, and neonatal growth from an ex situ T. rufipunctatus population at the Phoenix Zoo from 2009 to 2018. Courtship behavior and parturition phenology are likely linked with the North American monsoon season, yet the courtship window may be wider than realized. We document the first instances of interannual iteroparity and multigenerational rearing of successful breeders at the ex situ level. Litter sizes varied but were relative to maternal body mass, suggesting that fecundity may be driven by intrinsic condition (e.g., age and size) of breeding females. Mean offspring body masses were equivalent between sexes, and neonate growth trends were quadratic during their first 9 months. Sexual dimorphism became apparent around 4-5 months age. Much of these data are novel for T. rufipunctatus and provide insight into their reproductive ecology. Phenology of reproductive ecology and body size metrics can guide field surveillance, age estimations, and population ecology monitoring, as well as inform ex situ adaptive management practices. Strategies spanning the ex situ-in situ spectrum are applicable to other imperiled taxa to better inform conservation management decisions.
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Colubridae , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Feminino , Animais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Animais de Zoológico , ReproduçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The combined measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccines are part of Ontario's routine immunization schedule. OBJECTIVE: To assess adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) reported in Ontario following administration of MMR and MMRV vaccines between 2012 and 2016. METHODS: Reports of AEFIs were extracted from the provincial surveillance database on May 9, 2017. Events were grouped by provincial surveillance definitions. Reporting rates were calculated using provincial population estimates or net doses distributed as the denominator. A serious AEFI is defined as an AEFI that resulted in an in-patient hospitalization or death. RESULTS: Overall, 289 AEFIs were reported following administration of MMR (n=246) or MMRV (n=43) vaccines, for annualized reporting rates of 16.6 and 8.8 reports per 100,000 distributed doses, respectively. The highest age-specific reporting rate was in children aged 1 to 3 years for MMR (7.7 per 100,000 population) and children aged 4 to 9 years for MMRV (0.8 per 100,000 population). Systemic reactions were the most frequently reported event category, while rash was the most frequently reported event for both vaccines. There were 22 serious AEFIs, 19 following MMR and 3 following MMRV (1.3 and 0.6 per 100,000 doses distributed, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our assessment found a low reporting rate of adverse events following MMR and MMRV vaccines in Ontario. No safety concerns were identified. Our findings are consistent with the safety profiles of these vaccines. Continued monitoring of vaccine safety is necessary to maintain timely detection of unusual postvaccine events and public confidence in vaccine safety.
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Amphibian populations are in decline worldwide as they face a barrage of challenges, including infectious diseases caused by ranaviruses and the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Here we describe seasonal dynamics of Bd and ranavirus detection in free-ranging post-metamorphic wood frogs Lithobates sylvaticus, boreal chorus frogs Pseudacris maculata/triseriata, and gray treefrogs Hyla versicolor/chrysoscelis, sampled over a 3 season gradient in Minnesota (USA) wetlands. We detected Bd in 36% (n = 259) of individuals sampled in 3 wetlands in 2014, and 33% (n = 255) of individuals sampled in 8 wetlands in 2015. We also detected ranavirus in 60% and 18% of individuals sampled in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Ranavirus and Bd were detected concurrently in 26% and 2% of animals sampled in 2014 and 2015, respectively. We report clinical signs and associated infection status of sampled frogs; of the clinical signs observed, skin discoloration was significantly associated with ranavirus infection. Using generalized estimating equations, we found that species, season, wetland, and a species × season interaction term were significant predictors of Bd detection, whereas test year approached significance as a predictor of ranavirus detection. The odds of detecting both pathogens concurrently was significantly influenced by species, season, a species × season interaction term, year, and environmental ammonia. We propose an amphibian health monitoring scheme that couples population size surveys with seasonal molecular surveys of pathogen presence. This information is crucial to monitoring the health of remaining strongholds of healthy amphibian populations, as they face an uncertain future of further anthropogenic change.
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Anuros/microbiologia , Quitridiomicetos , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/veterinária , Micoses/veterinária , Ranavirus , Animais , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/virologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/virologia , Meio-Oeste dos Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Micoses/epidemiologia , Micoses/microbiologia , Áreas AlagadasRESUMO
This quality improvement project evaluated the effectiveness of a monthly diabetes self-management education intervention on HbA1C and knowledge levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A retrospective analysis evaluating 51 patients found no significant improvement in HbA1C levels; however, there was a significant improvement in knowledge levels. Race was an influential factor on HbA1C levels showing a significant elevation in mean HbA1C in African Americans, while there was a decrease in mean HbA1c in Caucasians over the 6-month evaluation period.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Melhoria de Qualidade , Autocuidado , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , North Carolina , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de SaúdeRESUMO
Background: New vaccine products were recently authorized for protection against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Canada. Our aim was to determine age- and serotype-specific trends in IPD incidence and severity in Canada's largest province, Ontario. Methods: We included all confirmed IPD cases reported in Ontario and defined the pre-pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) era (01/2007 to 12/2010), post-PCV13 era (01/2011 to 12/2019), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic era (01/2020 to 12/2022). We estimated incidence, hospitalization, and case fatality rate (CFR) by age. We grouped IPD cases by vaccine-specific serotypes (PCV13; PCV15-non-PCV13; PCV20-non-PCV13; PCV20-non-PCV15; polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine-non-PCV20; and non-vaccine-preventable [NVP]). We then compared incidence rates by age and serotype group in the pre- and post-PCV13 eras by calculating rate ratios (RRs) and their 95% CIs. Results: Incidence and hospitalizations declined from the pre- to post-PCV13 era in children aged <5 years (RR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.8; and RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7-0.9, respectively), but the CFR increased (1.4% to 2.3%). Other age groups saw smaller declines or more stable incidence rates across the years; hospitalizations increased in adults aged 50-64 years (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4) and ≥65 years (RR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.1). For all ages, IPD cases and hospitalizations attributable to PCV13 serotypes declined, and those attributable to PCV15-non-PCV13, PCV20-non-PCV13, and NVP serotypes increased. IPD incidence declined during the COVID-19 era. Conclusions: IPD incidence and hospitalizations due to PCV13 serotypes decreased after PCV13 introduction but increased for other serotypes. Continued surveillance is required to evaluate changes to pneumococcal vaccination programs and ongoing changes to the distribution of IPD-causing serotypes.
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BACKGROUND: Countries of the Americas have been working towards rubella elimination since 2003 and endemic rubella virus transmission appears to have been interrupted since 2009. To contribute towards monitoring of rubella elimination, we assessed rubella seroprevalence among prenatal screening tests performed in Ontario. METHODS: Specimens received for prenatal rubella serologic testing at the Public Health Ontario Laboratory, the provincial reference laboratory, between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed. A patient-based dataset was created using all tests occurring among 15-49 year-old females, where prenatal screening was indicated. Multiple tests were assigned to the same patient on the basis of health card number, name and date of birth. Only unique tests performed at least nine months apart were included. SAS version 9.2 was used for analysis. RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2010, we identified 459,963 women who underwent 551,160 unique prenatal screening tests for rubella. Of these, 81.6%, 17.1% and 1.4% had one, two and three or more tests respectively. CONCLUSION: Rubella susceptibility among prenatal women in Ontario supports elimination goals as population immunity in this group is relatively high. Higher susceptibility among young women and women living in the north highlights an opportunity for greater focus on identification and immunization of susceptible women in these groups.
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Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/imunologia , Vírus da Rubéola/imunologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Erradicação de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ontário/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The COVID-19 vaccination program implementation in Ontario, Canada has spanned multiple years and is ongoing. To meet the challenges of the program, Ontario developed and implemented a new electronic COVID-19 immunization registry, COVaxON, which captures individual-level data on all doses administered in the province enabling comprehensive coverage assessment. However, the need for ongoing COVID-19 vaccine coverage assessments over a multi-year vaccination program posed challenges necessitating methodological changes. This paper describes Ontario's COVID-19 immunization registry, the methods implemented over time to allow for the ongoing assessment of vaccine coverage by age, and the impact of those methodological changes. Throughout the course of the vaccination program, four different methodological approaches were used to calculate age-specific coverage estimates using vaccination data (numerator) obtained from COVaxON. Age-specific numerators were initially calculated using age at time of first dose (method A), but were updated to the age at coverage assessment (method B). Database enhancements allowed for the exclusion of deceased individuals from the numerator (method C). Population data (denominator) was updated to 2022 projections from the 2021 national census following their availability (method D). The impact was most evident in older age groups where vaccine uptake was high. For example, coverage estimates for individuals aged 70-79 years of age for at least one dose decreased from 104.9 % (method B) to 95.0 % (method D). Thus, methodological changes improved estimates such that none exceeded 100 %. Ontario's COVID-19 immunization registry has been transformational for vaccine program surveillance. The implementation of a single registry for COVID-19 vaccines was essential for comprehensive near real-time coverage assessment, and enabled new uses of the data to support additional components of vaccine program surveillance. The province is well positioned to build on what has been achieved as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and expand the registry to other routine vaccination programs.
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COVID-19 , Vacinas , Humanos , Idoso , Ontário/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Programas de ImunizaçãoRESUMO
Importance: The risk of myocarditis or pericarditis after COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines varies by age and sex, and there is some evidence to suggest increasing risk with shorter intervals between dose 1 and 2 (ie, interdose interval). Objective: To estimate the incidence of reported myocarditis or pericarditis after BNT162b2 vaccine among adolescents and to describe the clinical information associated with these events. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a population-based cohort study using passive vaccine safety surveillance data linked to the provincial COVID-19 vaccine registry. Included in the study were all adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in Ontario, Canada, who received 1 or more doses of BNT162b2 vaccine between December 14, 2020, and November 21, 2021, and reported an episode of myocarditis or pericarditis. Data were analyzed from December 15, 2021, to April 22, 2022. Exposure: Receipt of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty [Pfizer-BioNTech]) vaccine. Main Outcomes and Measure: Reported incidence of myocarditis or pericarditis meeting level 1 to 3 of the Brighton Collaboration case definition per 100â¯000 doses of BNT162b2 administered by age group (12-15 years vs 16-17 years), sex, dose number, and interdose interval. All clinical information associated with symptoms, health care usage, diagnostic test results, and treatment at the time of the acute event were summarized. Results: There were approximately 1.65 million doses of BNT162b2 administered and 77 reports of myocarditis or pericarditis among those aged 12 to 17 years, which met the inclusion criteria during the study period. Of the 77 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 15.0 [1.7] years; 63 male individuals [81.8%]), 51 (66.2%) developed myocarditis or pericarditis after dose 2 of BNT162b2. Overall, 74 individuals (96.1%) with an event were assessed in the emergency department, and 34 (44.2%) were hospitalized (median [IQR] length of stay, 1 [1-2] day). The majority of adolescents (57 [74.0%]) were treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs only, and 11 (14.3%) required no treatment. The highest reported incidence was observed among male adolescents aged 16 to 17 years after dose 2 (15.7 per 100â¯000; 95% CI, 9.7-23.9). Among those aged 16 to 17 years, the reporting rate was highest in those with a short (ie, ≤30 days) interdose interval (21.3 per 100â¯000; 95% CI, 11.0-37.2). Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this cohort study suggest that there was variation in the reported incidence of myocarditis or pericarditis after BNT162b2 vaccine among adolescent age groups. However, the risk of these events after vaccination remains very rare and should be considered in relation to the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination.
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Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Miocardite , Pericardite , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Vacina BNT162 , Estudos de Coortes , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Miocardite/epidemiologia , Miocardite/etiologia , Ontário/epidemiologia , Pericardite/epidemiologia , Pericardite/etiologia , Vacinação/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients' perception of pain during hemodialysis (HD) and at times between HD treatment and its association with survival have not been well studied in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We evaluated the experience of pain during HD and at times when the patient was not receiving HD, and assessed possible associations of the perception of pain and sleep disturbance with patient survival. METHODS: A total of 128 ESRD patients treated with HD completed questionnaires on psychosocial status, quality of life and sleep disorders. A modified McGill Pain questionnaire was used to assess the nature, location, frequency, intensity and duration of pain both during and at times between HD sessions. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to screen for sleep disturbances over a 30-day period. RESULTS: Controlling for age, diabetes mellitus, serum albumin concentration and human immunodeficiency virus infection, there was a significant association between mortality and both frequency and intensity of pain while patients were not on HD. There was no association between survival and duration of pain while off HD or any of the pain parameters while patients were on HD. There was no association between survival and the presence of a sleep disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Pain perception while off HD may be of more importance to patients than pain during HD. The mechanisms underlying the association are unknown but may involve linkage of pain with severity of medical illness or the generation of a maladaptive cytokine response. Multicenter prospective studies of pain interventions using well-validated pain perception tools are needed to establish causal relationships. Interventions directed toward treating pain on non-HD days may improve ESRD patient survival.
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Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Dor/epidemiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Diálise Renal/mortalidade , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/epidemiologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Falência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Falência Renal Crônica/psicologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor/diagnóstico , Medição da Dor , Limiar da Dor , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Diálise Renal/métodos , Diálise Renal/psicologia , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Distribuição por Sexo , Perfil de Impacto da Doença , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/psicologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estresse Psicológico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Taxa de Sobrevida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Importance: Increased rates of myocarditis or pericarditis following receipt of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have been observed. However, few available data are associated with differences in rates of myocarditis or pericarditis specific to vaccine products, which may have important implications for vaccination programs. Objective: To estimate rates of reported myocarditis or pericarditis following receipt of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine by product, age, sex, dose number, and interdose interval. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based cohort study was conducted in Ontario, Canada (population: 14.7 million) from December 2020 to September 2021 and used data from Ontario's COVID-19 vaccine registry and passive vaccine-safety surveillance system. All individuals in Ontario, Canada, who received at least 1 dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine between December 14, 2020, and September 4, 2021, and had a reported episode of myocarditis or pericarditis following receipt of the COVID-19 vaccine during this period were included. We obtained information on all vaccine doses administered in the province to calculate reported rates of myocarditis or pericarditis. Exposures: Receipt of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273 [Moderna Spikevax] or BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech Comirnaty]). Main Outcomes and Measures: All reports of myocarditis or pericarditis meeting levels 1 to 3 of the Brighton Collaboration case definitions were included. Rates and 95% CIs of reported cases of myocarditis or pericarditis per 1â¯000â¯000 mRNA vaccine doses administered were calculated by age, sex, dose number, vaccine product, and interdose interval. Results: Among 19â¯740â¯741 doses of mRNA vaccines administered, there were 297 reports of myocarditis or pericarditis meeting the inclusion criteria; 228 (76.8%) occurred in male individuals, and the median age of individuals with a reported event was 24 years (range, 12-81 years). Of the reported cases, 207 (69.7%) occurred following the second dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. When restricted to individuals who received their second dose during the period of enhanced passive surveillance (on or after June 1, 2021), the highest rate of myocarditis or pericarditis was observed in male individuals aged 18 to 24 years following mRNA-1273 as the second dose (299.5 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses; 95% CI, 171.2-486.4 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses); the rate following BNT162b2 as the second dose was 59.2 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses (95% CI, 19.2-138.1 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses). Overall rates for both vaccine products were significantly higher when the interdose interval was 30 or fewer days (BNT162b2: 52.1 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses [95% CI, 31.8-80.5 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses]; mRNA-1273: 83.9 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses [95% CI, 47.0-138.4 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses]) compared with 56 or more days (BNT162b2: 9.6 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses [95% CI, 6.5-13.6 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses]; mRNA-1273: 16.2 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses [95% CI, 10.2-24.6 cases per 1â¯000â¯000 doses]). Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this population-based cohort study of Ontario adolescents and adults with myocarditis or pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination suggest that vaccine products and interdose intervals, in addition to age and sex, may be associated with the risk of myocarditis or pericarditis after receipt of these vaccines. Vaccination program strategies, such as age-based product considerations and longer interdose intervals, may reduce the risk of myocarditis or pericarditis following receipt of mRNA vaccines.
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COVID-19 , Miocardite , Pericardite , Vacinas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Vacina BNT162 , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miocardite/epidemiologia , Miocardite/etiologia , Ontário/epidemiologia , Pericardite/epidemiologia , Pericardite/etiologia , RNA Mensageiro , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Sintéticas , Adulto Jovem , Vacinas de mRNARESUMO
The risk of harm/injury in homes where intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs is not limited to humans; animals reside in as many as 80% of these homes and may be at substantial risk of suffering severe or fatal injury. Gaining a better understanding of IPV-pet abuse overlap is imperative in more accurately identifying the risks of harm for all individuals and animals residing in these homes. The objectives of this study were to utilize law enforcement officers' observations and IPV victim reports from the scene of the incident to (a) determine the prevalence of pet abuse perpetration among suspects involved in IPV incidents, (b) compare characteristics of IPV incidents and the home environments in which they occur when the suspect has a history of pet abuse with incidents involving suspects with no reported history of pet abuse, and (c) compare IPV incident outcomes involving suspects with a history of pet abuse with those involving suspects with no reported history of pet abuse. IPV victims residing in homes with a suspect who has a history of pet abuse often describe "extremely high-risk" environments. With nearly 80% reporting concern that they will eventually be killed by the suspect, victims in these environments should be considered at significant risk of suffering serious injury or death. In addition, IPV victims involved in incidents with a suspect that has a history of pet abuse were significantly more likely to have had at least one prior unreported IPV incident with the suspect (80%) and to have ever been strangled (76%) or forced to have sex with the suspect (26%). Effective prevention/detection/intervention strategies are likely to require multidisciplinary collaboration and safety plans that address the susbstantial risk of harm/injury for all adults, children, and animals residing in the home.
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Maus-Tratos Infantis , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Humanos , Aplicação da Lei , Polícia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
This study describes a hospital-based child abuse pediatrics consultation service. Medical records for all child abuse pediatrics consultations during 2006 to 2009 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Of 2495 consultations, 13 were excluded due to insufficient information, 1682 were examinations for suspected sexual abuse, and 800 were examinations for nonsexual abuse concerns. Among the latter group of 800 patients, the most common reasons for consultation were fracture (33.5%), nonburn skin injury (16.8%), burn (15.4%), and intracranial injury (13.2%). Median patient age was 11 months (range = 3 days to 16 years). Case fatality rate was 3.9%. Final diagnosis was classified as definite/likely abuse in 40.0%, questionable/unknown in 24.5%, definite/likely accident in 23.6%, no injury in 4.6%, neglect in 4.0%, and a medical condition in 3.2%. Therefore, among consultations requested for suspected child maltreatment, a child abuse pediatrician concluded that abuse was definite or likely in less than half of patients.
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Maus-Tratos Infantis/diagnóstico , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Criança , Feminino , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Indiana , MasculinoRESUMO
Victims of family violence are sorted into fragmented systems that fail to address the family as an integrated unit. Each system provides specialized care to each type of victim (child, older adult, adult, animal) and centers on the expertise of the medical and service providers involved. Similarly, researchers commonly study abuse from the frame of the victim, rather than looking at a broader frame-the family. We propose the following 5 steps to create a research paradigm to holistically address the response, recognition, and prevention of family violence.By developing an integrated research model to address family violence, and by using that model to support integrated systems of care, we propose a fundamental paradigm shift to improve the lives of families living with and suffering from violence.
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Violência Doméstica , Família , Projetos de Pesquisa , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Criança , Cães , Violência Doméstica/prevenção & controle , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Ética em Pesquisa , Família/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PesquisaRESUMO
A classic metaphyseal lesion (CML) is highly specific for nonaccidental trauma. Missing CMLs can be devastating to the child as the child can continue to be exposed to inflicted trauma. Yet, there are rare case reports on CMLs that occur due to birth trauma, IV line placement, and treatment for clubfoot. We present a case of a CML in the tibia that occurred in the hospital secondary to physical therapy, that also caused a femoral shaft fracture, in a term child with hypertonic lower extremities secondary to myelomeningocele. Radiologists, as well as child abuse pediatricians, should be aware of the rare exception when CML is secondary to non-abusive injury.
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Traumatismos da Perna/etiologia , Hipertonia Muscular/terapia , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/efeitos adversos , Tíbia/lesões , Maus-Tratos Infantis , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Extremidade Inferior/lesões , Extremidade Inferior/patologia , Meningomielocele/complicações , Hipertonia Muscular/etiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) are unwanted or unexpected health outcomes following vaccination, which may or may not be causally-linked to vaccines. AEFI reporting is important to post-marketing vaccine safety surveillance and has the potential to identify new or rare AEFIs, show increases in known AEFIs, and help to maintain public confidence in vaccine programs. Knowledge of the expected incidence (i.e. background rate) of a possible AEFI is essential to the investigation of vaccine safety signals. We selected three rarely reported AEFIs representing the spectrum of causal association with vaccines, from proven (immune thrombocytopenia [ITP]) to questioned (Kawasaki disease [KD]) to unsubstantiated (multiple sclerosis [MS]) and determined their background rates. METHODS: We extracted data on hospitalizations (CIHI Discharge Abstract Database) for ITP, KD, and MS among Ontario children for the period 2005 to 2014 from IntelliHEALTH. As ITP can be managed without hospitalization, we also extracted emergency department (ED) visits from the CIHI National Ambulatory Care Reporting System. For all conditions, we only counted the first visit and if the same child had both an ED visit and a hospitalization for ITP, only the hospitalization was included. We calculated rates by year, age group and sex using population estimates from 2005-2014, focusing on age groups within the Ontario immunization schedule around vaccine(s) of interest. RESULTS: Per 100,000 population, annual age-specific incidence of ITP in children age 1 to 7 years ranged from 8.9 to 12.2 and annual incidence of KD in children less than 5 years ranged from 19.1 to 32.1. Average annualized incidence of adolescent (11-17 years) MS across the study period was 0.8 per 100,000. DISCUSSION: Despite limitations, including lack of clinical validation, this study provides an example of how health administrative data can be used to determine background rates which may assist with interpretation of passive vaccine safety surveillance.
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Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Sistemas de Notificação de Reações Adversas a Medicamentos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/etiologia , Esclerose Múltipla/epidemiologia , Esclerose Múltipla/etiologia , Ontário/epidemiologia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/epidemiologia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ontario, Canada introduced a publicly-funded 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for infants in 2010, replacing the 10-valent (PCV10, 2009-2010) and the 7-valent (PCV7, 2005-2009) conjugate vaccine programs; a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) has been available for older adults since 1996. We examined the epidemiology and serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Ontario in the context of provincial immunization programs. METHODS: We included confirmed IPD cases reported in Ontario between 2007 and 2017. We grouped serotypes according to Ontario's current immunization program (PCV13, PPV23, and non-vaccine-preventable) and calculated incidence rates (per 100,000 population) using population data. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2017, annual incidence of IPD in Ontario ranged between 7.3 and 9.7/100,000 per year. Measures of illness severity were high throughout the period of surveillance. After PCV13 program implementation in 2010, incidence due to PCV13 serotypes decreased significantly across all age groups, with the greatest reductions in children <5 years and adults ≥65 years. Conversely, incidence due to PPV23 unique serotypes increased significantly between 2007 and 2017, with the greatest increases observed in adults 50-64 years (1.4 to 3.5/100,000) and ≥65 years (2.3 to 7.2/100,000). Similar increases were observed in incidence due to non-vaccine-preventable serotypes among all age groups, except infants <1 year. Within specific serotypes, incidence due to serotypes 3 (0.42 to 0.98/100,000) and 22F (0.31 to 0.72/100,000) increased significantly between 2007 and 2017, while incidence due to serotypes 19A and 7F decreased significantly during the PCV13 period (2010-2017). CONCLUSIONS: Eight years after PCV13 implementation in Ontario, our data suggest both direct and indirect effects on serotype-specific incidence in young children and older adults. However, overall provincial rates have remained unchanged, and IPD continues to be a severe burden on the population. The rising incidence of IPD due to PPV23 unique and non-vaccine-preventable serotypes, and the growing burden of serotypes 3 and 22F, require further study.
Assuntos
Programas de Imunização/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Pneumocócicas/sangue , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ontário/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Sorotipagem , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ontario implemented a publicly-funded rotavirus (RV) immunization program in 2011. Our objectives were to evaluate its impact on hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) five years after implementation. METHODS: We performed a population-based longitudinal retrospective cohort study to identify hospitalizations and ED visits for RV-AGE and overall AGE in all age groups using ICD-10 codes between August 1, 2005 and March 31, 2016. A negative binomial regression model that included the effect of time was used to calculate rates, rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AGE before and after the program's implementation, after adjusting for age, seasonality and secular trends. We examined the seasonality of RV-AGE hospitalizations among children under five before and after the program and explored its equity impact. RESULTS: Following program implementation, RV-AGE hospitalizations and ED visits among children under five years declined by 76% (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.20-0.28) and 68% (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.21-0.50), respectively. In addition, hospitalizations and ED visits for overall AGE declined by 38% (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.59-0.65) and 26% (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.73-0.76), respectively, among children under age five. Significant reductions in both outcomes were also found across a range of age-strata. In the pre-program period, the mean monthly hospitalization rate for RV-AGE among children residing in the most marginalized neighbourhoods was 33% higher than those residing in the least marginalized (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.17-1.52), this disparity was not evident in the program period (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.69-1.32). We found no evidence of a seasonal shift in rotavirus pediatric hospitalizations. INTERPRETATION: The introduction of routine infant rotavirus immunization has had a substantial population impact in Ontario. Our study confirms herd effects and suggests the program may have reduced previous inequities in the burden of pediatric rotavirus hospitalizations.
Assuntos
Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/prevenção & controle , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Programas de Imunização , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/prevenção & controle , Rotavirus/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ontário/epidemiologia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Vacinação , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Predators directly impact prey populations through lethal encounters, but understanding nonlethal, indirect effects is also critical because foraging animals often face trade-offs between predator avoidance and energy intake. Quantifying these indirect effects can be difficult even when it is possible to monitor individuals that regularly interact. Our goal was to understand how movement and resource selection of a predator (wolves; Canis lupus) influence the movement behavior of a prey species (moose; Alces alces). We tested whether moose avoided areas with high predicted wolf resource use in two study areas with differing prey compositions, whether avoidance patterns varied seasonally, and whether daily activity budgets of moose and wolves aligned temporally. We deployed GPS collars on both species at two sites in northern Minnesota. We created seasonal resource selection functions (RSF) for wolves and modeled the relationship between moose first-passage time (FPT), a method that discerns alterations in movement rates, and wolf RSF values. Larger FPT values suggest rest/foraging, whereas shorter FPT values indicate travel/fleeing. We found that the movements of moose and wolves peaked at similar times of day in both study areas. Moose FPTs were 45% lower in areas most selected for by wolves relative to those avoided. The relationship between wolf RSF and moose FPT was nonlinear and varied seasonally. Differences in FPT between low and high RSF values were greatest in winter (-82.1%) and spring (-57.6%) in northeastern Minnesota and similar for all seasons in the Voyageurs National Park ecosystem. In northeastern Minnesota, where moose comprise a larger percentage of wolf diet, the relationship between moose FPT and wolf RSF was more pronounced (ave. across seasons: -60.1%) than the Voyageurs National Park ecosystem (-30.4%). These findings highlight the role wolves can play in determining moose behavior, whereby moose spend less time in areas with higher predicted likelihood of wolf resource selection.
RESUMO
Populations inhabiting the bioclimatic edges of a species' geographic range face an increasing amount of stress from alterations to their environment associated with climate change. Moose Alces alces are large-bodied ungulates that are sensitive to heat stress and have exhibited population declines and range contractions along their southern geographic extent. Using a hidden Markov model to analyze movement and accelerometer data, we assigned behaviors (rest, forage, or travel) to all locations of global positioning system-collared moose (n = 13, moose-years = 19) living near the southern edge of the species' range in and around Voyageurs National Park, MN, USA. We assessed how moose behavior changed relative to weather, landscape, and the presence of predators. Moose significantly reduced travel and increased resting behaviors at ambient temperatures as low as 15 °C and 24 °C during the spring and summer, respectively. In general, moose behavior changed seasonally in association with distance to lakes and ponds. Moose used wetlands for travel throughout the year, rested in conifer forests, and foraged in shrublands. The influence of wolves Canis lupus varied among individual moose and season, but the largest influence was a reduction in travel during spring when near a wolf home range core, primarily by pregnant females. Our analysis goes beyond habitat selection to capture how moose alter their activities based on their environment. Our findings, along with climate change forecasts, suggest that moose in this area will be required to further alter their activity patterns and space use in order to find sufficient forage and avoid heat stress.
RESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox047.]