[Text-mining of children's answers to national web-survey questions on parental status during COVID-19].

Objectives　Behavior at school has been restricted due to infection control during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to clarify children's opinions by examining the structure of their text responses to open-ended web survey questions, as well as how they differed to the psychological and socio-economic status of their parents.Method　From September to October 2020, approximately six months after the temporary closure of schools in Japan due to COVID-19, 2,111 respondents (elementary, junior high, and high school students) answered a questionnaire on "The third wave of CORONA-CODOMO project" website. The text data of 1,140 students who provided free-text answers to open-ended questions such as, "what are you concerned about and what do you want to say?" (comments) and "how should I get them to understand?" (proposals) were analyzed. Results were stratified by parental demographics such as age, employment status, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6), and financial status. The text mining assessed the frequency of word appearances, analyzed characteristic words, and showed a term network (word-relationship diagram).Results　The total number of lines (number of respondents) of comments and proposal texts were 531 and 1,017, respectively, and the average line length (number of characters) was 21.5 and 31.5, respectively. In the dependency relations frequency analysis, the actions of proposals and comments such as "speaking-listening", "event-disappearing", and "mask-removing" appeared. In the word network, words such as "moving" and "speaking" formed a strong co-occurrence network to "I", which had the largest node in proposals, while "COVID-19" in the comments strongly co-occurred with "end+?" (predicate attribute: question) and "I+want to disappear" (predicate attribute: aspirations). According to the parent attributes, in the proposals, the characteristic words (complementary similarity measure) were "talk" (35.9) in the employed group, "talk" (26.6) in the K6 lower score group, and "understand+not" (23.5/17.3, predicate attribute: negation) in the K6 higher score group/bad economic status. In the comments, it was "COVID-19" (28.1, 27.5) in the employed group and the high mental health group.Conclusions　While children displayed discomfort and fear of COVID-19 when asked about proposals, the children were willing to talk directly, also, they wanted someone to listen to them. The characteristics of the proposals in their answers were "I don't know" in both the high mental burden group and the bad economic status group of the parents.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the rights of the child in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have used direct reports by children to assess how the rights documented in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) have been affected during the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: Data were obtained from the CORONA-CODOMO Survey, a web-based survey conducted from April to May 2020 in Japan, targeting children aged 7-17 and parents/guardians of children aged 0-17. We focused on self-reports from children, including two open-ended questions asking their needs and opinions. The results were analyzed according to the five categories of rights defined by the CRC: education, health, safety, play, and participation. RESULTS: Among the 2,591 children who participated in the survey, 1,292 children (49.9%) answered at least one of the two open-ended questions. The most frequent concern was COVID-19 infecting members of their families (78.2%), followed by the inability to see their friends (74.3%). There were 1,523 direct comments from children. The comments covered a wide range of the rights in the CRC, including reopening of schools, disparities in education, access to health information, alternatives for playing and seeing friends, and needs for participation and being heard. Few comments were related to safety whereas a certain proportion of children were victimized within households. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the rights outlined in the CRC have been restricted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health and educational professionals working with children and policymakers should introduce the rights-based approach to protect the best interests of children during and after the pandemic.

Multicolor upconversion luminescence of dye-coordinated Er3+ at the interface of Er2O3 and CaF2 nanoparticles.

Multicolor upconversion luminescence of Er3+ was successfully enhanced by optimizing the interface in dye-coordinated nanoparticles with a core/shell structure. Red and green upconversion emissions of Er3+ were obtained at the interface of oxide nanoparticles via the intramolecular energy transfer from the coordinating squaraine dye with high light-absorption ability, which was more efficient than emissions through the energy transfer from metal ions such as Yb3+. Additionally, CaF2 nanoparticles as a core material minimized the energy loss with nonradiative downward relaxations in Er3+, resulting in the observation of unusual blue upconversion emissions from the upper energy level of Er3+ by nonlaser excitation using a continuous-wave (CW) Xe lamp at an excitation power of 1.2 mW/cm2.

Efficacy and Safety of Naldemedine for Opioid-Induced Constipation in Children.

Background: Naldemedine, a peripherally acting opioid µ receptor antagonist, is effective for prevention of opioid-induced constipation (OIC); however, evidence on its use in children is limited. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of naldemedine in pediatric patients with OIC. Design, Setting/Subjects: Retrospective analysis of 32 pediatric patients with OIC treated with naldemedine in a single institution in Japan from June 2017 to March 2021. Measurements: Efficacy was evaluated in 13 evaluable patients with bowel movement (BM) response, defined as those with at least three BMs in the first 7 days after naldemedine initiation and an increase of at least one BM from baseline. Safety was evaluated by examining adverse events (AEs) based on the Common Terminology Criteria for AEs (v5.0). Results: BM response was recorded in 11 of the 13 patients (85%), and the number BMs per day significantly increased from 0.43 before naldemedine to 1.00 after naldemedine (p = 0.025). The most common AE was diarrhea, observed in 16 of the 32 patients (50%), and all instances were grade 1 or 2. In three of the 16 patients, naldemedine was discontinued owing to worsening diarrhea. Conclusions: In pediatric patients, naldemedine resulted in a high rate of BM response and increased the BM frequency, indicating its efficacy. In some patients, grade 2 diarrhea required naldemedine discontinuation, suggesting that it should be used with caution in pediatric patients. Further studies are warranted to determine the optimal naldemedine dose in pediatric patients.

Negative pressure pulmonary edema due to upper airway obstruction after general anesthesia in a patient with Parkinson's disease: A case report.

In a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD) who underwent spine surgery 13 h after the last anti-Parkinson medications, negative pressure pulmonary edema from upper airway obstruction developed immediately after extubation. Although oxygenation improved with high-flow nasal cannula therapy, such complications might develop due to abrupt discontinuation of medication for PD.

NADPH-dependent reductases involved in the detoxification of reactive carbonyls in plants.

Reactive carbonyls, especially α,ß-unsaturated carbonyls produced through lipid peroxidation, damage biomolecules such as proteins and nucleotides; elimination of these carbonyls is therefore essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this study, we focused on an NADPH-dependent detoxification of reactive carbonyls in plants and explored the enzyme system involved in this detoxification process. Using acrolein (CH(2) = CHCHO) as a model α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl, we purified a predominant NADPH-dependent acrolein-reducing enzyme from cucumber leaves, and we identified the enzyme as an alkenal/one oxidoreductase (AOR) catalyzing reduction of an α,ß-unsaturated bond. Cloning of cDNA encoding AORs revealed that cucumber contains two distinct AORs, chloroplastic AOR and cytosolic AOR. Homologs of cucumber AORs were found among various plant species, including Arabidopsis, and we confirmed that a homolog of Arabidopsis (At1g23740) also had AOR activity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these AORs belong to a novel class of AORs. They preferentially reduced α,ß-unsaturated ketones rather than α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes. Furthermore, we selected candidates of other classes of enzymes involved in NADPH-dependent reduction of carbonyls based on the bioinformatic information, and we found that an aldo-keto reductase (At2g37770) and aldehyde reductases (At1g54870 and At3g04000) were implicated in the reduction of an aldehyde group of saturated aldehydes and methylglyoxal as well as α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes in chloroplasts. These results suggest that different classes of NADPH-dependent reductases cooperatively contribute to the detoxification of reactive carbonyls.

Outer Retinal Abnormalities in a Patient with Danon Disease.

PURPOSE: To report outer retinal abnormalities evaluated using high-resolution imaging modalities in a patient with Danon disease. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 26-year-old woman, diagnosed with Danon disease based on genetic testing, was referred to our department for further evaluation of ocular findings. Her best-corrected VA was 20/20, and color vision was normal. Fundus examination revealed pigmentary changes consisting of mottled depigmentation and pigmentation in the peripheral retina of both eyes. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography revealed disruptions of the ellipsoid and interdigitation zones, irregularity of the retinal pigment epithelium, and hyperreflectivity of the outer nuclear layer. In addition, an adaptive optics retinal camera demonstrated the ambiguous macular cone mosaic pattern. CONCLUSION: Danon disease is caused by a primary deficiency in lysosomal associated membrane protein 2, an important constituent of the lysosomal membrane that plays a crucial role in the process of autophagy. It is possible that the findings of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics retinal camera are early changes associated with the accumulation of autophagosomes and/or phagosomes due to lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 dysfunction in the photoreceptors, eventually followed by outer retinal degeneration, such as thinning of both the photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium layers at the fovea.

Cnnm4 deficiency suppresses Ca2+ signaling and promotes cell proliferation in the colon epithelia.

CNNM4 is a Mg2+ transporter highly expressed in the colon epithelia. Its importance in regulating intracellular Mg2+ levels and cancer development has been documented, but how CNNM4 function affects the dynamic homeostasis of the epithelial tissue remains unclear. Here, we show that Cnnm4 deficiency promotes cell proliferation and partly suppresses cell differentiation in the colon epithelia, making them vulnerable to cancer development. Such phenotypic characteristics are highly similar to those of mice lacking Trpv1, which encodes the cation channel involved in capsaicin-stimulated Ca2+ influx. Indeed, Ca2+-imaging analyses using the organoid culture reveal that Ca2+ influx stimulated by capsaicin is greatly impaired by Cnnm4 deficiency. Moreover, EGF receptor signaling is constitutively activated in the colon epithelia of Cnnm4-deficient mice, as is the case with Trpv1-deficient mice. The administration of gefitinib, a clinically available inhibitor of EGF receptor, cancels the augmented proliferation of cells observed in Cnnm4-deficient mice. Collectively, these results establish the functional interplay between Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the colon epithelia, which is crucial for maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of the epithelial tissue.

Chloroplastic NADPH-dependent alkenal/one oxidoreductase contributes to the detoxification of reactive carbonyls produced under oxidative stress.

Lipid peroxide-derived reactive carbonyls (RCs) can cause serious damage to plant functions. A chloroplastic NADPH-dependent alkenal/one oxidoreductase (AOR) detoxifies RCs, but its physiological significance remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the biological impacts of AOR using an AOR-knock out Arabidopsis line (aor). Methyl viologen treatment, mainly to enhance photosystem (PS) I-originated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, caused more severe damage to aor than wild type (Col-0). In contrast, the high light treatment used to enhance PSII-originated ROS production resulted in no difference in PSII damage between Col-0 and aor. In conclusion, AOR can contribute to detoxify stromal RCs produced under oxidative stress.