Cumulative Detection of Anal High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Over 2-Year Follow-up in Men Who Have Sex With Men Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in France.

We assessed cumulative detection and determinants of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in men who have sex with men living with human immunodeficiency virus and who underwent 3 visits over 2 years, with cytology and high-resolution anoscopy, within the ANRS-EP57-APACHES study. The cumulative HSIL detection rate was 33% (134 of 410), of which 48% HSILs were detected at baseline. HSIL detection varied considerably by center (from 13% to 51%). The strongest HSIL determinants were baseline human papillomavirus 16 (adjusted odds ratio, 8.2; 95% confidence interval, 3.6-18.9) and p16/Ki67 (4.6 [2.3-9.1]). Repeated annual cytology and high-resolution anoscopy improved HSIL detection but did not fully compensate for between-center heterogeneity.

Prevalence and clinical significance of the muscle retracting sign during endoscopic submucosal dissection of large macronodular colorectal lesions (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The muscle retracting sign (MRS) can be present during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of macronodular colorectal lesions. The prevalence of MRS and its pathologic and clinical implications is unclear. This study evaluated the effect of MRS on the technical and clinical outcomes of ESD. METHODS: All patients referred for ESD of protruding lesions or granular mixed lesions with >10 mm macronodule granular mixed laterally spreading tumors (LST-GMs) in 2 academic centers from January 2017 to October 2022 were prospectively included. Size of the macronodule was analyzed retrospectively. The primary outcome was the curative resection rate according to MRS status. Secondary outcomes were R0 resection, perforation, secondary surgery rate, and risk factors for MRS. RESULTS: Of 694 lesions, 84 (12%) had MRS (MRS+). The curative resection rate was decreased by MRS (MRS+ 41.6% vs lesions without MRS [MRS-] 81.3%), whereas the perforation (MRS+ 22.6% vs MRS- 9.2%), submucosal cancer (MRS+ 34.9% vs MRS- 9.2%), and surgery (MRS+ 45.2% vs MRS- 6%) rates were increased. The R0 resection rate of MRS+ colonic lesions was lower than that of rectal lesions (53% vs 74.3%). In multivariate analysis, protruding lesions (odds ratio, 2.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-4.80) and macronodules >4 cm (odds ratio, 4.24; 95% confidence interval, 2.23-8.05) were risk factors for MRS. CONCLUSIONS: MRS reduces oncologic outcomes and increases the perforation rate. Consequently, procedures in the colon should be stopped if MRS is detected, and those in the rectum should be continued due to the morbidity of alternative therapy.

Cumulative detection of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions over two-year follow-up in men who have sex with men living with HIV in France.

We assessed cumulative detection and determinants of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in men who have sex with men living with HIV who underwent three visits over two years, with cytology and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA), within the ANRS-EP57-APACHES study. Cumulative HSIL detection was 33% (134/410), of which 48% were detected at baseline. HSIL detection varied considerably by center (13-51%). Strongest HSIL determinants were baseline HPV16 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.2; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 3.6-18.9), and p16/Ki67 (aOR 4.6; 95%CI 2.3-9.1). Repeat annual cytology and HRA improved HSIL detection but did not fully compensate between-center heterogeneity.

Deep Learning for Detecting BRCA Mutations in High-Grade Ovarian Cancer Based on an Innovative Tumor Segmentation Method From Whole Slide Images.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play a crucial role in repairing DNA double-strand breaks through homologous recombination. Their mutations represent a significant proportion of homologous recombination deficiency and are a reliable effective predictor of sensitivity of high-grade ovarian cancer (HGOC) to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. However, their testing by next-generation sequencing is costly and time-consuming and can be affected by various preanalytical factors. In this study, we present a deep learning classifier for BRCA mutational status prediction from hematoxylin-eosin-safran-stained whole slide images (WSI) of HGOC. We constituted the OvarIA cohort composed of 867 patients with HGOC with known BRCA somatic mutational status from 2 different pathology departments. We first developed a tumor segmentation model according to dynamic sampling and then trained a visual representation encoder with momentum contrastive learning on the predicted tumor tiles. We finally trained a BRCA classifier on more than a million tumor tiles in multiple instance learning with an attention-based mechanism. The tumor segmentation model trained on 8 WSI obtained a dice score of 0.915 and an intersection-over-union score of 0.847 on a test set of 50 WSI, while the BRCA classifier achieved the state-of-the-art area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.739 in 5-fold cross-validation and 0.681 on the testing set. An additional multiscale approach indicates that the relevant information for predicting BRCA mutations is located more in the tumor context than in the cell morphology. Our results suggest that BRCA somatic mutations have a discernible phenotypic effect that could be detected by deep learning and could be used as a prescreening tool in the future.

Incidence and Clearance of Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and HPV-18 Infection, and Their Determinants, Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men in France.

BACKGROUND: Prospective data on the natural history of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are scarce in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: We analyzed incidence and clearance of HPV-16 and HPV-18 in a French cohort of HIV-infected MSM, aged ≥35 years, followed-up annually (n = 438, 2014-2018). RESULTS: Human papillomavirus-16 and HPV-18 incidence were similar (~10% incident infections at 24 months). Human papillomavirus-16 incidence was higher among high-grade versus no lesion at baseline (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-8.18). Human papillomavirus-16 cleared significantly slower than HPV-18 (32% versus 54% by 24 months). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, anal HPV-16 is more persistent than HPV-18, and its incidence correlates with a prior detection of high-grade lesions.

Risk Factors of Post-Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone Recurrent High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Lesion: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify the risk factors of post-large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) recurrent disease and the impact of colposcopic guidance at the time of LLETZ on that risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From December 2013 to July 2014, 204 patients who had undergone LLETZ for the treatment of high-grade intraepithelial lesion with fully visible cervical squamocolumnar junction were included. The use of colposcopy during each procedure was systematically documented. The dimensions and volume of LLETZ specimens were measured at the time of the procedure before formaldehyde fixation. All participants were invited for a follow-up. The primary endpoint was the diagnosis of post-LLETZ recurrent disease defined as the histologic diagnosis of a high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion. RESULTS: The median duration of post-LLETZ follow-up was 25.8 months. Recurrent disease was diagnosed in 8 (3.6%) patients. Older than 38 years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 11.9, 95% CI = 1.6-86.0), history of excisional therapy (aHR = 21.6, 95% CI = 3.5-135.3), and the absence of colposcopy for the guidance of LLETZ (aHR = 6.4, 95% CI = 1.1-37.7) were found to significantly increase the risk of post-LLETZ recurrent disease. The dimensions and volume of the specimen were not found to have any impact. Only positive endocervical margins were identified to significantly increase the risk of post-LLETZ recurrent disease (aHR = 14.4, 95% CI = 2.0-101.1). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors of post-LLETZ recurrent disease are older than 38 years, history of excisional therapy, positive endocervical margins, and lack of colposcopic guidance at the time of LLETZ.

Risk Factors of Inadequate Colposcopy After Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify the risk factors of post-large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) inadequate colposcopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From December 2013 to July 2014, a total of 157 patients who had a LLETZ performed for the treatment of high-grade intraepithelial lesion with fully visible cervical squamocolumnar junction were included. All procedures were performed using semicircular loops. The use of colposcopy made during each procedure was systematically documented. Dimensions and volume of LLETZ specimens were measured at the time of procedure, before formaldehyde fixation. All participants were invited for a follow-up colposcopy 3 to 6 months after LLETZ. Primary end point was the diagnosis of post-LLETZ inadequate colposcopy, defined by a not fully visible cervical squamocolumnar junction and/or cervical stenosis. RESULTS: Colposcopies were performed in a mean (SD) delay of 136 (88) days and were inadequate in 22 (14%) cases. Factors found to significantly increase the probability of post-LLETZ inadequate colposcopy were a history of previous excisional cervical therapy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.29, 95% CI = 1.12-16.37, p = .033] and the thickness of the specimen (aOR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.02-9.60, p = .047). The use of colposcopy for the guidance of LLETZ was statistically associated with a decrease in the risk of post-LLETZ inadequate colposcopy (aOR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.04-0.80, p = .024) as the achievement of negative endocervical margins (aOR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08-0.86, p = .027). CONCLUSIONS: Although the risk of post-LLETZ inadequate colposcopy is increased in patients with history of excisional therapy and with the thickness of the excised specimen, it could be reduced with the use of colposcopic guidance and the achievement of negative endocervical margins.

The Accuracy of Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone Specimen Dimensions in Determining Volume: A Multicentric Prospective Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine which mathematical formula of specimen dimensions is the most accurate method of determining volume of the excised specimen at loop excision of the transformation zone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted. A total of 258 patients who had a loop excision of the transformation zone performed as treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2-3 were included. The dimensions and the volume of the specimen were measured at the time of the procedure, before formaldehyde fixation. The volume was measured by immersing the specimen in a graduated cylinder using Archimedes fluid displacement technique. The measured volume was compared with the calculated volume using different volume formulas, that is, a cone, a cylinder, a parallelepiped, and a hemiellipsoid. The main outcome measure was the relationship between calculated volume (using the dimensions of thickness, length, and circumference) and the measured volume of the specimen. RESULTS: The mean (SD) thickness, length, and circumference of specimens were 8.8 mm (3.8), 12.7 mm (5.9), and 45.7 mm (16.8), respectively. The mean (SD) measured volume was 2.53 (1.49) mL. Using the formula for the volume of a cone, a cylinder, a parallelepiped and a hemiellipsoid, estimated volumes were 1.03 mL (1.22), 3.10 mL (3.65), 6.20 mL (7.31), and 2.07 mL (2.44), respectively. The highest intraclass correlation coefficient between measured and calculated volume was observed when using the formula for the volume of a hemiellipsoid specimen (0.47, 95% CI = 0.36-0.56). CONCLUSIONS: The hemiellipsoid formula is the most accurate determinant of the excised volume. Other formulas do not allow for an accurate estimation of the excised volume.

Are preoperative histology and MRI useful for classification of endometrial cancer risk?

BACKGROUND: The 2010 guidelines of the French National Cancer Institute (INCa) classify patients with endometrial cancer into three risk groups for lymph node invasion and recurrence on the basis of MRI and histological analysis of an endometrial specimen obtained preoperatively. The classification guides therapeutic choices, which may include pelvic and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of preoperative assessment to help identify intermediate- or high-risk patients requiring lymphadenectomy. METHODS: The study included all patients who underwent surgery for endometrial cancer between January 2010 and December 2013 at either Rennes University Hospital or Vannes Regional Hospital. The criteria for eligibility included a preoperative assessment with MRI and histological examination of an endometrial sample. A histological comparison was made between the preoperative and surgical specimens. RESULTS: Among the 91 patients who underwent a full preoperative assessment, the diagnosis of intermediate- or high-risk endometrial cancer was established by MRI and histology with a sensitivity of 70 %, specificity of 82 %, positive predictive value (PPV) of 87 %, negative predictive value (NPV) of 61 %, positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 3.8 and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.3. The risk group was underestimated in 32 % of patients and overestimated in 7 % of patients. MRI underestimated endometrial cancer stage in 20 % of cases, while endometrial sampling underestimated the histological type in 4 % of cases and the grade in 9 % of cases. CONCLUSION: The preoperative assessment overestimated or underestimated the risk of recurrence in nearly 40 % of cases, with errors in lesion type, grade or stage. Erroneous preoperative risk assessment leads to suboptimal initial surgical management of patients with endometrial cancer.

Benefits of Direct Colposcopic Vision for Optimal LLETZ Procedure: A Prospective Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess whether direct colposcopic vision (DCV) of the cervix during large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) is associated with a decrease in the volume and dimensions of specimens or affects margin status at histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective multicenter observational study of 216 women who underwent LLETZ for grades 2 and 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was conducted. The volume and dimensions (circumference, length, and thickness) of the surgical specimens were measured before fixation. Data were compared according to the use of colposcopy during LLETZ. The following 3 groups were considered: LLETZ performed without colposcopy (n = 91), LLETZ performed immediately after colposcopy (n = 51), and LLETZ performed under DCV (n = 74). RESULTS: Patient characteristics were comparable with regard to age, parity, history of excision, indication of the procedure, and the size of the cervix. We found a significant decrease in all dimensions of the specimens obtained under DCV (p < .001). Margin status was not affected. After adjusting for confounders, the mean volumes were significantly lower in the DCV group (adjusted mean difference = -0.66 mL; 95% CI = -1.17 to -0.14). The probability that negative margins would be achieved together with the attainment of a volume less than 5 mL and a thickness less than 10 mm was the highest in the DCV group (adjusted OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.13 to 6.90). CONCLUSIONS: Direct colposcopic vision is associated with a significant decrease in the volume and in all dimensions of LLETZ specimens with no compromise in the margin status.

[A case of idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia of mesenteric veins]. / Un cas d'hyperplasie myointimale idiopathique des veines mésentériques du côlon.

The idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia of mesenteric veins is a rare pathology, affecting recto-sigmoid and mimicking clinically an inflammatory chronic disease of the bowel. Only about fifteen cases have been reported in the literature. This lesion is characterized by a myointimal thickening of the mesenteric veins, without inflammatory infiltrate of the vascular wall, differentiating it from vasculitis. We present here the case of a 48-year-old man, in whom the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis then digestive vasculitis had first been raised.

Prognostic factors for curative pelvic exenterations in patients with recurrent uterine cervical or vaginal cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic factors after curative pelvic exenterations performed for recurrent uterine cervical or vaginal cancers in the era of concomitant chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 16 patients with recurrent uterine cervical or vaginal cancer and tumor-free resection margins on pelvic exenteration pathological analysis between October 1997 and April 2014. RESULTS: Pelvic exenterations were performed for 13 recurrent cervical cancers and 3 recurrent vaginal cancers. All of the patients had received pelvic irradiation (external radiotherapy for 14 patients and brachytherapy for 2 patients). The median age at the recurrence was 59.5 years (49-77 years), and the median tumor size was 4.35 cm (2-9 cm). There were no intraoperative or postoperative deaths. The 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival were 30% and 34.1%, respectively. The following 3 factors affected the disease-free survival: tumor size greater than 5 cm (P = 0.05), mesorectal lymph node involvement (P = 0.02), and vascular emboli (P = 0.0093). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of vascular emboli is a new prognostic factor in cases of recurrent cervical or vaginal cancer. Assessing the presence of vascular emboli on pretherapeutic biopsies could facilitate the selection of patients eligible for curative pelvic exenterations.

Immunity of human epithelial ovarian carcinoma: the paradigm of immune suppression in cancer.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality in women, and there has been no substantial decrease in the death rates due to EOC in the last three decades. Thus, basic knowledge regarding ovarian tumor cell biology is urgently needed to allow the development of innovative treatments for EOC. Traditionally, EOC has not been considered an immunogenic tumor, but there is evidence of an immune response to EOC in patients. Clinical data demonstrate that an antitumor immune response and immune evasion mechanisms are correlated with a better and lower survival, respectively, providing evidence for the immunoediting hypothesis in EOC. This review focuses on the immune response and immune suppression in EOC. The immunological roles of chemotherapy and surgery in EOC are also described. Finally, we detail pilot data supporting the efficiency of immunotherapy in the treatment of EOC and the emerging concept that immunomodulation aimed at counteracting the immunosuppressive microenvironment must be associated with immunotherapy strategies.

Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Microsatellite Instability and KRAS, BRAF Mutations from Whole-Slide Images in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Mismatch repair deficiency (d-MMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI), KRAS, and BRAF mutational status are crucial for treating advanced colorectal cancer patients. Traditional methods like immunohistochemistry or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be challenged by artificial intelligence (AI) based on whole slide images (WSI) to predict tumor status. In this systematic review, we evaluated the role of AI in predicting MSI status, KRAS, and BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer. Studies published in PubMed up to June 2023 were included (n = 17), and we reported the risk of bias and the performance for each study. Some studies were impacted by the reduced number of slides included in the data set and the lack of external validation cohorts. Deep learning models for the d-MMR/MSI status showed a good performance in training cohorts (mean AUC = 0.89, [0.74-0.97]) but slightly less than expected in the validation cohort when available (mean AUC = 0.82, [0.63-0.98]). Contrary to the MSI status, the prediction of KRAS and BRAF mutations was less explored with a less robust methodology. The performance was lower, with a maximum of 0.77 in the training cohort, 0.58 in the validation cohort for KRAS, and 0.82 AUC in the training cohort for BRAF.

Sensitization of ovarian carcinoma cells with zoledronate restores the cytotoxic capacity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells impaired by the prostaglandin E2 immunosuppressive factor: implications for immunotherapy.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) usually spreads into the peritoneal cavity, thereby providing an opportunity for intraperitoneal adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes, a T cell subpopulation endowed with high lytic properties against tumor cells. However, previous studies have reported that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells fail to expand from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in one-third of patients with cancer. Here, from a cohort of 37 patients with EOC, a multiple correspondence analysis identified three populations, one of which was not suitable for Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell adoptive therapy. Interestingly, the ineligible patients were identified based on the frequency of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in their peripheral blood and the patients' age. The average time to tumor recurrence was also found to be significantly different between the three populations, suggesting that the innate immune response is involved in EOC prognosis. A dramatic decrease in the lytic properties of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells occurred following incubation with ascitic supernatant and was found to be associated with reduced perforin/granzyme degranulation. Prostaglandin E2, but not IL-6, IL-10, VEGF or TGF-ß, showed immunosuppressive effects in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Interestingly, our results emphasize that pretreating ovarian tumor cells with zoledronate partially reverses the immunosuppressive effects of ovarian cancer-associated ascites and restores a high level of lytic activity. These data sustain that optimal Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell adoptive immunotherapy previously requires counteracting the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Altogether, our findings provide a rationale for clinically evaluating Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell adoptive immunotherapy with intraperitoneal carcinomatosis presensitization by zoledronate in patients with EOC.

Altered epithelial barrier functions in the colon of patients with spina bifida.

Our objectives were to better characterize the colorectal function of patients with Spina Bifida (SB). Patients with SB and healthy volunteers (HVs) completed prospectively a standardized questionnaire, clinical evaluation, rectal barostat, colonoscopy with biopsies and faecal collection. The data from 36 adults with SB (age: 38.8 [34.1-47.2]) were compared with those of 16 HVs (age: 39.0 [31.0-46.5]). Compared to HVs, rectal compliance was lower in patients with SB (p = 0.01), whereas rectal tone was higher (p = 0.0015). Ex vivo paracellular permeability was increased in patients with SB (p = 0.0008) and inversely correlated with rectal compliance (r = - 0.563, p = 0.002). The expression of key tight junction proteins and inflammatory markers was comparable between SB and HVs, except for an increase in Claudin-1 immunoreactivity (p = 0.04) in SB compared to HVs. TGFß1 and GDNF mRNAs were expressed at higher levels in patients with SB (p = 0.02 and p = 0.008). The levels of acetate, propionate and butyrate in faecal samples were reduced (p = 0.04, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively). Our findings provide evidence that anorectal and epithelial functions are altered in patients with SB. The alterations in these key functions might represent new therapeutic targets, in particular using microbiota-derived approaches.Clinical Trials: NCT02440984 and NCT03054415.

A piglet model of iatrogenic rectosigmoid hypoganglionosis reveals the impact of the enteric nervous system on gut barrier function and microbiota postnatal development.

BACKGROUND: Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis physiopathology likely involves disturbed interactions between gut microbes and the host during the early neonatal period. Our objective was to create a neonatal porcine model of iatrogenic aganglionosis to evaluate the impact of the enteric nervous system (ENS) on microbiota and intestinal barrier postnatal development. METHODS: Under general anesthesia, the rectosigmoid serosa of 5-day-old suckling piglets was exposed to 0.5% benzalkonium chloride solution (BAC, n = 7) or saline (SHAM, n = 5) for 1 h. After surgery, animals returned to their home-cage with the sow and littermates and were studied 21 days later. RESULTS: BAC treatment induced partial aganglionosis with absence of myenteric plexus and reduced surface area of submucosal plexus ganglia (-58%, P < 0.05) in one third of the rectosigmoid circumference. Epithelial permeability of this zone was increased (conductance +63%, FITC-dextran flux +386%, horseradish-peroxidase flux +563%, P < 0.05). Tight junction protein remodeling was observed with decreased ZO-1 (-95%, P < 0.05) and increased claudin-3 and e-cadherin expressions (+197% and 61%, P < 0.05 and P = 0.06, respectively). BAC piglets harbored greater abundance of proinflammatory bacteria (Bilophila, Fusobacterium) compared to SHAM in the rectosigmoid lumen. CONCLUSIONS: This large animal model demonstrates that hypoganglionosis is associated with dramatic defects of gut barrier function and establishment of proinflammatory bacteria.