RESUMO
OBJECTIVE:: To determine prevalence trends of using Wood as the Main Cooking Fuel (WMCF) in Mexico and household characteristics that predict its use. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Estimates were obtained from the 1990, 2000 and 2010 censuses and from a national survey performed in 2012 and 2013. RESULTS:: In 2012-2013, 9.5% of the 66 321 surveyed households and 10.9% of their 252 011 residents used WMCF. Prevalence was higher in rural (40.5%) than urban areas (1.5%), p<0.0001. From 1990 to 2013 wood use decreased by 53% overall and by 28.6% in rural areas, gas use increased respectively by 17.5 and 52.7%. Predictors of using WMCF were living in rural or suburban areas and those associated with low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION:: Use of WMCF has decreased substantially in Mexico but at a slower pace in rural areas. Improving household characteristics and socioeconomic status may decrease use of WMCF at a higher rate.
Assuntos
Culinária/métodos , Culinária/estatística & dados numéricos , Madeira , Características da Família , México , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Hospitalização/tendências , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Morbidade/tendências , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Alta do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Distribuição por Sexo , Fumar/epidemiologia , Prevenção do Hábito de FumarAssuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomassa , Culinária , Exposição Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade/tendências , Estudos Retrospectivos , Distribuição por Sexo , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudênciaAssuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Seguro Saúde , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
CONTEXT: Previous studies have shown that diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor of some type-specific cancers. However, no data are available on the association between cancer and DM in Latin America. AIMS: The aim of this study is to determine which type-specific cancers are associated with DM using multiple cause of death data. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Whole country of Mexico, cross-sectional design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of all cancer deaths (2009-2017) using death certificate databases of Mexican adults aged ≥20 years. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 710,292 total cancer deaths. DM increased the risk of pancreatic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.7), liver (aOR = 1.6), kidney (aOR = 1.4), gallbladder (aOR = 1.2) and endometrial (aOR = 1.1) cancers, all P < 0.05. Type 2 or unknown-type DM were associated with the same cancer types with little variation of estimates. Higher estimates were found in males than females (except for kidney cancer). Type 1 DM was associated with pancreatic cancer only (aOR = 1.9). CONCLUSIONS: DM in Mexico is associated with gastrointestinal (pancreatic, liver, gallbladder), kidney and endometrial cancers. Dissemination of knowledge to both health-care workers and diabetics regarding potential cancer risks including adequate diet, regular exercise, weight reduction if obese/overweight, cessation of smoking, and good glucose control and medication compliance should be reinforced. Specific cancer preventative measures should be implemented for patients with DM.
Assuntos
Atestado de Óbito , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Renais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Bases de Dados Factuais , Neoplasias do Endométrio/patologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Some comorbidities are risk factors for severe coronavirus disease (Covid-19) but it is unknown whether some increase susceptibility to Covid-19 in children. In this Mexican case-control study, contact with patients with Covid-19, or having obesity, or having diabetes, or hypertension or been immunosuppressed independently increased the risk for Covid-19 in the whole sample analysis. However, only contact history and obesity remained statistically significant in the separated analysis of girls and boys. The results suggest that obesity is not only associated with severe disease but also increases risk for Covid-19. Contrary to findings in adults, no difference between cases and controls was found for gender, presence of pneumonia or surrogates of severe disease including admission to intensive care unit, tracheal intubation or whether patient had died. This indicates that Covid-19 is less severe in children than adults. Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in obesity and Covid-19 in children.
Assuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Adolescente , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Some comorbidities are associated with severe coronavirus disease (Covid-19) but it is unclear whether some increase susceptibility to Covid-19. In this case-control Mexican study we found that obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes and chronic renal failure in females only. Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19. These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19. Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent "protective" effect of cigarette smoking.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/etiologia , Obesidade/complicações , Pneumonia Viral/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , COVID-19 , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Although there are more studies showing higher asthma prevalence in urban rather than rural zones, few assessed asthma mortality by zone in children. The objective of this study is to compare asthma mortality rates (AMR) by zone of residence of Mexican children. DESIGN: Using national death certificate and population projections data, AMR were compared in children aged 0 to 14 years by gender, age group, and zone of residence from 1999 to 2016. AMR trends were calculated using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Of the 680 823 deaths, 2464 (0.36%) were due to asthma. Asthma mortality was higher in rural (0.65%) than urban (0.26%) zones, P < .0001. Whole period AMR median was also higher in rural vs urban zones (0.6 vs 0.3, respectively), P < .05. The average annual percent change (AAPC) of AMR for the whole period was -5.1 in all children with a higher percent decrease in rural vs urban zones (girls' AAPC = -6.3 vs -4.1, respectively and boys' AAPC = -4.8 vs -4.2, respectively). AMR decreased in children aged 0 to 4 from both zones (rural's AAPC: girls = -7.9, boys = -5.2; urban's AAPC: girls = -5.1, boys = -5.4), P < .05. No trend was found in children aged 5 to 14. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma mortality in Mexican children is higher in rural than urban zones. The decrease of mortality over time in early childhood is reassuring. More research is needed to determine reasons for higher mortality in rural Mexico and for the lack of a favorable decreasing trend in children aged 5 to 14 from both zones.
Assuntos
Asma/mortalidade , População Rural , População Urbana , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Mortalidade/tendências , PrevalênciaRESUMO
To the editor, [...].
Assuntos
Pneumopatias , Vitamina A , Humanos , Nutrientes , Fatores de Risco , VitaminasRESUMO
Among the multiple aetiologies identified for pancreatic cancer (PC), cigarette smoking and diabetes are considered "moderate risk factors". Analysis of PC mortality trends is important as changes in incidence and mortality of this tumour can be partially attributable to changes in smoking patterns. A recent Mexican study examined PC mortality trends and showed a favourable trend from 2000 to 2014 [1]. However, the impact of new tobacco tax/laws which were implemented in Mexico in 2007/2008 was not assessed in this study. In this re-analysis we assessed their impact on PC mortality and found a non-statistically significant trend from 1999 to 2008 - however, PC mortality statistically decreased from 2008 with an annual percent change or APC of -1.27, -1.23 and -1.17 in both sexes, females and males respectively, p < 0.05. These declines are likely resulting in part from new tobacco tax/laws which are likely contributing to the decrease over time of smoking prevalence and environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
Assuntos
Imunoensaio/métodos , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Silicose/complicações , Teste Tuberculínico/métodos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Humanos , Tuberculose Latente/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Tuberculose Pulmonar/etiologiaRESUMO
Different risk factors have been identified as associated with tuberculosis (TB), an important and common one is malnutrition, however, the causes of malnutrition have not been studied in detail, the lack of food and poverty are among the most frequent in developing countries but others are yet to be identified. We hypothesized that chronic lack of appetite can be one of the causes of malnutrition associated to TB and therefore be a potential independent risk factor for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or TB disease. If this is true, contact subjects with LTBI who have poor appetite will be at higher risk for getting the disease and people with the disease will be at risk for poor treatment outcomes.