The Genetic Landscape of Ischemic Stroke in Children - Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.

Stroke in childhood has multiple etiologies, which are mostly distinct from those in adults. Genetic discoveries over the last decade pointed to monogenic disorders as a rare but significant cause of ischemic stroke in children and young adults, including small vessel and arterial ischemic stroke. These discoveries contributed to the understanding that stroke in children may be a sign of an underlying genetic disease. The identification of these diseases requires a detailed medical and family history collection, a careful clinical evaluation for the detection of systemic symptoms and signs, and neuroimaging assessment. Establishing an accurate etiological diagnosis and understanding the genetic risk factors for stroke are essential steps to decipher the underlying mechanisms, optimize the design of tailored prevention strategies, and facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets in some cases. Despite the increasing recognition of monogenic causes of stroke, genetic disorders remain understudied and therefore under-recognized in children with stroke. Increased awareness among healthcare providers is essential to facilitate accurate diagnosis in a timely manner. In this review, we provide a summary of the main single-gene disorders which may present as ischemic stroke in childhood and describe their clinical manifestations. We provide a set of practical suggestions for the diagnostic work up of these uncommon causes of stroke, based upon the stroke subtype and imaging characteristics that may suggest a monogenic diagnosis of ischemic stroke in children. Current hurdles in the genetic analyses of children with ischemic stroke as well as future prospectives are discussed.

Pediatric West Nile Virus-Associated Neuroinvasive Disease: A Review of the Literature.

Over the past two decades, West Nile virus has become the most common arbovirus in North America, leading to several outbreaks and infecting thousands of people. Mosquitos help transmit the virus in the majority of cases, but transmission occurs via blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and possibly pregnancy and breastfeeding. While most infected patients experience mild to no symptoms, thousands of West Nile virus-associated neuroinvasive cases have been reported in the United States, with over 700 cases occurring in children from 2003 to 2016. Neuroinvasive disease presents as meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis, and carries a high likelihood of poor outcome, including severe neurological disability or death. To date, no pharmacologic treatment has proven effective. Therapeutic clinical trials have not been successfully completed due to the sporadic nature of viral outbreaks and resultant poor study enrollment. Although older age and chronic disease are risk factors for neuroinvasive West Nile virus disease in adults, the specific factors that influence the risk in pediatric populations have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the most recent literature regarding West Nile virus-associated neuroinvasive disease, especially as it pertains to the pediatric population. Moreover, the review describes the epidemiology, clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings, and outlines the various therapies that have been trialed and potential future research directions.