RESUMO
The complexity of the aquatic environment scenario, including the impact of urban wastewater, together with the huge number of potential hazardous compounds that may be present in waters, makes the comprehensive characterization of the samples an analytical challenge, particularly in relation to the presence of organic micropollutants (OMPs). Nowadays, the potential of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for wide-scope screening in environmental samples is out of question. Considering the physicochemical characteristics of OMPs, the coupling of liquid (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) to HRMS is mandatory. In this work, we have explored the combined use of LC and GC coupled to Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF MS) for screening of surface water and wastewater samples from Pasto (Nariño), a town of the Colombian Andean highlands (average altitude 2527 m), located in an important agricultural area. The upper basin of the Pasto River is impacted by phytosanitary products used in different crops, whereas the domestic wastewater is directly discharged into the river without any treatment, enhancing the anthropogenic impact on the water quality. The OMP searching was made by target (standards available) and suspect (without standards) approaches, using home-made databases containing >2000 compounds. Up to 15 pesticides (7 insecticides, 6 fungicides and 2 herbicides) were identified in the sampling point of the Pasto River up to the town, while no pharmaceuticals were found at this site, illustrating the impact of agriculture practices. On the contrary, 14 pharmaceuticals (7 antibiotics and 3 analgesics, among others) were found in river samples collected in the middle and down to the town sites, revealing the impact of the urban population. Interestingly, some transformation products, including metabolites, such as carbofuran-3-hydroxy and 4-acetylamino antipyrine were identified in the screening. Based on these data, future monitoring will apply target quantitative LC-MS/MS methods for the most relevant compounds identified.
Assuntos
Águas Residuárias , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Cromatografia Líquida , Colômbia , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
We propose a mathematical model based in ordinary differential equations between bacterial pathogen and Bacteriophages to describe the infection dynamics of these populations, for which we use a nonlinear function with an inhibitory effect. We study the stability of the model using the Lyapunov theory and the second additive compound matrix and perform a global sensitivity analysis to elucidate the most influential parameters in the model, besides we make a parameter estimation using growth data of Escherichia coli (E.coli) bacteria in presence of Coliphages (bacteriophages that infect E.coli) with different multiplicity of infection. We found a threshold that indicates whether the bacteriophage concentration will coexist with the bacterium (the coexistence equilibrium) or become extinct (phages extinction equilibrium), the first equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable while the other is globally asymptotically stable depending on the magnitude of this threshold. Beside we found that the dynamics of the model is particularly affected by infection rate of bacteria and Half-saturation phages density. Parameter estimation show that all multiplicities of infection are effective in eliminating infected bacteria but the smaller one leaves a higher number of bacteriophages at the end of this elimination.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos , Escherichia coli , Colífagos , Bactérias , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES.: To estimate the burden of disease of COVID-19 in the department of Nariño, Colombia, based on the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between March 2020 and August 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: The description and characterization of COVID-19 cases reported between March 2020 and August 2021 was made according to age groups, sex, ethnicity, municipalities of residence and subregions of Nariño by using information from the national surveillance system SIVIGILA. Crude and cumulative mortality rates for COVID-19 were estimated for the previously described variables. Years lost due to premature death (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) were calculated. Total DALYs were estimated by adding YLL + YLD. These were calculated by sex, ethnicity, age group and subregions of Nariño. Relative risks were estimated from rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for the study variables. RESULTS.: The highest morbidity, mortality and DALY rates occurred between February and September 2021, in men, in those older than 70 years, in the Afro-descendant ethnic minority group and in the Central, Obando and Juanambú subregions. The burden of disease of COVID-19 in Nariño during the study period is attributed to the YLL, which explain more than 97% of it. CONCLUSIONS.: This is one of the first studies on burden of disease at the regional level, carried out in Colombia, that employs a standardized methodology for COVID-19. This measurement would generate estimates that would allow targeting resources in an intersectoral manner, mitigating the damage to specific populations and geographic areas, especially the most vulnerable ones.
OBJETIVOS.: Estimar la carga de enfermedad por COVID-19 en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia, a partir del indicador años de vida saludables ajustados por discapacidad (AVISA) entre marzo del 2020 a agosto del 2021. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Con la información del sistema de vigilancia nacional SIVIGILA se hizo la descripción y caracterización de los casos de COVID-19 reportados entre marzo/2020 a agosto/2021, según grupos de edad, sexo, etnia, municipios de residencia y subregiones de Nariño. Se estimaron tasas crudas y de mortalidad acumulada por COVID-19 para las variables previamente descritas. Se calcularon años perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP) y años vividos por discapacidad (AVD). Se estimaron los AVISA totales mediante la suma de APMP + AVD. Estos se calcularon por sexo, etnia, grupo de edad y subregiones de Nariño. Se estimaron los riesgos relativos a partir de las razones de tasas (RT) e intervalos de confianza del 95% para las variables del estudio. RESULTADOS.: Las tasas de morbilidad, mortalidad y AVISA más altas ocurrieron entre febrero y septiembre del 2021, en hombres, en mayores de 70 años, del grupo étnico minoritario afrodescendiente y en las subregiones Centro, Obando y Juanambú. La carga de enfermedad por COVID-19 en Nariño en el periodo de estudio es atribuida a los APMP, los cuales explican más del 97% de la misma. CONCLUSIONES.: Este es uno de los primeros estudios de carga de enfermedad a nivel regional, realizados en Colombia, que emplea una metodología estandarizada para COVID-19. Esta medición generaría estimaciones que permitirían focalizar recursos de forma intersectorial, mitigar el daño a poblaciones y áreas geográficas determinadas, especialmente las más vulnerables.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Etnicidade , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Grupos Minoritários , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da DoençaRESUMO
The optimization of the Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation (CWPO) assisted by an Al/Fe-pillared clay (Al/Fe-PILC) was assessed in the inactivation of the MS2 coliphage in the presence of a synthetic surrogate of natural organic matter (NOM). The simultaneous effect of two experimental factors (i) H2O2 dose - (H2O2)d (3.00-25.50 % of the H2O2 theoretically required for full mineralization) and (ii) catalyst concentration (0.33-2.60 g/L), and four non-controllable variables (covariates) (a) circumneutral pH (6.00-9.00), (b) temperature (5.00-25.0 °C), (c) synthetic NOM concentration (2.0-20.0 mg C/L) and (d) MS2 titer (104, 105 and 106 PFU/mL) was investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Every response was modeled and maximized: (1) MS2 inactivation, (2) fraction of reacted H2O2, (3) decolourization and (4) NOM mineralization. Multi-response optimization via desirability function based on responses (1) to (3) achieved excellent fitting (0.94 out of 1.0) and following set of optimal experimental conditions: 0.33 g Al/Fe-PILC/L, 3.36 % (H2O2)d â(Feactive/H2O2) = 0.46, giving rise to 92.9 % of MS2 inactivation and 100 % of reacted H2O2 at pH 7.07, 25.0 +/- 0.1 °C, 16.06 mg C/L as starting NOM concentration, and MS2 titer of 106 PFU/mL after just 70 min âof reaction.
RESUMO
The scope of this article is to analyze the risk of death by suicide in Colombia based on the covariables of sex, age group, year, region and/or department from 2000 to 2013. The databases of deaths by suicide and population projections of DANE were used. A longitudinal and analytical study was conducted. From 2000 to 2013, annual trends of deaths by suicide by means of modeling of covariables were established and risk estimates were collected. The Poisson regression model (PRM) was used. IRR was used according to the MRP with a level of significance of (P <0.05). Colombians between the years 2000-2013, male, 15 to 34 years old, from the Central and Eastern regions and from the Departments of Vaupés, Huila and Quindío were those with the highest risk of death by suicide. The suicide rate decreased slightly as the years went by. The highest risk of suicide occurred among men of productive age, older adults, and in underdeveloped regions. Colombia requires a mental health policy that implements strategies for primary care, health promotion and disease prevention, aimed at promoting the quality of life, detection of suicidal ideation, treatment and rehabilitation of these people from a comprehensive rights and care approach.
Analizar el riesgo de muerte por suicidio en Colombia, a partir de covariables sexo, grupo etario, año, región y/o departamento de 2000 a 2013. Se utilizaron las bases de datos de muertes por suicidio y proyecciones poblacionales del DANE. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal y analítico. De 2000 a 2013, se establecieron las tendencias anuales de muertes por suicidio por covariables mediante modelación y se recogieron estimaciones de riegos Se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson (MRP). Se emplearon IRR según el MRP con nivel de significancia (P < 0,05). Los colombianos entre los años 2000-2013, de sexo masculino, de 15 a 34 años, de las regiones Central y Oriental y de los Departamentos de Vaupés, Huila y Quindío fueron los que mayor riesgo tuvieron de morir por suicidio. La tasa de suicidios fue levemente decreciente conforme pasaron los años. El mayor riesgo de suicidio ocurrió en hombres en edad productiva, adultos mayores y en regiones poco desarrolladas. Colombia requiere una política de salud mental que implemente estrategias de atención primaria, promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad, orientadas a fomentar la calidad de vida, detección de ideación suicida, tratamiento y rehabilitación a estas personas desde el enfoque de derechos y atención integral.
Assuntos
Qualidade de Vida , Ideação Suicida , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição de Poisson , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto Jovem , Prevenção do SuicídioRESUMO
This study's objective was to measure the vulnerability index of families in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia. In a sample of 270 families of all socioeconomic strata (239 urban and 31 rural), a confidential survey was conducted using the vulnerability index, consisting of five dimensions: demographic, social, economic, environmental, and geography, forecasting, and prevention. The families in strata 1 and 2 and the houses in the center, west, northwest, and northeast of the urban area showed high vulnerability, even higher than those in rural areas. Fifty percent of the families showed low vulnerability and 42% medium vulnerability. The poorest families were the most vulnerable, but poor families were also vulnerable in the municipality of Pasto.
Assuntos
Características da Família , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Populações Vulneráveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Cidades , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Geografia , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , População Rural , População UrbanaRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar la carga de enfermedad por COVID-19 en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia, a partir del indicador años de vida saludables ajustados por discapacidad (AVISA) entre marzo del 2020 a agosto del 2021. Materiales y métodos. Con la información del sistema de vigilancia nacional SIVIGILA se hizo la descripción y caracterización de los casos de COVID-19 reportados entre marzo/2020 a agosto/2021, según grupos de edad, sexo, etnia, municipios de residencia y subregiones de Nariño. Se estimaron tasas crudas y de mortalidad acumulada por COVID-19 para las variables previamente descritas. Se calcularon años perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP) y años vividos por discapacidad (AVD). Se estimaron los AVISA totales mediante la suma de APMP + AVD. Estos se calcularon por sexo, etnia, grupo de edad y subregiones de Nariño. Se estimaron los riesgos relativos a partir de las razones de tasas (RT) e intervalos de confianza del 95% para las variables del estudio. Resultados. Las tasas de morbilidad, mortalidad y AVISA más altas ocurrieron entre febrero y septiembre del 2021, en hombres, en mayores de 70 años, del grupo étnico minoritario afrodescendiente y en las subregiones Centro, Obando y Juanambú. La carga de enfermedad por COVID-19 en Nariño en el periodo de estudio es atribuida a los APMP, los cuales explican más del 97% de la misma. Conclusiones. Este es uno de los primeros estudios de carga de enfermedad a nivel regional, realizados en Colombia, que emplea una metodología estandarizada para COVID-19. Esta medición generaría estimaciones que permitirían focalizar recursos de forma intersectorial, mitigar el daño a poblaciones y áreas geográficas determinadas, especialmente las más vulnerables.
ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate the burden of disease of COVID-19 in the department of Nariño, Colombia, based on the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between March 2020 and August 2021. Materials and methods. The description and characterization of COVID-19 cases reported between March 2020 and August 2021 was made according to age groups, sex, ethnicity, municipalities of residence and subregions of Nariño by using information from the national surveillance system SIVIGILA. Crude and cumulative mortality rates for COVID-19 were estimated for the previously described variables. Years lost due to premature death (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) were calculated. Total DALYs were estimated by adding YLL + YLD. These were calculated by sex, ethnicity, age group and subregions of Nariño. Relative risks were estimated from rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for the study variables. Results. The highest morbidity, mortality and DALY rates occurred between February and September 2021, in men, in those older than 70 years, in the Afro-descendant ethnic minority group and in the Central, Obando and Juanambú subregions. The burden of disease of COVID-19 in Nariño during the study period is attributed to the YLL, which explain more than 97% of it. Conclusions. This is one of the first studies on burden of disease at the regional level, carried out in Colombia, that employs a standardized methodology for COVID-19. This measurement would generate estimates that would allow targeting resources in an intersectoral manner, mitigating the damage to specific populations and geographic areas, especially the most vulnerable ones.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Morbidade , Mortalidade , COVID-19 , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Anos de Vida Ajustados por DeficiênciaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Introduction: the use of oral health services is affected by aspects like age, sex, education, income, occupation, socioeconomic status, availability of services, geographic location, cultural aspects, attitudes towards health, values, lifestyles, previous health care experiences, presence or absence of symptoms, and disabilities. The aim of this study was to identify the determinants to oral health services use among a group of schoolchildren and adolescents with developmental disabilities in the city of Bogota (Colombia). Methods: a descriptive crosssectional study was conducted. A survey on determinants to the use of oral health services was applied to 102 parents of schoolchildren and adolescents with developmental disabilities in the city of Bogota (Colombia) during the first quarter of 2015 through probabilistic sampling. The inclusion criteria were as follows: parents in charge of schoolchildren and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years with an intellectual disability who were in cognitive, psychological and physical ability to respond. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed using the R software version 3.2.0. Results: there was a significant association between enabling factors like consulting for bleeding gums (p = 0.009), visiting a physician for dental problems (p = 0.081), knowledge of health rights (p = 0.001) or consulting the dentist for regular checkups (p = 0.006) and the use oral health services by schoolchildren and adolescents with developmental disabilities Conclusion: it is important to establish improvement strategies by articulating private or public health services providers with institutions devoted to the education of persons with disabilities, in order to reduce the access barriers in this minority group.
RESUMEN Introducción: la utilización de servicios de salud bucal se ve afectada por aspectos como: edad, sexo, educación, ingreso, ocupación, estatus socioeconómico, disponibilidad de servicios, ubicación geográfica, aspectos culturales, actitudes frente a la salud, valores, estilos de vida, experiencias previas de atención y presencia o ausencia de síntomas, y por la discapacidad. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en identificar los factores determinantes de la utilización de los servicios de salud bucal de un grupo de escolares en condición de discapacidad intelectual en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se administró una encuesta sobre factores determinantes de la utilización del servicio de salud bucal a 102 padres de niños y adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual escolarizados en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) durante el primer trimestre del año 2015 mediante muestreo probabilístico. Los criterios de inclusión utilizados fueron: padres cuidadores de niños y adolescentes escolarizados entre 4 y 18 años en condición de discapacidad intelectual y que estuvieran en capacidad cognitiva, psicológica y física para responder. Se realizó análisis bivariado y multivariado utilizando el programa R versión 3.2.0. Resultados: hubo una asociación significativa entre factores de capacidad tales como: la consulta por sangrado de las encías (p=0,009), la consulta al médico por problemas dentales (p=0,081), el conocimiento de los derechos de salud general (p=0,001) y la consulta al odontólogo por revisión periódica (p=0,006) con la utilización de los servicios de salud bucal de los escolares con discapacidad intelectual. Conclusión: es importante establecer estrategias de mejoramiento a partir de la articulación de la prestación privada o pública de servicios de salud con las instituciones educativas de personas con discapacidad con el fin de contribuir a la reducción de las barreras de acceso de este grupo humano minoritario.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Bucal , Criança , Deficiência IntelectualRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Poverty and social inequalities together with sexually transmitted diseases have a negative impact on women's health, which is considered to be a public health problem. Objective: To analyze barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health services in cleaning workers. Materials and methods: A survey was administered to a sample of 37 female cleaning workers at a hospital in Bogotá D.C. A bivariate analysis was performed with chi-square test, as well as a multivariate analysis with binomial logistic regression. Results: Need factors showed greater association with non-use of sexual health services. All married women had accessed the service over the past 12 months, but there were 5.9 less possibilities of using sexual and reproductive health services when there was no awareness about risk behaviors of sexually transmitted diseases. Conclusion: The determining factor for the utilization of sexual health services is the health care need factor. Variables such as perception of risk behaviors and appropriateness of health care significantly influence the use of the service.
Resumen Introducción. La pobreza y las desigualdades sociales, junto a infecciones de transmisión sexual, tienen un impacto negativo en la salud de la mujer, lo que se considera un problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Analizar las barreras de acceso para la utilización de servicios de salud sexual de las mujeres trabajadoras en servicios generales. Materiales y métodos. Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de 37 mujeres trabajadoras en servicios generales en un hospital de Bogotá D.C. Se realizó análisis bivariado con prueba chi cuadrado y multivariado con regresión logística binomial. Resultados. Los factores de necesidad tuvieron mayor asociación con la no utilización de los servicios de salud sexual. Todas las mujeres casadas accedieron al servicio en los últimos 12 meses y existe 5.9 menos posibilidades de utilizar los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva si se desconocen las conductas de riesgo de las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Conclusión. El principal factor determinante para la utilización de los servicios de salud sexual es el factor de necesidad de atención en salud, cuyas variables, como la percepción de conductas de riesgo y la pertinencia de la atención en salud, influyen significativamente en la utilización del servicio.
RESUMO
Resumen Analizar el riesgo de muerte por suicidio en Colombia, a partir de covariables sexo, grupo etario, año, región y/o departamento de 2000 a 2013. Se utilizaron las bases de datos de muertes por suicidio y proyecciones poblacionales del DANE. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal y analítico. De 2000 a 2013, se establecieron las tendencias anuales de muertes por suicidio por covariables mediante modelación y se recogieron estimaciones de riegos Se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson (MRP). Se emplearon IRR según el MRP con nivel de significancia (P < 0,05). Los colombianos entre los años 2000-2013, de sexo masculino, de 15 a 34 años, de las regiones Central y Oriental y de los Departamentos de Vaupés, Huila y Quindío fueron los que mayor riesgo tuvieron de morir por suicidio. La tasa de suicidios fue levemente decreciente conforme pasaron los años. El mayor riesgo de suicidio ocurrió en hombres en edad productiva, adultos mayores y en regiones poco desarrolladas. Colombia requiere una política de salud mental que implemente estrategias de atención primaria, promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad, orientadas a fomentar la calidad de vida, detección de ideación suicida, tratamiento y rehabilitación a estas personas desde el enfoque de derechos y atención integral.
Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the risk of death by suicide in Colombia based on the covariables of sex, age group, year, region and/or department from 2000 to 2013. The databases of deaths by suicide and population projections of DANE were used. A longitudinal and analytical study was conducted. From 2000 to 2013, annual trends of deaths by suicide by means of modeling of covariables were established and risk estimates were collected. The Poisson regression model (PRM) was used. IRR was used according to the MRP with a level of significance of (P <0.05). Colombians between the years 2000-2013, male, 15 to 34 years old, from the Central and Eastern regions and from the Departments of Vaupés, Huila and Quindío were those with the highest risk of death by suicide. The suicide rate decreased slightly as the years went by. The highest risk of suicide occurred among men of productive age, older adults, and in underdeveloped regions. Colombia requires a mental health policy that implements strategies for primary care, health promotion and disease prevention, aimed at promoting the quality of life, detection of suicidal ideation, treatment and rehabilitation of these people from a comprehensive rights and care approach.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Qualidade de Vida , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Ideação Suicida , Suicídio/prevenção & controle , Distribuição de Poisson , Fatores Sexuais , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Longitudinais , Bases de Dados Factuais , Fatores Etários , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) desde el año 1993 y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en 1996, aceptaron que la violencia es un problema de salud pública, situación que se corrobora en el Informe de Violencia y Salud, en el cual América Latina presentó una tasa de homicidios de 18 por cada 100.000 personas, y es considerada como una de las regiones más violentas del mundo. Objetivo: Detectar patrones delictivos con técnicas de minería de datos en el Observatorio del Delito del municipio de Pasto (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM), una de las metodologías utilizadas en el desarrollo de proyectos de minería de datos en los ambientes académico e industrial. La fuente de información fue el Observatorio del Delito del municipio de Pasto, donde está almacenadas las cifras históricas, limpias y transformadas sobre las lesiones de causa externa (fatales y no fatales), registrados en 11 años. Resultados: Se construyó un modelo de clasificación basado en árboles de decisión que permitió descubrir patrones de muertes por causa externa. Para el caso de homicidios, estos sucedieron en su mayoría en la Comuna 5 de Pasto, los fines de semana, en la madrugada, en el segundo semestre del año, en la vía pública y las víctimas fueron hombres adultos, de oficios varios, la causa de los homicidios fueron riñas y se produjeron con arma de fuego. Conclusión: El conocimiento generado ayudará a los organismos gubernamentales y de seguridad a tomar decisiones eficaces en lo relacionado a la implementación de planes de prevención de delitos y seguridad ciudadana.
Abstract Introduction: The Pan American Health Organization (PHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) accepted, since the year 1993 and 1996 respectively, that violence is a public health problem, a situation that is corroborated in the report on violence and health, in which Latin America presented a homicide rate of 18 per 100,000 people, and it is considered one of the most violent regions in the world. Objective: To detect criminal patterns with data mining techniques in the Crime Observatory of the municipality of Pasto (Colombia). Materials and methods: Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) was applied, which is one of the methodologies used in the development of data mining projects in academic and industrial environments. The source of information was the Crime Observatory of the municipality of Pasto, where the historical clean and transformed figures on the injuries of external cause (fatal and nonfatal) recorded in 11 years are stored. Results: A decision tree-based classification model was built that allowed the discovery of patterns of deaths from external causes. In the case of homicide, these happened mostly in the commune 5 in Pasto under the following circumstances: during the weekends, in the early morning, in the second semester of the year and in the public thoroughfare; besides, the victims were adult men of various professions; and the cause of the homicides were quarrels and they were produced with a fire gun. Conclusion: The generated knowledge will help government and security agencies make effective decisions regarding the implementation of crime prevention and citizen security plans.
Assuntos
Reconhecimento Automatizado de Padrão , Classificação , Mineração de Dados , Árvores de DecisõesRESUMO
El objetivo del estudio fue medir la tasa de vulnerabilidad de las familias en el municipio de Pasto, Colombia. En una muestra de 270 familias de todos los estratos socioeconómicos, 239 en áreas urbanas y 31 en las zonas rurales, se realizó una investigación de carácter confidencial, utilizando el índice de vulnerabilidad, consistente en cinco dimensiones: demográfica, social, económica, ambiental y geográfica, así como previsión y prevención. Las familias estrato 1 y 2, así como los hogares del centro, oeste, noroeste y nordeste del área urbana del municipio, presentaron alta vulnerabilidad, incluso más que aquellas en áreas rurales. Un 50% de las familias estaban localizadas dentro de baja vulnerabilidad y un 42% estaban en nivel medio. Las familias más pobres fueron las más vulnerables, sin embargo, las familias pobres también eran vulnerables en el municipio de Pasto.
This study's objective was to measure the vulnerability index of families in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia. In a sample of 270 families of all socioeconomic strata (239 urban and 31 rural), a confidential survey was conducted using the vulnerability index, consisting of five dimensions: demographic, social, economic, environmental, and geography, forecasting, and prevention. The families in strata 1 and 2 and the houses in the center, west, northwest, and northeast of the urban area showed high vulnerability, even higher than those in rural areas. Fifty percent of the families showed low vulnerability and 42% medium vulnerability. The poorest families were the most vulnerable, but poor families were also vulnerable in the municipality of Pasto.
O objetivo do estudo foi medir a taxa de vulnerabilidade das famílias no Município de Pasto, Colômbia. Em uma amostra de 270 famílias de todos os estratos socioeconômicos, 239 em áreas urbanas e 31 nas zonas rurais, uma pesquisa confidencial foi realizada usando-se o índice de vulnerabilidade e consiste em cinco dimensões: demográfica, social, econômica, ambiental e geográfica, e previsão e prevenção. As famílias dos estratos 1 e 2, bem como as casas do centro, oeste, noroeste e nordeste da área urbana do município apresentaram alta vulnerabilidade, ainda maior do que aqueles das áreas rurais. Cinquenta por cento das famílias estavam localizadas em baixa vulnerabilidade e 42% eram de nível médio. As famílias mais pobres são as mais vulneráveis, no entanto, as famílias pobres também eram vulneráveis no Município de Pasto.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Características da Família , Populações Vulneráveis/estatística & dados numéricos , População Rural , População Urbana , Estudos Transversais , Cidades , Colômbia , Geografia , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
El objetivo del estudio fue medir la tasa de vulnerabilidad de las familias en el municipio de Pasto, Colombia. En una muestra de 270 familias de todos los estratos socioeconómicos, 239 en áreas urbanas y 31 en las zonas rurales, se realizó una investigación de carácter confidencial, utilizando el índice de vulnerabilidad, consistente en cinco dimensiones: demográfica, social, económica, ambiental y geográfica, así como previsión y prevención. Las familias estrato 1 y 2, así como los hogares del centro, oeste, noroeste y nordeste del área urbana del municipio, presentaron alta vulnerabilidad, incluso más que aquellas en áreas rurales. Un 50% de las familias estaban localizadas dentro de baja vulnerabilidad y un 42% estaban en nivel medio. Las familias más pobres fueron las más vulnerables, sin embargo, las familias pobres también eran vulnerables en el municipio de Pasto.
This study's objective was to measure the vulnerability index of families in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia. In a sample of 270 families of all socioeconomic strata (239 urban and 31 rural), a confidential survey was conducted using the vulnerability index, consisting of five dimensions: demographic, social, economic, environmental, and geography, forecasting, and prevention. The families in strata 1 and 2 and the houses in the center, west, northwest, and northeast of the urban area showed high vulnerability, even higher than those in rural areas. Fifty percent of the families showed low vulnerability and 42% medium vulnerability. The poorest families were the most vulnerable, but poor families were also vulnerable in the municipality of Pasto.
O objetivo do estudo foi medir a taxa de vulnerabilidade das famílias no Município de Pasto, Colômbia. Em uma amostra de 270 famílias de todos os estratos socioeconômicos, 239 em áreas urbanas e 31 nas zonas rurais, uma pesquisa confidencial foi realizada usando-se o índice de vulnerabilidade e consiste em cinco dimensões: demográfica, social, econômica, ambiental e geográfica, e previsão e prevenção. As famílias dos estratos 1 e 2, bem como as casas do centro, oeste, noroeste e nordeste da área urbana do município apresentaram alta vulnerabilidade, ainda maior do que aqueles das áreas rurais. Cinquenta por cento das famílias estavam localizadas em baixa vulnerabilidade e 42% eram de nível médio. As famílias mais pobres são as mais vulneráveis, no entanto, as famílias pobres também eram vulneráveis no Município de Pasto.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Características da Família , Populações Vulneráveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Modelos Teóricos , Cidades , População Rural , População Urbana , ColômbiaRESUMO
Introduction. Coping, regarded as the set of responses to stressful situations, executed to handle and neutralize them, is part of the psychological resources of human beings and it is a personal trait evidenced as intervening in terms of perceived quality of life. Objective. To determine the relationship between coping strategies and quality of life in cancer patients at different stages of their cancer condition at an oncology unit in the province of Nariño, Colombia. Materials and Methods. Cross-sectional study in a sample of 120 cancer patients attending in COEMSSANAR IPS, located in Pasto, Nariño. Results. It was observed that the most adopted type of coping was "positive attitude", followed by "positive guidance", while the least adopted ones were "anxious care" and "hopeless". As for quality of life, it is evidenced that is favorable for this population. The relationship between coping and quality of life is different for each stage of cancer. Patients with better coping are those with higher quality of life. Conclusion. A greater effort of the State and the institutions providing health services for the adoption of coping strategies in patients affected by cancer at all stages would significantly improve the quality of life of these people.
Introducción. El afrontamiento, entendido como el conjunto de respuestas ejecutadas para mantener y neutralizar situaciones estresantes, es parte de los recursos psicológicos del individuo y es una de las variables personales evidenciadas como intervinientes en los niveles de calidad de vida percibida. Objetivo. Determinar la relación existente entre las estrategias de afrontamiento y la calidad de vida de pacientes oncológicos en diferentes estadios del cáncer en una unidad de oncológica de Nariño, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en una muestra de 120 pacientes oncológicos de Cooemssanar IPS en su sede de Pasto. Resultados. Se observó que el tipo de afrontamiento más adoptado fue "actitud positiva", seguido de "orientación positiva", y los menos adoptados fueron "preocupación ansiosa" y "sin esperanza". En cuanto a la calidad de vida, se evidencia que es favorable para la población estudiada, aunque la relación entre el afrontamiento y esta es diferente para cada estadio del cáncer. Los pacientes con mejor afrontamiento son los que tienen mayor calidad de vida. Conclusión. Un mayor esfuerzo del Estado y de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud para la adopción de estrategias de afrontamiento en los pacientes afectados por el cáncer, en todos sus estadios, mejoraría notablemente la calidad de vida de estas personas.
RESUMO
Background. The right to health is considered to be a fundamental human right. Therefore, it is a starting point from which to combat unjust and immoral inequalities. It is essential to study the process through which a need for attention is completely satisfied. Objective. To analyze determinants of access to oral health care among university students in municipality of Pasto. Materials and methods. A sample of 338 university students answered a confidential survey that was based upon previous studies using a health care services utilization behavioral model. Results. In terms of enabling factors, the students that responded as ‘having a bad health state’ were those that used oral health care services the most in last year, while those students that responded as "being dissatisfied with the appearance of their teeth’ used oral health care services less. In relation to need factors, the students whose quality of life was not affected by physical impairment and physical pain used oral health care services less. Predisposing factors were not statistically significant. Conclusions. This study found that enabling and need factors were associated with recent dental consultations by university students in the municipality of Pasto.
Antecedentes. El derecho a la salud es considerado un derecho humano fundamental, por tanto, es un principio para combatir las desigualdades -injustas e inmorales-. Así, es fundamental estudiar el proceso mediante el cual una necesidad de atención se satisface completamente. Objetivo. Analizar los determinantes de acceso a los servicios de salud bucal en estudiantes universitarios del municipio de Pasto. Materiales y métodos. En una muestra de 338 estudiantes universitarios se aplicó una encuesta confidencial utilizando un modelo comportamental de uso de servicios de salud. Resultados. Sobre los factores de capacidad, los estudiantes que respondieron tener mal estado de salud utilizaron más los servicios de salud bucal en el último año, mientras que los que reportaron estar insatisfechos con la apariencia de sus dientes utilizaron menos los servicios. Respecto a los factores de necesidad, los estudiantes que no tienen afectada su calidad de vida por incapacidad física y dolor físico utilizan menos los servicios de salud bucal. Los factores predisponentes no arrojaron resultados significativos. Conclusiones: Este estudio encontró que los factores de capacidad y de necesidades estaban asociados con la consulta odontológica reciente en estudiantes universitarios del municipio de Pasto.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Introduction: In Colombia, information on cancer morbidity at the population level is limited. Incidence estimates for most regions are based on mortality data. To improve the validity of these estimates, it is necessary that other population-based cancer registries, as well as Cali, provide cancer risk information. Objective: To describe the incidence and cancer mortality in the municipality of Pasto within the 1998-2007 period. Methodology: The study population belongs to rural and urban areas of the municipality of Pasto. Collection, processing, and systematization of the data were performed according to internationally standardized parameters for population-based cancer registries. The cancer incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age, and tumor Results: During the 1998-2007 period 4,986 new cases of cancer were recorded of which 57.7% were in female. 2,503 deaths were presented, 52% in female. Neoplasm-associated infections are the leading cause of cancer morbidity in Pasto: stomach cancer in males and cervical cancer in females. Discussion: Cancer in general is a major health problem for the population of the municipality of Pasto. The overall behavior of the increasing incidence and cancer mortality in relation to other causes of death show the need to implement and strengthen prevention and promotion programs, focusing especially on tumors that produce greater morbidity and mortality in the population.
RESUMEN Introducción. En Colombia es limitada la información de morbilidad por cáncer dentro de la población. Las estimaciones de incidencia para la mayoría de las regiones se basan en los datos de mortalidad. Para mejorar la validez de estas estimaciones, es necesario que otros Registros poblacionales de cáncer, además de Cali, proporcionen información del riesgo de cáncer. Objetivo. Describir la incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer en el municipio de Pasto durante el período 1998-2007. Metodología. La población objeto de estudio pertenece al área rural y urbana del municipio de Pasto. La recolección, procesamiento y sistematización de los datos se realizó de acuerdo con parámetros estandarizados internacionalmente para Registros poblacionales de cáncer. Las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad se calcularon por género, edad y localización del tumor. Resultados. En el período 1998-2007 se registraron 4.986 casos nuevos de cáncer, de ellos, 57,7% se presentó en mujeres. Se reportaron 2.503 muertes, 52% en mujeres. Las neoplasias asociadas con infecciones son la primera causa de morbilidad por cáncer en Pasto: cáncer de estómago en hombres y cáncer de cuello uterino en mujeres. Discusión. El cáncer, en general, constituye un importante problema de salud para la población del municipio de Pasto. El comportamiento global de la incidencia y el aumento de la mortalidad por cáncer en relación con otras causas de muerte, evidencian la necesidad de fomentar y fortalecer programas de promoción y prevención, enfocados especialmente hacia los tumores que producen mayor morbi-mortalidad en la población.