Analysis of Cephalometric Differences of the Midface and Upper Face in Males and Females: A Radiographic Study.

Gender affirmation facial surgery (GAFS) is an important component in treating gender dysphoria among transgender individuals by addressing gender incongruence of the face. There is a paucity of literature describing objective characterizations of the anatomic differences between male and female faces. In this study, cephalometric measurements were taken on routine CT imaging performed on cisgender patients between 2017 and 2020. Specifically defined cephalometric landmarks of the upper and midface were measured and compared between male and female cohorts. Thirty-eight patients, 19 male and 19 female, were identified for this study. Significant differences were identified in the frontal prominence, orbital size, malar height, bizygomatic width, nose, and upper lip, with moderate rates of specificity for each gender. Some important ratios are also presented. Differences in the malar region and the orbit highlight the importance of these areas as a point of focus for GAFS. These cephalometric findings provide objective evidence and parameters for perceived anatomic differences in male and female faces. In addition, they help both corroborate current surgical techniques as well as guide future approaches to GAFS.

Analysis of Cephalometric Points in Male and Female Mandibles: An Application to Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery.

Gender-affirming facial surgery is a common intervention for transgender patients because of its ability to decrease the frequency of misgendering. Many anatomic targets can be addressed, but the mandible is the primary aspect of the lower third of the face that is manipulated during these procedures. This study's objective is to quantify the differences in cephalometric measurements between male and female mandibles on maxillofacial imaging, with the goal of identifying surgical targets for gender affirmation. A nonrandomized, retrospective, single-institution, case-control study of 387 patients who underwent maxillofacial computed tomography during 2017-2020 was performed. After excluding patients with imaging that did not capture the entire head or had deforming pathology of the face, a total of 113 patients were included. Cephalometric measurements that corresponded to areas reported by patients as sources of dysphoria were selected for analysis. These included mandibular width, ramus height, lateral flare, masseter volume, total face height, and the values of the mandibular angles in degrees. The relationship of masseter volume to the other measurements was also characterized. Significantly greater masseter volume was seen in males compared with females, and a greater masseter thickness was also seen in males. The mandibular angle was more acute in males than females. Aggregate analysis of muscle volume and thickness was positively correlated with ramus height, lateral flare, and mandibular width. Ramus, mental, and total facial height correlated directly with patient height in males but not in females. These data provide a normative baseline for planning lower facial gender-affirming surgery.

Botulinum Toxin Type-A for Lip Augmentation: "Lip Flip".

ABSTRACT: Over the last 10 years there has been an explosion in the number of minimally invasive procedures that patients undertake with increasing uses of botulinum neurotoxin type A for off label indications. One area of expansion over the past several years is the "Lip Flip" which involves injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A along the vermillion border to improve lip contour, eversion and fullness. While techniques and results for "gummy smile" and perioral vertical rhytids have been previously reported, minimal literature exists on this new trend, including whether such increased interest truly exists. Therefore, the authors aim to explore whether there is a rising trend regarding "lip flip" and report on clinical results from patients treated in our practice.

3D-Printed Custom Cutting Guides Facilitate Frontal Cranioplasty in Gender Affirmation Surgery.

ABSTRACT: Frontal cranioplasty in gender affirmation surgery requires precise identification of the borders of the frontal sinus in order to reduce brow prominence effectively and avoid complications. Several approaches to this have been described in the literature, but many techniques are imprecise or logistically cumbersome. Custom 3D-printing of cutting guides is an emerging modality that offers a method of identifying the frontal sinus accurately and rapidly. We herein present the results of 5 transgender woman who underwent type 3 frontal cranioplasty with the assistance of 3D-printed custom cutting guides. Our preliminary analysis suggests that the use of custom 3D-printed cutting guides is safe and would likely be cost-effective for many surgeons.

Safety of 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate in Spreader Grafting.

Cyanoacrylate adhesives can make the placement of spreader grafts in open septorhinoplasty technically easier, but its use is off-label beneath the skin. There is a theoretical risk of toxicity from cyanoacrylate breakdown products, but this risk has not been thoroughly studied in rhinoplasty. The objective was to evaluate the effects of subcutaneous cyanoacrylate use during spreader graft placement in rhinoplasty in a retrospective review of open septorhinoplasties in which 2-octyl cyanoacrylate was used to aid placement of spreader grafts. The review was carried out in a tertiary care military academic medical center. A total of 140 adults underwent open septorhinoplasty between September 2013 and May 2016 with spreader graft placement. The authors excluded patients in whom 2-octyl cyanoacrylate was not used to aid graft placement and those who did not follow up postoperatively in our clinic. 108 (85 males and 23 females) patients were included in the final analysis. Nine (8.3%) patients had inflammatory reactions possibly attributable to 2-octyl cyanoacrylate toxicity. The overall rate of postoperative inflammation possibly attributable to 2-octyl cyanoacrylate was 17% among females and 5.9% among males, and this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). However, the rate of postoperative inflammation attributable to 2-octyl cyanoacrylate that required an intervention (incision and drainage or antibiotics) was 2.7% overall, 13% among women and 0% among men, and this difference was significant based on chi-square testing (p < 0.001). Further, revision cases were significantly more likely to develop abnormal postoperative inflammation than initial cases (p = 0.02). Herein, the authors present the largest series of patients in whom 2-octyl cyanoacrylate was used to assist placement of cartilage spreader grafts during open septorhinoplasty. While 2-octyl cyanoacrylate is an effective adjunct to facilitate graft placement, they recommend against its use, as the risk of postoperative inflammation is significant.

Long-term functional recovery after facial nerve transection and repair in the rat.

BACKGROUND: The rodent model is commonly used to study facial nerve injury. Because of the exceptional regenerative capacity of the rodent facial nerve, it is essential to consider the timing when studying facial nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Short-term functional recovery data following transection and repair of the facial nerve has been documented by our laboratory. However, because of the limitations of the head fixation device, there is a lack of long-term data following facial nerve injury. The objective of this study was to elucidate the long-term time course and functional deficit following facial nerve transection and repair in a rodent model. METHODS: Adult rats were divided into group 1 (controls) and group 2 (experimental). Group 1 animals underwent head fixation, followed by a facial nerve injury, and functional testing was performed from day 7 to day 70. Group 2 animals underwent facial nerve injury, followed by delayed head fixation, and then underwent functional testing from months 6 to 8. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the average whisking amplitudes in group 1 and group 2 animals. CONCLUSION: Functional whisking recovery 6 months after facial nerve injury is comparable to recovery within 1 to 4 months of transection and repair, thus the ideal window for evaluating facial nerve recovery falls within the 4 months after injury.

Ovine model for auricular reconstruction: porous polyethylene implants.

OBJECTIVES: We developed a large animal model for auricular reconstruction with engineered cartilage frameworks and evaluated the performance of porous polyethylene auricular implants in this model. METHODS: Eighteen high-density porous polyethylene auricular frameworks were implanted subcutaneously in the infra-auricular areas of 9 sheep. The implants were harvested 17 weeks later for gross and histologic examination. The perioperative and postoperative courses were carefully documented. RESULTS: Five implants became exposed, and 2 implants needed to be removed at 7 weeks. Additionally, 1 infected implant was removed at 2 weeks. Seromas developed in 2 implants because of drain failures and were drained successfully during the first postoperative week. There were no other surgical site complications. The remaining 10 implants had an acceptable cosmetic appearance at 17 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The perioperative complication rate in the ovine porous polyethylene auricular implant model was higher than that reported for auricular reconstructions in humans. The implant exposures were likely caused by ischemia and excessive stress on the thin overlying skin, because vascularized flap coverage was not used. The histologic findings were comparable to the results reported for other animal models. This large animal model is appropriate for auricular reconstruction experiments, including engineered constructs.

Lessons Learned: Large-Scale Perfused Cadaver Training in Three Different Curricular Environments.

BACKGROUND: Perfused cadavers are viable training models for operating room surgical skills, increasing fidelity of vascular anatomy, dissection, and tissue handling. In addition, perfused cadavers may have benefits in military medical training environments with a focus on hemorrhage control and vascular access. OBJECTIVES: We created a large-scale training exercise with perfused cadavers in three different environments and aim to share the curricular design and feedback from the exercise. METHODS: We conducted a 4-day simulation training exercise with 13 perfused cadavers in 3 different environments: hospital environment, the austere echelons of care environment, and a controlled-settings tent for hemorrhage control and needle decompression training. Through an anonymous online survey and an after-action review (AAR), we elicited feedback on advantages, disadvantages, costs, and comparison to models of porcine and fresh cadavers for procedures and existing courses. RESULTS: A total of 324 participants were trained with 13 perfused cadavers for over 4 days from a variety of specialties and on different procedures and surgical skills. Based on 130 respondents to the survey and the AAR, perfused cadavers were rated to have realistic arterial bleeding and bleeding control training. In addition, perfused cadavers provided increased realism and fidelity for surgical skills. There were disadvantages of logistical requirements, cleanup, costs, and mobility. CONCLUSION: Perfused cadavers can be implemented effectively for hemorrhage control training, surgical and procedure skills, and even exercises in austere environments, but require significant logistical and planning considerations. The training value is maximized with a progressive curriculum from hemorrhage control iterations to more invasive surgical procedures, such as thoracotomy and exploratory laparotomy.

A comparison of facial nerve grading systems.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare a computerized tool to standard objective clinical scales for global and zone-specific assessment of facial nerve function. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of 77 patients with facial paralysis who underwent facial videography. Videos were independently scored by 3 facial nerve specialists using the House-Brackmann Scales (HBI and HBII). Digital scoring was performed with Facogram software. Scores were recorded and compared using intraclass and Pearson (r) correlations. RESULTS: Interobserver correlation was high with HBII, with overall scores in excellent agreement (intraclass correlation range, 0.78-0.95; P ≤ 0.0001). There were strong correlations between Facogram and HBII (r ≥ 0.67, P ≤ 0.0001) and strong intraobserver correlations between HBI and HBII (r ≥ 0.71, P ≤ 0.0001). The HBII required more clinician time [mean (SD), 72 (21) seconds per case], compared with Facogram, which did not require any clinician time. CONCLUSIONS: An automated, zone-specific facial analysis tool can eliminate clinician subjectivity and allow standardized assessment of facial paralysis.

Metastatic Melanoma: A Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Metastatic melanoma, though less common than other skin cancers, remains one of the deadliest, particularly in late-stage disease. Our report aims to highlight the importance of early detection and treatment to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and significant disfigurement associated with advanced melanoma. The subject of this case is an 81-year-old female who presented to our emergency department as a trauma patient after being found lying down by a neighbor for an unknown amount of time. She was discovered to have a large fungating nasal mass which was subsequently diagnosed as highly invasive melanoma. A thorough workup revealed a metastatic cerebellar lesion, a large ulcerated basal cell carcinoma eroding her calvarium, and a hemorrhagic lesion within her internal capsule that left her with right-sided hemiparesis. During hospitalization, she underwent palliative resection of the primary nasal mass with flap reconstruction, radiation therapy for her cerebellar lesion, and daily physical therapy. Additional surgery was required for hematoma evacuation and pedicle dissection. Though lockdowns were an important part of the pandemic, they were not without their drawbacks, many of which are still being elucidated. Particularly, by utilizing telehealth services, our patient may have had earlier recognition of her melanoma and a better outcome. Regardless, enhancing patient education and maintaining access to care even through lockdowns poses a potential target for improving melanoma survivability while decreasing associated morbidity.

Combined Multidisciplinary Gender-Affirming Surgery During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Model to Optimize Access to Care, Resource Utilization and Medical Readiness for Military Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Access to surgical care for gender-affirming surgery (GAS) has been a persistent challenge within the DoD due to long waiting lists, strict insurance requirements, and surgeon/subspecialty scarcity. These issues were magnified during the COVID-19 pandemic response, as limited resources led to postponement of "elective" surgeries. To remedy this, our center organized a multidisciplinary collaboration to perform simultaneous GAS. This model is necessary to optimize the quality-of-life and medical readiness for a particularly marginalized population within the U.S. Military who now constitute roughly 1% of all active duty personnel. In addition, one-stage surgery provides a feasible solution to streamlining care and decreasing DoD personnel health care costs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a case describing successful multidisciplinary surgical management of a transgender woman desiring multiple GASs. We include a comparative, cost-benefit analysis to emphasize the advantages of single-stage over multistage surgeries. RESULTS: Our patient is a 24-year-old active duty transgender female who underwent breast augmentation and fat harvesting with plastic surgery, which was immediately followed by simultaneous simple orchiectomy by urology and facial feminizing surgery with otolaryngology. Total operative time was 8.3 hours. Our patient was discharged on post-operative day 1 and had an uneventful recovery without complications. Keys to successful implementation included the judicious, coordinated use of local analgesia as well as the organization of separate operating room bedside tables and scrub techs for each team. Total convalescent leave time and temporary profile duration were reduced by 50% relative to the staged approach: 4 weeks and 3 months versus 8 weeks and 6 months, respectively. Of note, anesthesia provider fees total ∼$8,213 when surgeries are performed as three separate events. For one-stage surgery, anesthesia fees amount to only $1,063 (assuming ∼10 hour anesthesia time with a CRNA provider). CONCLUSIONS: Our case study demonstrates that one-stage multidisciplinary surgery can be accomplished without added risk to the patient. Judicious surgical planning, including having surgeons operating at the same time, reduces operative time and provides for efficient operating room utilization. Simultaneous GAS is an effective approach to improve access to surgical care for transgender patients. A single anesthetic enables patients to achieve their surgical goals sooner and to lessen their overall recovery time. This allows service members to return to duty sooner, supporting the Defense Health Agency mission to ensure a medically-ready force. This model should become the standard within MTFs across the DoD, as it promotes improved quality-of-life for patients, decreases personnel costs, and ensures medical readiness.

Biochemical Compositional Analysis of Cadaveric Rib Cartilage.

Background: Cadaveric rib is used as a cartilage source for reconstructive rhinoplasty in patients who lack sufficient native septal cartilage; however, these grafts are known to warp. Objective: To measure and compare the biochemical properties of cadaveric rib as related to age, gender, and cortical versus core location. Methods: Seven cadaveric rib cartilage specimens were obtained and sectioned into cortical and core segments. Biochemical assays were used to determine total collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content. Results: Collagen was present in higher amounts in cortical segments than core samples (72.8 ± 35.14 vs. 37.3 ± 16.99 µg/mgww, p = 0.0005). sGAG was also shown to be more prevalent in cortical segments (25.47 ± 11.59 vs. 12.17 ± 7.15 µg/mgww, p < 0.0001). The concentrations of collagen and sGAG demonstrated a positive correlation (R2 = 0.44, p = 0.0004). Collagen and sGAG content decreased with the age of the donor (p = 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively), but donor gender did not appear to affect collagen or sGAG content (p = 0.62 and p = 0.43, respectively). Conclusion: Collagen and sGAG content was higher in cortical segments of cadaveric rib cartilage than in core segments, and higher in samples from younger cadavers as well.

Composite Sterno-Omohyoid Functional Muscle Transfer for Dual-Vector Smile Reanimation: A Case Series.

Background: Facial reanimation flaps often add bulk and produce single-vector smiles, and multivector flaps frequently require challenging intramuscular dissection. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of sterno-omohyoid flap (SOHF) transfer for dual-vector smile reanimation by measuring upper dental show and oral commissure movement. Methods: SOHF transfers from 2017 to 2020 were retrospectively evaluated using eFACE and Emotrics software. Results: Four patients with flaccid and one with nonflaccid facial paralysis were identified (four females and one male, median age: 39 years (range: 38-65); two acoustic neuromas, two congenital, one temporal bone fracture). Median follow-up was 20 months (range: 14-26). All flaps received masseteric nerves and two had additional cross-face grafts. Four developed contraction [median time to contraction: 5.5 months (range: 3-10)]. Mean oral commissure excursion and dental exposure improvements were 7.6 ± 4.0 mm (p = 0.03) and 2.9 ± 1.8 mm (p = 0.05), respectively. Dynamic, smile, and midface-smile eFACE improvements were 20.3 ± 6.8 (p = 0.007), 25.5 ± 14.5 (p = 0.03), and 50.5 ± 12.0 mm (p = 0.004) points, respectively. Mean SOHF mass was 14 ± 1.7 g. Conclusion: The SOHF is a small flap that provides dual-vector smile reanimation in flaccid and nonflaccid facial paralysis.

Rare Manifestation of Sjögren's Syndrome as Unilateral Facial Paralysis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Herein, we present a unique case of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) first presenting as facial palsy, as well as a literature review of case reports describing SS-associated facial paralysis. A PubMed search for papers containing the keywords Sjögren's syndrome or Sjögren's disease, as well as facial paralysis, facial paresis, facial palsy, or Bell's palsy, was performed. Articles not in English and cases of SS not involving facial paralysis were excluded. Appropriate articles were reviewed for patient demographics and symptoms of SS, including laterality of facial paralysis, cranial nerve involvement, and comorbid diseases. House-Brackmann grades were annotated based on either assignment by individual case reports or the authors' descriptions when sufficient details were present. Of 43 peer-reviewed articles found, 14 were both in the English language and provided adequate information on a total of 16 patients with facial paralysis and SS diagnosis. Ultimately, SS and other systemic autoimmune disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with insidious onset facial paralysis.

Determining the Prognosis of Bell's Palsy Based on Severity at Presentation and Electroneuronography.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the demographics of Bell's palsy and determine how House-Brackmann (HB) grade at nadir and electroneuronography (ENoG) results correlate with HB grade after recovery and development of synkinesis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care military medical center. METHODS: Patients with acute Bell's palsy and adequate follow-up, defined as 6 months or return to HB grade I function, were included. Demographic information, HB scores at nadir and recovery, and ENoG results were collected. RESULTS: A total of 112 patient records were analyzed. Ages ranged from 8 to 87 years with peaks at 21 to 25 and 61 to 65 years. Among patients, 16.3% reached a nadir at HB II, 41.9% at HB III, 5.4% at HB IV, 16.3% at HB V, and 20.1% at HB VI. The overall recovery rate was 73.2% to HB I function, 17.0% to HB II, and 9.8% to HB III. The chance of recovery to HB I decreased as the severity of paralysis increased (rs = -1.0, P < .0001). Mean time to recovery to HB I was 6 weeks. Greater degeneration on ENoG suggested worse recovery (rs = 0.62, P = .01). Patients with HB V and VI were most likely to develop synkinesis. CONCLUSION: More severe paralysis increased the chance of recovery to HB II or III function. The granularity of this study provides prognostic insights that may inform the counseling of patients with Bell's palsy with respect to prognosis and recovery timeline.

Computer-Aided Rhinoplasty Using a Novel "navigated" Nasal Osteotomy Technique: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical technique of navigation-guided nasal osteotomies and assess feasibility of this technique for treating complex nasal bone deformities in reconstructive rhinoplasty. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed in order to identify patients who underwent computer-aided rhinoplasty from August 2014 to February 2017. Inclusion criteria were nasal bone deformities on computed-tomography (CT) that correlated with specific nasal complaints. All patients underwent computer-aided rhinoplasty with navigation-guided nasal osteotomies using a standard navigation system. Osteotomies were performed using real-time visualization on the navigation screen. Additional soft tissue procedures were performed as needed. Medical records were reviewed for presenting symptoms, radiologic and operative findings, and postoperative course. Cosmetic outcomes were subjectively based on patients' standard 6-view photo-documentation from pre- and post-operative timepoints. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were included in the study; 8 were revision cases and 3 had mild-to-moderate hemifacial microsomia. Fifteen were completely closed procedures. No cases were opened because of inadequate visualization or difficulty accessing bony pathology. Mean (range) follow up was 98.6 (6-559) days. There were no intra-operative complications, unplanned admissions or re-admissions, or iatrogenic cosmetic complications (ie, "inverted V" or "saddle nose" deformities). Two patients required revision. One was after suffering nasal trauma within 4 weeks of initial rhinoplasty. The second underwent further correction of a deformity that required a costochondral graft. Both experienced good final results. CONCLUSIONS: Computer-aided rhinoplasty is safe and feasible for treating complex nasal deformities using standard navigation systems.

First Bite Syndrome Following Rhytidectomy: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: First bite syndrome (FBS) is a known complication of parotid gland resection, parapharyngeal space dissection, and cervical sympathetic chain injury. It can be described as severe cramping or spasms in the parotid region triggered by the first bite of a meal, with the pain lessening during each subsequent bite. Although dissection for a rhytidectomy is in the vicinity of the parotid parenchyma, face-lift is not typically characterized as a procedure that can lead to FBS. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 53-year-old female underwent a deep plane face-lift to address her goals of improving jowls, nasolabial folds, and cervicomental angle. Intraoperatively, the dissection proceeded without any complications. Initially, her postoperative course was uneventful; 3 weeks after surgery, she noticed pain at the start of mastication that would improve throughout the course of a meal. She elected to proceed with observation. At 6 months after surgery, she began to experience improvement in her symptoms, and shortly thereafter had complete resolution. DISCUSSION: First bite syndrome is a complication associated with deep lobe parotid resection, first described in 1998. The innervation of the parotid gland is complex and includes contributions from the auriculotemporal nerve, the great auricular nerve, and the cervical sympathetic chain. During rhytidectomy, dissection occurs along the parotidomasseteric fascia in order to elevate a flap of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system. Inadvertent injury to the parotid parenchyma can lead to damage to the postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervating the myoepithelial cells. Ultimately, expectant management is the mainstay of treatment and symptoms typically resolve within 6 months to 1 year. CONCLUSION: First bite syndrome is a complication that can be seen with a variety of facial surgeries. In the case of rhytidectomy, FBS should be considered a potential risk, as dissection into the parenchyma of the parotid gland can result in postoperative autonomic dysfunction.

Investigating Long-Term Brow Stabilization by Endotine-Assisted Endoscopic Brow Lift with Concomitant Upper Lid Blepharoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Endotine-assisted endoscopic brow lift with concomitant upper lid blepharoplasty provides long-term brow elevation. METHODS: Pre- and post-operative photographs from 35 patients who underwent endoscopic brow lift using Endotine Forehead 3 mm implants with concomitant upper lid blepharoplasty were measured to determine changes in brow height with surgery and up to 55 months post-operatively. Photographs of 20 control subjects who did not undergo periorbital surgery and 11 control subjects who underwent upper blepharoplasty without brow lifting were also measured to provide a basis for comparison. Emotrics software was used to perform automated brow height measurements in order to determine elevation and longevity achieved with endoscopic brow lifting in conjunction with upper lid blepharoplasty. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in brow height post-operatively, averaging 1.6 mm (P < .0001, 95% confidence interval 0.95-2.18 mm). Fifty-four percent of patients had follow-up beyond 6 months post-operatively and 40% had follow-up beyond 1 year. Elevation remained stable over time with no statistically significant change across all serial post-operative visits. There was no statistically significant difference in brow elevation based on gender or age, or between right and left sides. CONCLUSION: Endotine-assisted endoscopic brow lift in conjunction with upper lid blepharoplasty provides modest brow elevation and long-term brow fixation as demonstrated by stable post-operative brow height measurements for up to 55 months.

Nasoseptal Surgery Outcomes in Smokers and Nonsmokers.

Background: Many surgeons refuse to perform elective nasal surgery in active smokers, but little literature exists that addresses the risks of doing so; we sought to quantify the differences in outcomes after nasal surgery among smokers, previous smokers, and nonsmokers by measuring complication rates, revision rates, and improvement in Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores. Methods: We performed a single institution retrospective review of patients undergoing nasoseptal surgery. Specifically, we noted demographic characteristics, smoking status, surgery type, and pre- and postoperative NOSE scores. We compared NOSE scores, complication rates, and revision rates among current smokers, previous smokers, and never smokers. Results: Five hundred thirty patients were included for complication and revision rate analysis; there was no difference in complication or revision rates among patients of different smoking categories. Two hundred ninety-one patients completed pre- and postoperative NOSE scores. Scores for all surgeries and in all smoking categories improved postoperatively (p < 0.001). There was a difference in NOSE score change among surgical groups, with rhinoplasty resulting in the greatest improvement (p = 0.044). There was no difference in NOSE score improvement across smoking categories. Conclusion: Active smokers benefit from surgical intervention and can expect a similar improvement in nasal breathing to their nonsmoking counterparts if they meet indications for and undergo nasal surgery.

Non-vascularized Fibular Cortex Grafts with Osteocutaneous Free Fibula Transfer: A Novel Technique in Midface Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES: To present a method to reconstruct the midface using the fibula as both a microvascular free flap and as a free cortex graft. METHODS: 22-year-old male presented with bilateral maxillary odonotogenic myxoma. Bilateral total maxillectomy defects were reconstructed using an osteocutaneous fibula free flap. The nasomaxillary buttresses were augmented using free cortex grafts to provide additional soft tissue projection and lateral nasal support. RESULTS: The patient received dental implants at 10 months postoperatively and resumed a normal diet. His midface height, nasal and maxillary projection were adequate. At 36 months post-treatment he has no evidence of disease recurrence or resorption of the free bone grafts. CONCLUSION: The fibula free flap can be used to provide additional support to a patient's reconstruction by means of free cortex grafts. The patient has had successful restoration of pyriform aperture, nasal projection, mastication, and dental restoration using a single donor site.