Factors influencing skin cancer excision rates in Scottish primary care.

Skin cancer incidence rates are rising in the UK, yet many areas are experiencing a shortage of dermatologists. We sought to compare skin cancer excision rates between general practice (GP) surgeons to identify factors associated with good practice, through a retrospective analysis of GP skin cancer histopathology reports in three Scottish Health Boards over a 4-year period. Postal questionnaires were used to explore factors affecting surgeons' excision rates. GPs excised 895 skin cancers (4.5% of the 19 853 regional total) during the period. Of the basal cell carcinomas, 308 would be classified as low-risk by current National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria. Of the returned questionnaires, 58 accounted for 631 (70.5%) of the excised skin cancers. Analysing completeness of skin cancer excision, there was a statistically significant difference between GPs performing excision on ≥ 11 lesions/month compared with those performing excision on ≤ 10/month. Policymakers may wish to consider systems to facilitate low-risk patients being treated by GPs who undertake frequent surgical procedures.

The evolution of dermatology: dermatological workload in southeast Scotland 1921-2010.

BACKGROUND: Sequential audits over a recent 30-year period from 1981 to 2010 have documented dermatological activity data for the same region of southeast Scotland approximately every 5 years, allowing demonstration of trends in workload. AIM: To undertake similar assessments of outpatient dermatological activity using historical documentation from 1921 to 1965, and to compare trends with modern data. METHODS: Historical records held in the libraries of the Department of Dermatology, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh and in the University of Edinburgh were audited. Details of new dermatological outpatients were recorded for the months of September, October and November from 1921, and at 5-year intervals from 1925 to 1965. Patient age, sex and primary diagnosis were documented. Data were analysed and compared with those of previous audits of the same geographical population from 1981 to 2010. RESULTS: Details of 11 225 new patients were analysed during the period 1921-1965, in conjunction with 7755 patients from the period 1981-2010, giving a total of 18 980 patients included in the study. The monthly number of patients increased by over 3000%, from 74 patients in 1921-2882 patients in 2010. Trends were seen in the following diagnostic categories. Between 1921 and 2010, benign tumours increased from 1% to 36% of workload and malignant tumours from 2% to 11%. Over the same time period, dermatitis decreased from 32% to 13%, and infections from 24% to 2%. Infestations referrals peaked at 12% in the 1940s, but declined to 1% in the 1950s. Viral warts peaked at 49% of patients in 1960 and fell to 3% in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: Over a 90-year period, there has been a dramatic rise in new patient dermatological workload. We have found trends in presentations of common dermatological conditions. Outpatient dermatology now appears to be increasingly involved in the detection and treatment of skin malignancy. Although many inflammatory dermatoses remain important, infectious dermatoses are less commonly encountered, compared with historical activity.

Cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection in Edinburgh and the Lothians, South-East Scotland, U.K.

BACKGROUND: We reviewed all cases of Mycobacterium chelonae infection seen in our department between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2012. OBJECTIVES: To review the epidemiology, clinical features and management of cutaneous M. chelonae in South-East Scotland, and to compare prevalence data with the rest of Scotland. METHODS: The Scottish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory database was searched for all cases of cutaneous mycobacterial infections. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four cases of cutaneous mycobacterial infection were recorded. Sixty-three were tuberculous; of the remaining 71, M. chelonae was the most common nontuberculous organism (27 cases). National Health Service (NHS) Lothian Health Board was the area with highest incidence in the Scotland (12 cases). Three main groups of patients in the NHS Lothian Health Board contracted M. chelonae: immunosuppressed patients (n = 6); those who had undergone tattooing (n = 4); and others (n = 2). One case is, we believe, the first report of M. chelonae cutaneous infection associated with topical corticosteroid immunosuppression. The majority of patients were treated with clarithromycin monotherapy. CONCLUSION: The most prevalent nontuberculous cutaneous mycobacterial organism in Scotland is M. chelonae. The prevalence of M. chelonae in Edinburgh and the Lothians compared with the rest of Scotland is disproportionately high, possibly owing to increased local awareness and established facilities for mycobacterial studies. Immunosuppression with prednisolone appears to be a major risk factor. The first outbreak of tattoo-related M. chelonae infection in the U.K. has been reported. Clinicians should be aware of mycobacterial cutaneous infection and ensure that diagnostic skin samples are cultured at the optimal temperatures.

The south-east Scotland dermatology workload study: 30 years' analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dermatological activity data have been collected for the same region of south-east Scotland (population 1·24 million), approximately every 5 years, since 1981. This has allowed assessment of trends in demand from primary and secondary care, and activity within secondary care dermatology services, assisting planning of dermatological services. OBJECTIVES: To quantify dermatology outpatient workload across the same population to allow comparison with previous studies for trends in practice. METHODS: During November 2010, a standardized proforma was completed for all National Health Service and private practice dermatology outpatient consultations. Demographic data, source and reason for referral, diagnoses, investigations, treatments and disposal were recorded, and comparisons made with five previous studies. RESULTS: A total of 5470 consultations were recorded: 2882 new and 2588 review patients (new to review ratio 1 : 0·9, male to female 1 : 1·3, mean age 49 years, range 1 month to 101 years). Ninety-one per cent of referrals came from primary care and 9% from secondary care. Fifty-eight per cent of referrals were for diagnosis and 32% for hospital management. Diagnostic concordance between referrer and dermatologist ranged from 94% for acne to 14% for melanoma. Benign tumours accounted for 30% of referrals, malignant tumours 13%, dermatitis 13·3%, psoriasis 6·2% and acne/rosacea 5%. The referral rate rose to 23·2/1000 population per annum, with the increase coming mainly from primary care. CONCLUSIONS: Demand for dermatology continues to increase: new referrals have risen by 134% in 30 years, with a 36% increase in the last 5 years, despite corresponding population increases of 5·3% and 3%, respectively.

Molecular epidemiology of erythropoietic protoporphyria in the U.K.

BACKGROUND: Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a cutaneous porphyria caused by mutations in the ferrochelatase (FECH) or, less frequently, the delta-aminolaevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2) gene. Predictive genetic counselling requires accurate molecular diagnosis and knowledge of patterns of inheritance. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the molecular epidemiology of EPP in the U.K. METHODS: DNA samples from 191 unrelated patients resident in the U.K. were analysed for mutations in the FECH and ALAS2 genes and for the FECH IVS3-48 dimorphism. RESULTS: Mutations were identified in 179 (94%) patients. Most (169; 94%) had a FECH mutation on one allele and were classified as having pseudodominant EPP (psdEPP); seven (4%) patients had FECH mutations on both alleles (autosomal recessive EPP) and three (2%) patients had ALAS2 mutations (X-linked dominant protoporphyria). The FECH IVS3-48C allele was strongly associated with psdEPP and with the absence of mutations at the FECH or ALAS2 loci. Fifty-six FECH mutations were identified, 19 being previously unreported. Missense mutations were predominant in autosomal recessive EPP (82%) but not in psdEPP (32%). One mutation (c.314 + 2T>G) was present in 41 (24%) of EPP families, most of whom appeared to be descended from a common ancestor resident in the north of England. CONCLUSIONS: These data define the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of each type of EPP in the U.K.

Cercarial dermatitis in the UK.

'Swimmer's itch' or cercarial dermatitis (CD) results from an immunological reaction to free-swimming non-human schistosome parasites released from aquatic snails. Affected bathers develop a self-limiting, pruritic, macular or papular eruption shortly after leaving the water. The condition is well-recognized in continental Europe, Asia and America, but has not to date been recorded in the UK.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in erythropoietic protoporphyria.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D, produced by the action of sunlight on skin, is an important hormone for calcium homeostasis and has been implicated as tumour-protective agent. Some previous studies of photosensitive patients who actively avoid sunlight have failed to show convincing evidence of vitamin D insufficiency. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the vitamin D status of a large cohort of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). METHODS: U.K. patients with EPP were recruited prospectively and seen locally by a single study investigator. A blood sample was taken for vitamin D assay. All blood analyses were performed in the same laboratory. RESULTS: A cohort of 201 patients with known EPP was seen over a 7-month period between January and July. Thirty-four patients (17%) were deficient in vitamin D and 126 (63%) had insufficient vitamin D. Both insufficiency and deficiency were significantly associated with the total erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration and inversely with the time in minutes to the onset of symptoms following sunlight exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of significant levels of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in a large cohort of patients with a photodermatosis. Such individuals are at risk of associated adverse events. In future, clinicians should consider monitoring 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and instigating oral supplementation or dietary advice if appropriate.

HIV testing in dermatology - a national audit.

Forty percent of individuals have late-stage HIV at the time of diagnosis, resulting in increased morbidity. Identifying key diseases which may indicate HIV infection can prompt clinicians to trigger testing, which may result in more timely diagnosis. The British HIV Association has published guidelines on such indicator diseases in dermatology. We audited the practice of HIV testing in UK dermatologists and General Practitioners (GPs) and compared results with the national guidelines. This audit showed that HIV testing in key indicator diseases remains below the standard set out by the national guidelines, and that GPs with special interest in dermatology have a lower likelihood for testing, and lower confidence when compared to consultants, registrars and associate specialists. Large proportions of respondents believed further training in HIV testing would be beneficial.

Erythrocyte thiopurine methyl transferase assessment prior to azathioprine use in the UK.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with low activity of a key metabolic enzyme, thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT), are more susceptible to azathioprine-induced myelosuppression. AIM: To determine the pattern of use of TPMT activity estimation, with respect to azathioprine use, by medical practitioners in the UK. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of assay use. METHODS: We analysed all test results (n=3291), and patient and practitioner details, from inception of TPMT assay in 1990 to the end of December 2000, held at the Purine Research Laboratory, Guy's Hospital, London. Patient details were anonymized. Repeat analyses and requests from outside the UK were excluded. RESULTS: The male:female ratio was approximately equal and the mean age was 46.6 (range 0.5-97) years. Thirteen different medical specialities requested assays; Dermatology and Gastroenterology were the most frequent users, together accounting for 86% of requests. The numbers of centres requesting the assay varied widely both within and between different specialities. Some 80% of individuals had normal TPMT activity, 9% enzymic activity above normal, and 10% low activity. Fifteen had no detectable enzymic activity: 0.45% (1:220) of the study population. DISCUSSION: This incidence of undetectable enzyme activity is significantly higher than the previously reported level of 1:300 derived from smaller studies, and makes the economics of screening more attractive.

The use of environmental control units by occupational therapists in spinal cord injury and disease services.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated issues related to the use of environmental control units (ECUs) with persons who have spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D) to ascertain what, if any, changes are needed to optimize occupational therapy service delivery in this area. METHOD: A questionnaire was mailed to 120 occupational therapists employed by facilities nationwide that serve person with SCI/D. The survey addressed the occupational therapist's role in the recommendation and use of ECUs, funding sources, and training needs. The response rate was 89% (n = 107). RESULTS: Most respondents (88%) indicated that occupational therapists were the predominant professionals in their facilities who evaluated and recommended ECUs. The majority of respondents (84%) reported using ECUs in hospital-based treatment with persons with SCI/D. However, respondents only recommended ECUs for home use for fewer than 25% of their clients. High cost and the lack of third-party reimbursement were the primary reasons that deterred respondents from recommending ECUs for home use. Fifty-five percent of the respondents reported a need for basic training and 86% for more in-depth education and training in environmental control technologies. CONCLUSION: Outcomes data are needed to support the use of ECUs and to educate third-party payers about the benefits of ECUs for clients with quadriplegia in order to increase rates of reimbursement. In addition, occupational therapists themselves may need improved training in evaluating and training clients in the use of ECU technology.