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INTRODUCTION: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems were primarily developed for patients with diabetes mellitus. However, these systems are increasingly being used by individuals who do not have diabetes mellitus. This mini review describes possible applications of CGM systems in healthy adults in health care, wellness, and sports. RESULTS: CGM systems can be used for early detection of abnormal glucose regulation. Learning from CGM data how the intake of foods with different glycemic loads and physical activity affect glucose responses can be helpful in improving nutritional and/or physical activity behavior. Furthermore, states of stress that affect glucose dynamics could be made visible. Physical performance and/or regeneration can be improved as CGM systems can provide information on glucose values and dynamics that may help optimize nutritional strategies pre-, during, and post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS: CGM has a high potential for health benefits and self-optimization. More scientific studies are needed to improve the interpretation of CGM data. The interaction with other wearables and combined data collection and analysis in one single device would contribute to developing more precise recommendations for users.
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Automonitorização da Glicemia , Diabetes Mellitus , Adulto , Glicemia/análise , Atenção à Saúde , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Exercício Físico , HumanosRESUMO
Background: Wearable electrochemical sensors that detect human biomarkers allow a comprehensive analysis of a person's health condition. The "electronic smart patch system for wireless monitoring of molecular biomarkers for health care and well-being" (ELSAH) project aims to develop a minimally invasive sensor system that is capable of continuously monitoring glucose and lactate in the dermal interstitial fluid in real time. It is the objective of the present study to compare the intended ELSAH-patch specifications with the expectations and requirements of potential end-users at an early stage during the development phase. Methods: A questionnaire addressing different aspects of the ELSAH-patch was filled out by 383 respondents. Results: The participants stated a high general demand for such a system, and they would use the ELSAH-patch in different health care and physical fitness applications. The preferred terminal device for communication with the sensor would be the smartphone. An operating time of 24 hours would be sufficient for 55.8% of the users (95%-CI: 50.3-61.3%), while 43.5% of them (95%-CI: 38.0-48.9%) would prefer a lifetime of several days or more. The software should have a warning function, especially for critical health conditions. Since the measured personal data would be highly sensitive, the participants called for high standards for data security and privacy. Conclusion: In general, the participants' responses on their expectations and requirements were well in line with the intended specifications of the ELSAH-patch system. However, certain technical aspects such as the lifetime, data security and accuracy require special attention during its development.
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Técnicas Eletroquímicas/instrumentação , Glucose/análise , Ácido Láctico/análise , Adesivo Transdérmico , Humanos , Smartphone , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Long-term effects of exercise training are well studied. Acute hemodynamic responses to various training modalities, in particularly strength training (ST), have only been described in a few studies. This study examines the acute responses to ST, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT). METHODS: Twelve young male subjects (age 23.4 ± 2.6 years; BMI 23.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2) performed an incremental exertion test and were randomized into HIIT (4 × 4-min intervals), MCT (continuous cycling) and ST (five body-weight exercises) which were matched for training duration. The cardiopulmonary (impedance cardiography, ergo-spirometry) and metabolic response were monitored. RESULTS: Similar peak blood lactate responses were observed after HIIT and ST (8.5 ± 2.6 and 8.1 ± 1.2 mmol/l, respectively; p = 0.83). The training impact time was 90.7 ± 8.5% for HIIT and 68.2 ± 8.5% for MCT (p < 0.0001). The mean cardiac output was significantly higher for HIIT compared to that of MCT and ST (23.2 ± 4.1 vs. 20.9 ± 2.9 vs. 12.9 ± 2.9 l/min, respectively; p < 0.0001). VO2max was twofold higher during HIIT compared to that observed during ST (2529 ± 310 vs. 1290 ± 156 ml; p = 0.0004). Among the components of ST, squats compared with push-ups resulted in different heart rate (111 ± 13.5 vs. 125 ± 15.7 bpm, respectively; p < 0.05) and stroke volume (125 ± 23.3 vs. 104 ± 19.8 ml, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite an equal training duration and a similar acute metabolic response, large differences with regard to the training impact time and the cardiopulmonary response give evident. HIIT and MCT, but less ST, induced a sufficient cardiopulmonary response, which is important for the preventive effects of training; however, large differences in intensity were apparent for ST.
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Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Hemodinâmica , Consumo de Oxigênio , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Humanos , Masculino , Condicionamento Físico Humano/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Purpose: The aim of this survey is to investigate T1DM patients' expectations for and requirements of an ideal mobile self-management app with a special focus on functions for sports and exercise. Methods: A total of 251 persons participated in the survey. After checking for completeness and plausibility, the answers of 167 patients diagnosed with T1DM (66% female, 34% male) were analyzed. Results: The key features/aspects that were identified as being "rather important"/"very important" by more than 75% of respondents are: data security (96.4%), integration of further health data (e.g., heart rate, step count, calories) from other apps already installed on their smartphone (92.2%), automatic import of glucose data from other apps (91.6%), individual target setting (87.4%), warnings about abnormal glucose levels (82.6%), warnings about other abnormal health data (81.4%), diary function (80.8%), information on the training session after the workout (80.8%) and displaying/processing of further fitness variables (such as heart rate, step count, etc.) from other health-related wearable systems (77.8%). Conclusions: This study identifies the most relevant features of an ideal self-management app with functions for sports and exercise targeted at patients with T1DM that should be considered in the development of such an app.
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BACKGROUND: Long hyperglycemic episodes trigger complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Postprandial glucose excursions can be reduced by acute physical activity. However, it is not yet clear which type of exercise has the best effect on postprandial glucose levels. METHODS: Six T2DM patients participated in three 20-min moderate-intensity exercise sessions after breakfast in a randomized order: resistance exercise with whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), resistance exercise without electromyostimulation (RES) and cycling endurance exercise (END). A continuous glucose monitoring system recorded glucose dynamics. RESULTS: Postprandially-increased glucose levels decreased in all cases. Time to baseline (initial value prior to meal intake) was quite similar for WB-EMS, RES and END. Neither glucose area under the curve (AUC), nor time in range from the start of the experiment to its end (8 h later) differed significantly. A Friedman analysis of variance, however, revealed an overall significant difference for AUC in the post-exercise recovery phase (END seems to have superior effects, but post-hoc tests failed statistical significance). CONCLUSIONS: There are no notable differences between the effects of the different types of exercise on glucose levels, especially when comparing values over a longer period of time.