High Dose Proton Pump Inhibitor Infusion Versus Bolus Injection for the Prevention of Bleeding After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND: A high dose of continuous intravenous infusion of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is the standard treatment for peptic ulcer bleeding. The optimal dose for the prevention of bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is unclear. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine whether stronger acid suppression more effectively prevents bleeding and high risk ulcer stigma (HRS) after gastric ESD. METHODS: A total of 273 patients who underwent ESD were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: the continuous infusion group and the bolus injection group. Second-look endoscopy was performed on the following day after ESD. The incidences and risk factors of HRS identified by second-look endoscopy and delayed bleeding were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no differences in the incidences of HRS and delayed bleeding between two treatment groups. The incidence of HRS was 15.8 % (43/273) and the gross morphology (flat or depressed) was identified as a significant factor associated with HRS. The incidence of delayed bleeding was 8.4 % (23/273) and the gross morphology (flat) and the presence of submucosal invasive cancer were identified as the associated risk factors for delayed bleeding. CONCLUSION: The incidences of delayed bleeding and HRS identified by second-look endoscopy were not affected by PPI infusion methods. Flat or depressed morphologic lesions and submucosal invasive cancer should be closely monitored.

Colonic perforation either during or after stent insertion as a bridge to surgery for malignant colorectal obstruction increases the risk of peritoneal seeding.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic colorectal stenting may be performed as a bridge to surgery in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction, and has been reported to be associated with a high rate of successful primary anastomosis, low rate of stoma formation, and shorter hospital stay. However, the results of recent studies suggest that colorectal stenting could potentially worsen the prognosis. This study aimed to compare outcomes between patients who underwent colorectal stenting as a bridge to surgery and patients who underwent curative surgery only for malignant colorectal obstruction. METHODS: This study included patients with malignant colorectal obstruction and symptomatic bowel dilatation who were treated by stenting as a bridge to surgery (stent group, n = 27) or surgical resection only (surgery-only group, n = 29) between May 2009 and May 2012. The short-term outcomes evaluated were the primary anastomosis rate, length of hospital stay, and rates of emergency and open surgery. The long-term outcomes evaluated were overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: The primary outcomes were similar in the two groups. There were no significant differences between the stent and surgery-only groups in 3-year OS (85.2 vs. 82.8%; p = 0.655) or 3-year RFS (80.7 vs. 78.6%; p = 0.916). The odds ratio for seeded metastasis after perforation either during or after stent placement was 46.0 (95% CI, 2.0-1,047.8; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal stenting as a bridge to surgery showed no significant short- or long-term benefits compared with surgery only, and was associated with peritoneal seeding after perforation. Stenting before surgery should therefore only be considered in patients with a high risk of complications associated with emergency surgery.

Clinical outcomes of second-look endoscopy after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: predictive factors with high risks of bleeding.

BACKGROUND: A second-look endoscopy is routinely performed after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in many institutions, although the need is questionable. Additional hemostatic procedures might be necessary for the post-ESD ulcer with a high risk of bleeding. We investigated the predictive factors for post-ESD ulcers with a high risk of bleeding. METHODS: Second-look endoscopy was performed on the day following ESD. The post-ESD ulcers were categorized into two risk groups according to the Forrest classification: high-risk ulcer stigma (type I and IIa) and low-risk ulcer stigma. We analyzed the risk factors associated with high-risk ulcer stigma and late delayed bleeding. RESULTS: During the study period, 616 ESD procedures were performed. Second-look endoscopy revealed that the incidence of high-risk ulcer stigma post-ESD was 15.1%. Early and late delayed bleeding rates were 3.7 and 1.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that submucosal fibrosis and nausea were significantly related to high-risk ulcer stigma after ESD. Multivariate analysis revealed that surface erosion, location of the lesion, and high-risk ulcer stigma identified by second-look endoscopy were significantly associated with late delayed bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The effective use of selective second-look endoscopy will help limit unnecessary procedures. Submucosal fibrosis and nausea were risk factors associated with high-risk ulcer stigma after ESD.

Endoscopic reintervention for stent malfunction after stent-in-stent deployment for malignant hilar obstruction.

Endoscopic bilateral stenting has been increasingly performed for advanced hilar obstruction. As disease progresses, stent malfunction eventually occurs. However, endoscopic reintervention is difficult in these patients. We aimed to evaluate a suitable reintervention procedure for stent malfunction after stent-in-stent (SIS) deployment for malignant hilar obstruction.Among 52 patients with bilateral stenting performed using the SIS method between September 2009 and June 2016, 20 patients with stent malfunction were enrolled in this study. Reintervention was performed endoscopically or percutaneously. Technical and functional success rates were evaluated retrospectively.Technical and functional success rates of endoscopic reintervention were 83% (10/12) and 80% (8/10), respectively. Endoscopic bilateral and unilateral reintervention success rates were 75% (6/8) and 100% (4/4), respectively. For bilateral reintervention, either plastic or plastic and metal stents were used.Endoscopic reintervention could be considered for in-stent malfunction if patients are in fair condition after SIS placement for malignant hilar obstruction. Decisions regarding whether to use bilateral or unilateral drainage and the type of stent to use should depend on the conditions of the disease and the patient.

Rectal tonsil: a case report and literature review.

The rectal tonsil, a reactive proliferation of lymphoid tissue located in the rectum, is rare. Histologically, benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the rectum is usually characterized by large lymphoid follicles with active germinal centers and a narrow surrounding mantle zone and marginal zone. This lesion is benign, but must be differentiated from the polypoid type of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. In the current paper, we present a case of rectal tonsil in a 59-year-old woman. We describe the endoscopic ultrasound imaging findings with literature review.

Efficacy of cap-assisted colonoscopy according to lesion location and endoscopist training level.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of cap-assisted colonoscopy (CAC) for detection of colorectal polyps and adenomas according to the lesion location and endoscopist training level. METHODS: Patients 20 years or older, who underwent their first screening colonoscopy in a single tertiary center from May 2011 to December 2012 were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent either CAC or standard colonoscopy (SC), and all of the procedures were performed by 11 endoscopists (8 trainees and 3 experts). All procedures were performed with high-definition colonoscopes and narrow band imaging. The eight trainees had experiences of performing 150 to 500 colonoscopies, and the three experts had experiences of performing more than 3000 colonoscopies. A 4-mm-long transparent cap was attached to the end of a colonoscope in the CAC group. We retrospectively evaluated the number of polyps and adenomas, polyp detection rate (PDR), and the number of adenomas and adenoma detection rate (ADR) according to the lesion location and endoscopist training level between CAC and SC. We also evaluated the number of polyps and adenomas according to their size between CAC and SC. RESULTS: Overall, PDR and ADR using CAC were significantly higher than those using SC for both whole colon (48.5% vs 40.7%, P = 0.012; 35.7% vs 28.3%, P = 0.012) and right-side colon (35.3% vs 26.6%, P = 0.002; 27.0% vs 16.9%, P < 0.001). The number of polyps and adenomas per patient using CAC was significantly higher than that using SC for both the whole colon (1.07 ± 1.59 vs 0.82 ± 1.31, P = 0.008; 0.72 ± 1.32 vs 0.50 ± 1.01, P = 0.003) and right-side colon (0.66 ± 1.18 vs 0.41 ± 0.83, P < 0.001; 0.46 ± 0.97 vs 0.25 ± 0.67, P < 0.001). In the trainee group, the PDR and ADR using CAC were significantly higher than those using SC for both the whole colon (46.7% vs 39.7%, P = 0.040; 33.9% vs 26.0%, P =0.012) and right-side colon (34.2% vs 26.5%, P = 0.015; 25.3% vs 15.9%, P = 0.001). In the expert group, the PDR and ADR using CAC were significantly higher than those using SC only for the right-side colon (42.1% vs 27.0%, P =0.035; 36.8% vs 21.0%, P = 0.020). CONCLUSION: CAC is more effective than SC for detection of colorectal polyps and adenomas, especially when performed by trainees and when the lesions are located in the right-side colon.

Endoscopic resection using band ligation for esophageal SMT in less than 10 mm.

AIM: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of endoscopic resection using band ligation (EMR-B) for the diagnostic and therapeutic removal of tumors located in the esophageal subepithelial region having originated from the submucosa. METHODS: From May 2009 to September 2014, after medical chart and endoscopic ultrasonography report review, a total of 15 esophageal tumors located in the submucosal layer were resected by EMR-B. Previous symptom, location, pathology, complete resection rate, incidence of complications, incidence of minor complication, size, length of procedures time and follow up months were evaluated. To evaluate local recurrence at the resection site, periodic follow-up endoscopic examination was undertaken in all of the patients. The first endoscopic examination was performed about 6 mo after the endoscopic resection. Thereafter, the endoscopic follow up were scheduled annually. RESULTS: The mean age was 50.3 ± 9.67 years. The mean tumor size was 6.93 ± 3.15 mm and most of the lesions size was between 5-10 mm in diameter (10/15, 66.6%). In all patients, endoscopic en bloc resection was achieved. In one patient, the vertical margin was involved. The mean procedural time was 8.86 ± 3.66 min. In all patients, no evidence of severe complications such as perforation or bleeding occurred. Minor complications such as chest pain (2/15, 13.3%) and heartburn (3/15, 13.3%) were reported but they symptoms were controlled by proton pump inhibitors, ulcermin and/or analgesics. Histologic assessments of the removed specimens revealed 10 granular cell tumors (66.6%), 4 leiomyomas (16.6%) and one lipoma (6.6%). No recurrence was observed during the mean follow up period of 45 ± 3.5 mo (range: 5-64 mo). CONCLUSION: EMR-B might be considered safe and effective for the diagnosis and treatment of lesions measuring less than 10 mm in diameter.