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BACKGROUND: Disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) has been used to gain a better understanding of the population's quality of life. OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to estimate age and sex-specific disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) for urban and rural areas of Bangladesh, as well as to investigate the differences in DFLE between males and females of urban and rural areas. METHODS: Data from the Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics-2016 and the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES)-2016 were used to calculate the disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) of urban and rural males and females in Bangladesh in 2016. The DFLE was calculated using the Sullivan method. RESULTS: With only a few exceptions, rural areas have higher mortality and disability rates than urban areas. For both males and females, statistically significant differences in DFLE were reported between urban and rural areas between the ages of birth and 39 years. In comparison to rural males and females, urban males and females had a longer life expectancy (LE), a longer disability-free life expectancy, and a higher share of life without disability. CONCLUSION: This study illuminates stark urban-rural disparities in LE and DFLE, especially among individuals aged < 1-39 years. Gender dynamics reveal longer life expectancy but shorter disability-free life expectancy for Bangladeshi women compared to men, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to address these pronounced health inequalities.
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Pessoas com Deficiência , Expectativa de Vida Saudável , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Expectativa de Vida , RendaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological and nutritional modifications are causing an increase in stunting in many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), which will eventually result in juvenile diseases and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the influential factors contributing to stunting among under-five children in Cambodia. METHODS: A secondary dataset consisting of 3268 under-five children was extracted from the latest Cambodian Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS)-2021/2022 dataset. The Chi-square test and Boruta algorithm were used for covariate selection, and logistic regression approaches were used to determine the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and other factors on the presence of stunting. RESULTS: Findings revealed that about 21% of under-five children were stunted, and the prevalence of stunting was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The prevalence of child stunting was lower in families with highly educated parents. A child whose father had a secondary education had 0.71 times lower (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.520-0.969) chance of stunting than a child whose father had no education. Findings revealed that Ratnak Kiri, Mondul Kiri, Stung Treng, Pursat and Kampot had a greater prevalence of stunting than other places, ranging from 27.11% to 35.70%, whereas Banteay Meanchey, Phnom Penh and Kandal had the lowest rates, ranging from 12.80% to 16.00%. Results of the Boruta algorithm and logistic regression suggested that under-five stunting is significantly influenced by factors such as the child's age, size at birth, mother's age at first birth, mother's body mass index (BMI), father's educational status, cooking fuel, and wealth index. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to take initiatives for reducing the prevalence of stunted children prioritising the identified factors that ultimately help to reduce the burden of child health. The authors believed that the findings of this study will be helpful for policymakers in designing the appropriate policies and actions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by reducing stunting among under-five children in Cambodia.
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Transtornos do Crescimento , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Humanos , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Camboja/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Lactente , Prevalência , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Recém-Nascido , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the height-for-age z-score (HAZ) of 0-35 months' children along with stunting prevalence to identify trends, changes and available nutrition-sensitive and specific determinants that could help explain the long-term variation in child linear growth using successive Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) data from 1996 to 2018. DESIGN: The BDHS pooled data are used for determining the key outcome variables HAZ, stunting and severe stunting. Trends, kernel-weighted local polynomial smoothing illustrations, pooled multivariable linear probability model (LPM), ordinary least squares method (OLS) and regression decomposition were used. PARTICIPANTS: Mothers having 0-35 months' children, the most critical age range for growth faltering. RESULTS: The mean HAZ increased by 0·91(±1·53) with 0·041 annual average change, while the percentages of stunting (-26·63 ± 0·54) and severe stunting (-21·12 ± 0·48) showed a reduction with 1·21 and 0·96 average annual changes, respectively. The average HAZ improvement (0·42 ± 1·56) in urban areas was less than the rural areas (1·16 ± 1·44). Similar patterns followed for stunting and severe stunting. The prenatal doctor visits (3064·65 %), birth in a medical facility (1054·32 %), breastfeeding initiation (153·18 %) and asset index (144·73 %) demonstrated a huge change. The findings of OLS, LPM and regression decomposition identified asset index, birth order, paternal and maternal education, bottle-fed, prenatal doctor visit, birth in a medical facility, vaccination, maternal BMI and ever-breastfed as influencing factors to predict the long-term changes of stunting and severe stunting. CONCLUSION: The nutrition-sensitive and specific factors identified through regression decomposition describing long-term variation in child linear growth should be focused further to attain the sustainable development goals.
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Transtornos do Crescimento , Mães , Feminino , Criança , Gravidez , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pré-Escolar , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Escolaridade , Estado Nutricional , Prevalência , Inquéritos EpidemiológicosRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105277.].
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BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health concern, with women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bearing a disproportionately high burden. This study investigates the prevalence and factors correlated with attitudes regarding wife-beating among Bangladeshi women in urban-rural contexts. METHODS: A sample of 13,033 urban women and 51,344 rural women data from the Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019 were analyzed using the Chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression model. RESULTS: The findings reveal that arguing with her husband is the widespread reason for wife-beating in Bangladesh (urban: 17.3%, rural: 21.9%), followed by neglecting the children (urban: 12.7%, rural: 15.8%). About 8% of urban women and 10% of rural women favoured the opinion that refusing to involve sexual intercourse is a legitimate justification for wife-beating. In comparison, around 5% feel that a husband has a right to beat his wife due to burning food. The respondents' age, education, marital status, number of children, socioeconomic level, any health or physical difficulty, having problems becoming pregnant, and the husband's age are all significant factors in justifying wife-beating. CONCLUSIONS: Bangladesh has a massive challenge in eliminating IPV. Women from lower socioeconomic classes, low levels of education, other challenges, and residents of rural areas are particularly more vulnerable than their urban counterparts. Therefore, it is vital to develop a proper action plan that considers women's education and occupation to raise awareness of the various implications of wife-beating in women, particularly in Bangladesh's rural areas.
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Cônjuges , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although efforts have been made by the international community to improve childhood health, risk factors linked with the healthiness of preschool-age children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are very diverse. Therefore, this paper examines the prevalence and determinants of fever, acute respiratory infection and diarrhea of preschool children in Bangladesh. METHODS: A sample of 8,421 children from the latest country representative BDHS-2017-18 survey was analyzed by utilizing both the bivariate and multivariate techniques. RESULTS: The results revealed that about 4.7, 33.1, and 35.8% of the children aged under 5 years had suffered from diarrhea, fever and ARI respectively during the 2 weeks preceding the date of the survey. Demographic, socio-economic, and community and health characteristics likely to play an important role in suffering under-five children from diarrhea, fever, and ARI in Bangladesh. The child's age of 13-24 months, delivery by cesarean section, unsafe drinking water, unhygienic toilet facility, low level of family wealth index and parental education, a higher number of living children in the household, rural residency and regional difference were all found to be most crucial determinants of the occurrences of fever, ARI and diarrhea. CONCLUSION: Interventions should focus on improving these significant demographic, socioeconomic, and community and health risk factors. A special attention is necessary to the people who live in rural areas and geospatially disadvantaged regions.
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Cesárea , Diarreia , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Características da Família , Feminino , Febre/epidemiologia , Febre/etiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Gravidez , Prevalência , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Hantaviruses are an emerging zoonotic group of rodent-borne viruses that are having serious implications on global public health due to the increase in outbreaks. Since there is no permanent cure, there is increasing interest in developing a vaccine against the hantavirus. This research aimed to design a robust cross-protective subunit vaccine using a novel immunoinformatics approach. After careful evaluation, the best predicted cytotoxic & helper T-cell and B-cell epitopes from nucleocapsid proteins, glycoproteins, RdRp proteins, and non-structural proteins were considered as potential vaccine candidates. Among the four generated vaccine models with different adjuvant, the model with toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) agonist adjuvant was selected because of its high antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and structural quality. The selected model was 654 amino acids long and had a molecular weight of 70.5 kDa, which characterizes the construct as a good antigenic vaccine candidate. The prediction of the conformational B-lymphocyte (CBL) epitope secured its ability to induce the humoral response. Thereafter, disulfide engineering improved vaccine stability. Afterwards, the molecular docking confirmed a good binding affinity of -1292 kj/mol with considered immune receptor TLR-4 and the dynamics simulation showed high stability of the vaccine-receptor complex. Later, the in silico cloning confirmed the better expression of the constructed vaccine protein in E. coli K12. Finally, in in silico immune simulation, significantly high levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), cytotoxic & helper T lymphocyte (CTL & HTL) populations, and numerous cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) etc. were found as coherence with actual immune response and also showed faster antigen clearance for repeated exposures. Nonetheless, experimental validation can demonstrate the safety and cross-protective ability of the proposed vaccine to fight against hantavirus infection.
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Infecções por Hantavirus , Orthohantavírus , Biologia Computacional , Epitopos de Linfócito B/genética , Epitopos de Linfócito T/genética , Escherichia coli , Orthohantavírus/genética , Infecções por Hantavirus/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Proteoma , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/genética , Vacinologia , Vacinas ViraisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vitamin A supplementation reduces child morbidity, mortality, and blindness of people, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. This study explores significant determinants of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. METHODS: The data set was extracted from a nationally representative survey based on a cross-sectional study, the BDHS-2017-18. The base survey was conducted using a two-stage stratified sample of households. A sample of 8364 (urban 2911, rural 5453) children under-5 years old was analyzed using bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques. RESULTS: Results have demonstrated that 73.9 and 73.2% of children have had a vitamin A supplementation from urban and rural areas, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that parents' education plays a vital role in consuming vitamin A supplements in urban and rural areas. Children whose mothers have secondary (OR: 1.17, CI: 0.76-1.81) and higher (OR: 1.21, CI: 0.72-2.04) education were more likely to consume vitamin A supplementation than children whose mothers were illiterate in urban areas. However, in rural areas, children whose mothers have secondary education were about 24% and higher education with 60% more likely to consume vitamin A supplementation than children whose mothers were illiterate. Child's age, regional variation and wealth index also contributing factors for vitamin A deficiency in Bangladesh. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that the consumption of vitamin A does not cover the target of sustainable development goals. Thus special national and community level efforts are required to ensure the coverage of the national vitamin A program is increased adequately to the most vulnerable groups of children in Bangladesh.
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Deficiência de Vitamina A , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , População Rural , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Urbana , Vitamina A , Deficiência de Vitamina A/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vaccination has important consequences for childhood development, mortality, and inequalities in health and well-being. This research explores the trend of vaccinations coverage from 1993 to 2014 and determines the significant factors for vaccinations coverage in Bangladesh, considering geospatial, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics. METHODS: This study uses a secondary dataset extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) from 1992 to 93 to 2014. The association between selected independent variables and vaccination coverage of children was examined through the Chi-square test. In addition, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression approaches were applied to determine the effects of covariates on vaccination status by using the BDHS-2014 dataset. RESULTS: The results reveal that the trend of the vaccination coverage rate has gradually been increased over the study period. The coverage rate of BCG is observed maximum while the lowest for Measles vaccination among all types of vaccinations. The findings revealed that the significantly lower coverage of all vaccination had been observed in the Sylhet region. Children of higher educated mothers (OR 10.21; CI: 4.10-25.37) and father (OR 8.71; CI: 4.03-18.80), born at health facilities (OR 4.53; CI: 2.4-8.55) and whose mother has media exposure (OR 3.20; CI: 2.22-4.60) have more chance of receiving BCG vaccine. For DPT vaccination coverage, there is a significant difference from children whose mothers have primary (OR 1.7; CI: 1.35-2.15), secondary (OR 3.5; CI: 2.75-4.45), and higher (OR 9.6; CI: 5.28-17.42) educational qualification compared to children of illiterate mothers. Findings demonstrated that children born in wealthier households have a higher likelihood of being immunized against DPT, Polio, and Measles vaccination than children born in the poorest households. CONCLUSIONS: The findings reveal that to enhance and make sustainable the overall country's vaccination coverage, we should pay more attention to the mother's education, socioeconomic condition, children's age, birth order number, having media exposure, place of residence, and religion. The authors think that this finding would be helpful to accelerate the achievement target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for children's health in Bangladesh.
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Cobertura Vacinal , Vacinação , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Mães , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant mental health threat among children in Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children during the lockdown in Bangladesh. An online cross-sectional study was conducted from 25th April to 9th May 2020 among 384 parents having at least one child aged between 5-15 years using non-probability sampling. K-means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi-square test. Children were classified into four groups where 43% of child had subthreshold mental disturbances (mean Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)-10; 2.8), 30.5% had mild (mean MDD-10; 8.9), 19.3% suffered moderately (mean MDD-10; 15.9), and 7.2% of child suffered from severe disturbances (mean MDD-10; 25.2). The higher percentage of mental health disturbances of children with the higher education level of parents, relative infected by COVID-19 (yes), parents still need to go the workplace (yes), and parent's abnormal behavior but lower to their counterparts. This paper demonstrates large proportions of children are suffering from mental health disturbances in Bangladesh during the period of lockdown. Implementation of psychological intervention strategies and improvement in house-hold financial conditions, literacy of parents, taking care of children, and job security may help in improving the psychological/mental status of children and the authors believe that the findings will be beneficial to accelerate the rate of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) linked to health status in Bangladesh.
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The indicators of economic and sustainable development ultimately significantly depend on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in every country. In Bangladesh, there is an increasing trend in population, industrialization, as well as electricity demand generated from different sources, ultimately increasing CO2 emissions. This study explores the relationship between CO2 emissions and other significant relevant indicators. Moreover, the authors aimed to identify which model is effective at predicting CO2 emissions and assess the accuracy of the prediction of different models. The secondary data from 1971 to 2020, was collected from the World Bank and the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority's publicly accessible website. The generalized additive model (GAM), the polynomial regression (PR), and multiple linear regression (MLR) were used for modeling CO2 emissions. The model performance is evaluated using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), Akaike information criterion (AIC), Root mean square error (RMSE), R-square, and mean square error (MSE). Results revealed that there are few multicollinearity problems in the datasets and exhibit a nonlinear relationship among CO2 emissions. Among the models considered in this study, the GAM model has the lowest value of RMSE = 0.008, MSE = 0.000063, AIC = -303.21, BIC = -266.64 and the highest value of R-squared = 0.996 compared to the MLR and PR models, suggesting the most appropriate model in predicting CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. Findings revealed that the total CO2 emissions and other relevant risk factors is non-linear. The study suggests that the Generalized additive model regression technique can be used as an effective tool for predicting CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. The authors believed that the findings would be helpful to policymakers in designing effective strategies in the areas of a low-carbon economy, encouraging the use of renewable energy sources, and focusing on technological advancement that reduces CO2 emissions and ensures a sustainable environment in Bangladesh.
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BACKGROUND: The birth of the first child is an important turning point in a woman's life as it is the starting point of the demanding responsibilities of motherhood and childcare. This study aimed to explore the waiting time and the significant indicators of time to the first birth of aged 15-49 years of ever-married women in Bangladesh. METHODS: The study considered the most recent country-representative data collected from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) in 2017/18. The log-rank test was used to assess the statistical significance of the observed difference between waiting time to first birth and various socio-economic and demographic factors. The Cox proportional hazard model is applied to identify the influential factors for waiting time to first birth. RESULTS: About 55% of the respondents' age at their first birth was less than 18 years. More than 21% of them were 20 years and above at their first birth. Findings revealed a higher mean age at first birth in urban areas than in rural areas. Also, in Dhaka and Sylhet region, women have a higher age at first than in other regions of Bangladesh. Results show that the place of residence, region, age at first marriage, age at first sex, respondent's education, employment status, contraceptive use, and mass media exposure were found to be statistically significant determinants of the age of respondents at the time of first birth. Findings also show that a woman from rural areas was likely to be 5% smaller in age at the time of first birth than their counterpart (aHR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.10). The age at first birth of a woman in Chattogram was 24% shorter, while in Rangpur and Barishal, that age was increased by 14% and 8%, respectively. A woman with no education, primary, and secondary education had 28%, 38%, and 29%, respectively, shorter age at first birth than that of the higher educated women. Mass media unexposed women were shorter aged at first birth by 27% (aHR 1.27; 95% CI 1.10-1.47) compared to the women who were mass media exposed. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to increase the age of mothers at first birth which may help to reduce the prevalence of child marriage in Bangladesh. The study findings will be helpful to the policymakers in identifying the gap and designing the programmes targeting the early timing of first birth to reduce child mortality as well as poor maternal outcomes which will be beneficial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal-3 in Bangladesh.
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Ordem de Nascimento , Mães , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Background and Aims: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has been demonstrated to have positive effects on a child's survival, growth, and development, as well as a mother's health and well-being. The authors aim to examine the barriers to EBF among lactating mothers in Borama town, Somaliland, with infants aged <6 months. Methods: The authors collected primary data on a sample of 153 lactating mothers in Borama town, Somaliland, for this study. This study used descriptive statistics with frequencies and percentages. Moreover, the multivariable logistic regression model is applied to analyze the data. Results: Findings revealed that about 28.1% of mothers pointed out that breastfeeding should be the baby's first meal. Surprisingly, 69.3% of the women were unaware that 6 months of EBF may keep a baby healthy. Results depict that EBF was influenced by lack of education (AOR: 0.013; 95% Cl: 0.001, 0.124), marital status (AOR: 0.40; 95% Cl: 0.004, 0.427), employed mothers (AOR: 0.070; 95% Cl: 0.043, 0.94), mothers perception of milk quantity (AOR: 0.033; 95% Cl: 0.001, 0.124), and perceived rejection to breastfeeding by the baby (AOR: 0.043; 95% Cl: 0.021, 0.134). Mothers who had no formal education or a primary level of education have less chance of practicing EBF than higher-educated mothers. Conclusions: It is observed that the educational level of mothers, marital status (widow), employed mother, perceived insufficient milk, and the perceived rejection of breastfeeding by the baby are the major challenges for enhancing the EBF practice. The authors suggested that the Ministry of Health examine how effectively breastfeeding counseling is implemented in medical facilities. Moreover, the authors suggest that the government, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and community associations collaboratively plan and carry out suitable programs focusing on vulnerable groups.
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BACKGROUND: The child nutritional status of a country is a potential indicator of socioeconomic development. Child malnutrition is still the leading cause of severe health and welfare problems across Bangladesh. The most prevalent form of child malnutrition, stunting, is a serious public health issue in many low and middle-income countries. This study aimed to investigate the heterogeneous effect of some child, maternal, household, and health-related predictors, along with the quantiles of the conditional distribution of Z-score for height-for-age (HAZ) of under five children in Bangladesh. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this study, a sample of 8,321 children under five years of age was studied from BDHS-2017-18. The chi-square test was mainly used to identify the significant predictors of the HAZ score and sequential quantile regression was used to estimate the heterogeneous effect of the significant predictors at different quantiles of the conditional HAZ distribution. RESULTS: The findings revealed that female children were significantly shorter than their male counterparts except at the 75th quantile. It was also discovered that children aged 7-47 months were disadvantaged, but children aged 48-59 months were advantaged in terms of height over children aged 6 months or younger. Moreover, children with a higher birth order had significantly lower HAZ scores than 1st birth order children. In addition, home delivery, the duration of breastfeeding, and the BCG vaccine and vitamin A received status were found to have varied significant negative associations with the HAZ score. As well, seven or fewer antenatal care visits was negatively associated with the HAZ score, but more than seven antenatal care visits was positively associated with the HAZ score. Additionally, children who lived in urban areas and whose mothers were over 18 years and either normal weight or overweight had a significant height advantage. Furthermore, parental secondary or higher education had a significant positive but varied effect across the conditional HAZ distribution, except for the mother's education, at the 50th quantile. Children from wealthier families were also around 0.30 standard deviations (SD) taller than those from the poorest families. Religion also had a significant relationship with the conditional HAZ distribution in favor of non-Muslim children. CONCLUSIONS: To enhance children's nutritional levels, intervention measures should be designed considering the estimated heterogeneous effect of the risk factors. This would accelerate the progress towards achieving the targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to child and maternal health in Bangladesh by 2030.
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Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil , Gravidez , Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Prevalência , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Mães , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/prevenção & controle , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Underweight is one of the important anthropometric components of malnutrition among under-five children and is a major public health concern in Bangladesh because it contributes to mortality as well as morbidity. In designing suitable health programs and policies with the goal of attaining UN SDG Goals, it is necessary to identify the critical risk factors of under-five malnutrition. It is evident that the quantile regression produces robust estimates in the presence of outliers. However, in the context of Bangladesh, no study has been conducted considering the sequential quantile regression on this topic. Therefore, the authors aimed to find the determinants of underweight among under-5 children in Bangladesh considering the latest country representative dataset. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The paper considers a weighted sample of size 7762 children are used and data were extracted from the latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017-18 data. Multivariable simultaneous quantile regression models were used to fulfill the objectives of this study. RESULTS: Findings depict that undernutrition affects the majority of children in the population as compared to the reference population. The WAZ-score of the child increases by 0.202 points at the 10th quantile of the conditional distribution, and by 0.565 points at the 90th quantile as we move from children of underweight to overweight women. Moreover, the WAZ scores of children from the richest families in the 10th, 50th, and 75th quantiles, respectively, are increased by 0.171, 0.016, and 0.084 points. CONCLUSION: Quantile regression revealed the results of several socioeconomic and demographic factors acting differently across the WAZ distribution. Therefore, policymakers may consider the identified risk factors to lessen malnutrition among under-5 children in Bangladesh.
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Desnutrição , Magreza , Humanos , Criança , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Prevalência , Magreza/epidemiologia , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The government of Bangladesh has been trying to encourage potato consumption to reduce pressure on rice consumption and earn foreign currency along with ensuring zero hunger that helps to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal. It is necessary to use farmers' resources and current technology more efficiently to meet the demand. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the farm-level efficiency of potato farming in Bangladesh. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The Cobb-Douglas Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and the input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods are used to compute farm-level technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies and inefficiency of potato farming. The primary data were collected through interviews of 300 potato farmers from Munshigonj, Rangpur, Dinajpur, and Joypurhat districts of Bangladesh. RESULTS: The findings revealed that the efficiency score of the SFA model is higher than the DEA model, which implies that the SFA frontier fits better than the DEA frontier. In the case of DEA, variable returns to scale (VRS) technical efficiency (TE) enveloped data more closely than constant returns to scale (CRS) TE. Results of efficiency suggest significant economic, technical, and allocative inefficiencies in potato farming and there is a scope to increase potato production levels through efficiency improvement. Inefficiency analysis shows that infrastructure and socio-economic factors jointly influence potato production variability. CONCLUSIONS: The authors suggest for using the SFA to find efficiencies in the agriculture sector. To achieve efficiency in potato production, the government needs to pay attention for improving the allocative and economic efficiencies along with emphasizing to choose the appropriate technology and efficient use of resources for the scale of operation.
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Solanum tuberosum , Humanos , Fazendas , Agricultura/métodos , Eficiência , FazendeirosRESUMO
Background and aims: The key interest of this research is to identify the causes of the ongoing increasing trends in caesarean section or C-section (CS) deliveries in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Methods: This study analyzed all Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) datasets through Chi-square and z tests and the multivariable logistic regression model. Results: CS deliveries were found to be more prevalent in urban than in rural areas of Bangladesh. Mothers above 19 years, above 16 years at first birth, overweight mothers, those with higher educational levels, those who received more than one antenatal care (ANC) visit, fathers having secondary/higher education degrees and employed as workers or in business, and mothers living in wealthy households in the cities of Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, and Rangpur divisions had a significantly higher likelihood of CS deliveries in urban areas. Contrastingly, mothers with ages between 20 and 39 years, above 20 years at first birth, normal weight/overweight mothers, those with primary to higher level of education, those in the business profession, fathers who also received primary to higher education, mothers who received more than one ANC visit, and those living in wealthy households in Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, and Rangpur divisions were more likely to have CS deliveries in rural areas. The 45-49 age group mothers had a five times higher likelihood of CS deliveries [odds ratio (OR): 5.39] in urban areas than in rural areas. Wealthy mothers were more likely to be CS-delivered in urban (OR: 4.84) than in rural areas (OR: 3.67). Conclusion: The findings reveal a gradual upward alarming trend in CS deliveries with an unequal contribution of significant determinants in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Therefore, integrated community-level awareness programs are an urgent need in accordance with the findings on the risks of CS and the benefits of vaginal deliveries in this country.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cyber-victimization is closely linked with mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, etc., and has become a growing concern among university students in Bangladesh. In the era of globalization, smart gadgets, the internet, and other online resources are readily available, and these tools and devices have now become the primary method for cyberbullying. The authors aim to explore the impacts of cyber-victimization and other factors on anxiety and depression among university students in Bangladesh. METHODS: The primary data for this cross-sectional study were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. This study employs three widely used scales such as cyberbullying inventory, general anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), and patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses are carried out to identify the factors associated with depression and anxiety among university students in Bangladesh. RESULTS: Findings depict that the prevalence of depression and anxiety among university students was 52.5% and 44.0%, respectively. Depressed respondents were considerably more likely to have difficulty sleeping (p < 0.001), spend more time on social media (p = 0.002), have suicidal thoughts (p < 0.001), and have a high cyber-victimization score (p < 0.001) compared to non-depressed respondents. In comparison with non-anxious respondents, anxious respondents were significantly more likely to: have sleeping difficulties (p < 0.001); spend more time on social media (p = 0.031); have suicidal thinking (p < 0.001); and have a comparatively high cyber-victimization score (p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified that a one-unit increase in the cyber-victimization score results in a 1.24 times higher chance of experiencing depression (AOR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.17-1.31, p < 0.001), and a one-unit increase in the cyber-victimization score results in a 1.23 times higher chance of experiencing anxiety (AOR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.17-1.30, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: University students are struggling with cyberbullying, which can lead to depression and anxiety levels. Promoting more cyberbullying awareness is necessary since failing to do so could result in a sustained or increased prevalence of anxiety and depression levels among students, which could have disastrous repercussions.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime , Cyberbullying , Humanos , Cyberbullying/psicologia , Bangladesh , Estudos Transversais , Depressão , Universidades , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Ansiedade , EstudantesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The associated factors and patterns of giving birth in home settings of rural areas have been extensively studied in Bangladeshi literature. However, urban areas still need to be explored, particularly with recent data. Therefore, the authors aimed to investigate the influential determinants of delivery at home in urban areas of Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 1699 urban-dwelling women who had given birth within the previous 60 months of the survey and lived in urban areas were used. The secondary data were extracted from the latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied along with the association among selected variables were examined by the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Findings depict that 36.49% of women who lived in urban areas of Bangladesh delivered at home, whereas, 63.51% delivered at different govt. and private health care facilities. Women who lived in Chittagong [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.11, 95% CI 1.24-3.60], Barisal [AOR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.16-3.64] and Sylhet [AOR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.08-3.43] divisions have more likelihood to deliver at home (36.85%). Urban women following Christian religion [AOR = 10.71, 95% CI 1.32-86.68] have higher odds of delivering child at home (0.47%). Urban women having three or more children before her latest delivery (22.37%) and who are employed (29.37%) have more likelihood to deliver at home. However, women aged between 25 and 34 years (43.50%), who have higher education (25.90%), play the role of household head (9.06%), have parity of more than two births (2.24%), and read daily newspapers (68.69%) had a lower chance of delivery at home. Furthermore, women from wealthier families (89.12%) and more antenatal care (ANC) visits (94.93%) were less likely to have a delivery at home. CONCLUSION: Despite significant progress in women and reproductive health in Bangladesh, the proportion of delivery in the home in urban areas is alarming and should be emphasized more. The authors believe the identified factors will help design interventions and policy development on this issue.