RESUMO
Rehabilitation services have grown tremendously in the United States over the past 2 decades. Rules originally designed to guide Medicare reimbursement policies have had substantial effects in shaping the design of clinical services. This article traces the development of the most significant federal rules regarding rehabilitation, outlines the existing empirical evidence to support these rules, and discusses an agenda for research to improve the evidence for future policy development.
Assuntos
Medicare/tendências , Reabilitação/legislação & jurisprudência , Reabilitação/tendências , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Fraturas do Quadril/reabilitação , Humanos , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Estados UnidosRESUMO
To increase the number of people using hospice and the length of stay in hospices, the hospice movement needs more urgently to refocus its message than to make the benefit more attractive.
Assuntos
Cuidados Paliativos na Terminalidade da Vida/tendências , Cuidados Paliativos , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Cuidados Paliativos na Terminalidade da Vida/economia , Cuidados Paliativos na Terminalidade da Vida/organização & administração , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Medicare/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados UnidosRESUMO
During the past 15 years, federal regulations, survey and inspection programs, and payment policies have presented conflicting incentives and disincentives for the provision of mental health services in nursing homes in the United States. Policies and regulatory measures have reflected the concern that many patients in nursing homes are not receiving the mental health care they need, and, more prominently, the concern that some of the services that are provided seem to be inappropriate or medically unnecessary. Despite evidence that payment policy and regulatory oversight can be used effectively to promote quality improvement, the need for improved access and quality of mental health services in long-term care remains substantial. Recent reports issued by the Surgeon General and by the Institute of Medicine identify a need for refinements in the assessment process, the use of outcomes-based quality measures, and payment policies designed to improve access and quality. These elements must be coordinated to promote humane treatment in nursing homes, including access to medically necessary psychiatric care.
Assuntos
Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos/economia , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos/legislação & jurisprudência , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Serviços de Saúde Mental/economia , Serviços de Saúde Mental/legislação & jurisprudência , Casas de Saúde/economia , Casas de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/economia , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Idoso , Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S./economia , Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S./legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a series of novel nonpeptidic cyclic phosphon- and phosphinamide-based hydroxamic acids as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 are presented. Based on modelling studies and X-ray analysis, a model of the binding mode of these novel compounds in the MMP active site was obtained. This model provided a rational explanation for the observed SAR data, which included a systematic study of different S1' directed substituents, zinc-complexing groups, chirality, and variation of the cyclic phosphon- and phosphinamide rings. The in vivo effect of four compounds in a human fibrosarcoma mouse model (HT1080) was evaluated and compared to that of a reference compound, Prinomastat. Inhibition of tumour growth was observed for all four compounds.