Association of vaccine-specific regulatory T cells with reduced antibody response to repeated influenza vaccination.

Repeated annual influenza vaccinations have been associated with reduced vaccine-induced antibody responses. This prospective study aimed to explore the role of vaccine antigen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells in antibody response to repeated annual influenza vaccination. We analyzed pre- and postvaccination hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, seroconversion rates, seroprotection rates, vaccine antigen hemagglutinin (HA)-specific Treg cells, and conventional T (Tconv) cells. We compared these parameters between vaccinees with or without vaccine-induced seroconversion. Our multivariate logistic regression revealed that prior vaccination was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of achieving seroconversion for both H1N1(adjusted OR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.13) and H3N2 (adjusted OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03-0.30). Furthermore, individuals who received repeated vaccinations had significantly higher levels of pre-existing HA-specific Treg cells than those who did not. We also found that vaccine-induced fold-increases in HI titers and seroconversion were negatively correlated with pre-existing HA-specific Treg cells and positively correlated with the ratio of Tconv to Treg cells. Overall, our findings suggest that repeated annual influenza vaccination is associated with a lower vaccine-induced antibody response and a higher frequency of vaccine-specific Treg cells. However, a lower frequency of pre-existing Treg cells correlates with a higher postvaccination antibody response.

Tumor Marker Trajectories and Survival Analysis in Patients With Normal Carcinoembryonic Antigen Ranges After Colorectal Cancer Resection.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding postoperative CEA for predicting long-term outcomes of colorectal cancer remains controversial, especially in patients with normal postoperative CEA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk difference among different postoperative CEA trajectories in patients with normal postoperative CEA after curative colorectal cancer resection. DESIGN: This cohort study was conducted at a comprehensive cancer center and included data retrieved from a prospectively collected database between January 2006 and December 2018. SETTINGS: Retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS: Patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery for primary stage I to III colorectal adenocarcinoma were included and those with postoperative CEA >5 ng/mL were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: Standard curative radical resection was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ten-year overall survival and disease-free survival were analyzed. RESULTS: The study population (n = 8156) was categorized into 6 trajectories: persistent-ultralow (n = 2351), persistent-low (n = 2474), gradually decrease (n = 401), persistent-medium (n = 1727), slightly increase (n = 909), and around-upper-limit (n = 394). The median follow-up time was 7.8 years, and the median time frame in which CEA was measured to determine trajectory was 2.6 years. The persistent-ultralow group had the highest 10-year overall survival (85.1%) and disease-free survival (82.7%). The around-upper-limit group had the lowest 10-year overall survival (55.5%) and disease-free survival (53.4%). The adjusted HR trend was comparable to the crude HR of the persistent-ultralow group. Consequently, the higher initial serum CEA groups had higher HRs of overall survival and disease-free survival. The adjusted HR of overall survival was 2.96 (95% CI, 2.39-3.66) and of disease-free survival was 2.66 (95% CI, 2.18-3.69) for the around-upper-limit groups. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: The postoperative serum CEA trajectory is an independent factor associated with long-term outcomes. Although CEA levels were all within normal range, higher levels of postoperative serum CEA trajectory correlated with worse long-term oncological outcomes. See Video Abstract. TRAYECTORIAS DE MARCADORES TUMORALES Y ANLISIS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN PACIENTES CON RANGOS NORMALES DE ANTGENO CARCINOEMBRIONARIO POSTERIOR A RESECCIN DE CNCER COLORRECTAL: ANTECEDENTES:La evidencia sobre el CEA post operatorio para la predicción de los resultados a largo plazo del cáncer colorrectal sigue siendo controversial, especialmente en pacientes con CEA post quirúrgico normal.OBJETIVO:Investigar la diferencia de riesgo entre diferentes trayectorias postoperatorias del CEA en pacientes con CEA post quirúrgico normal tras la resección curativa del cáncer colorrectal.DISEÑO:Este estudio de cohorte se realizó en un centro oncológico integral e incluyó datos recuperados de una base de datos recopilada prospectivamente entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2018.AJUSTES:Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.PACIENTES:Se incluyeron pacientes con el diagnostico de CCR que fueron sometidos a cirugía por adenocarcinoma colorrectal primario en estadio I-III. Se excluyeron pacientes con CEA postoperatorio >5 ng/mL.INTERVENCIONES:Se realizó una resección radical curativa estandarizada.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Se analizaron la supervivencia general a diez años y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad.RESULTADOS:La población de estudio (n = 8156) fue clasificada en seis trayectorias, que incluyeron ultrabajo persistente (n = 2351), bajo persistente (n = 2474), disminución gradual (n = 401), medio persistente (n = 1727), aumento leve (n = 909) y alrededor del límite superior (n = 394). La mediana del tiempo de seguimiento fue de 7,8 años y la mediana del período de tiempo en el que el CEA fue medido para determinar la trayectoria fue de 2,6 años. El grupo ultrabajo persistente tuvo la mayor supervivencia general a 10 años (85,1 %) y supervivencia libre de enfermedad (82,7 %). El grupo alrededor del límite superior tuvo la supervivencia general a 10 años más baja (55,5 %) y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad (53,4 %). La tendencia del índice de riesgo ajustado fue comparable al índice de riesgo bruto del grupo ultrabajo persistente. En consecuencia, los grupos con CEA sérico iniciales más altos tenían índices de riesgos más altos de supervivencia general y supervivencia libre de enfermedad. Los índices de riesgos ajustados de supervivencia general/supervivencia libre de enfermedad fueron 2,96/2,66 (intervalo de confianza del 95 %: 2,39-3,66/2,18-3,69) para los grupos cercanos al límite superior.LIMITACIONES:El estudio estuvo limitado por su diseño retrospectivo.CONCLUSIONES:La trayectoria del CEA sérico postoperatorio es un factor independiente asociado con resultados a largo plazo. Aunque los niveles de CEA se encontraban todos dentro del rango normal, los niveles más altos de trayectoria del CEA en suero posoperatorio se correlacionaron con peores resultados oncológicos a largo plazo. (Traducción-Dr Osvaldo Gauto ).

Validation of self-reported medical condition in the Taiwan Biobank.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to validate self-reported medical conditions in the Taiwan Biobank (TWBB), in which participants were inquired about 30 disease conditions, by comparing them with claims records from Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database. METHODS: We identified 30 clinical diagnoses using ICD-CM codes from ambulatory and hospital claims within the NHI claims database, matching diseases included in the TWBB. The concordance between self-reports and claims records was evaluated using tetrachoric correlation to assess the correlation between binary variables. RESULTS: A total of 131,834 participants aged 30-70 years with data from the TWBB and NHI records were included. Concordance analysis revealed tetrachoric correlations ranged from 0.420 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) to 0.970 (multiple sclerosis). However, several disorders exhibited lower tetrachoric correlations. The concordance was higher among those with higher education attainment, and lower among married individuals. CONCLUSION: The concordance between self-reports in the TWBB and NHI claims records varied across clinical diagnoses, showing inconsistencies depending on participant characteristics. These findings underscore the need for further investigation, especially when these variables are crucial to research objectives. Integrating complementary databases such as clinical diagnoses, prescription records, and medical procedures can enhance accuracy through customized algorithms based on disease categories and participant characteristics and optimize sensitivity or positive predictive values to align with specific research objectives.

Association between alcohol consumption and chronic kidney disease: a population-based survey.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption is associated with both beneficial and harmful effects, and the role of alcohol consumption in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and CKD or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). METHODS: This study enrolled adults from the second Taiwanese Survey on Prevalences of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia, conducted in 2007. Participants were categorized into frequent drinkers, occasional drinkers, and nondrinkers. The amount of alcohol consumption was assessed by standard drinks per week. The primary outcome was the presence of CKD, and the secondary outcome was the eGFR. RESULTS: Among 3967 participants with a mean age of 47.9 years and a CKD prevalence of 11.7%, 13.8% were frequent drinkers, and 23.1% were occasional drinkers. The average amount of alcohol consumed was 3.3 drinks per week. Frequent drinkers (odds ratio [OR] 0.622, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.443-0.874) and occasional drinkers (OR 0.597 95% CI 0.434-0.821) showed a lower prevalence of CKD than nondrinkers. Consumption of a larger number of standard drinks was associated with a lower prevalence of CKD (OR 0.872, 95% CI 0.781-0.975). Frequent drinkers and those who consumed a larger number of standard drinks per week showed higher eGFRs. CONCLUSION: Within the range of moderate alcohol intake, those who consumed more alcohol had a higher eGFR and reduced prevalence of CKD. The potentially harmful effects of heavy drinking should be taken into consideration, and alcohol intake should be limited to less than light to moderate levels.

Paternal age and 13 psychiatric disorders in the offspring: a population-based cohort study of 7 million children in Taiwan.

Although paternal age has been linked to certain psychiatric disorders, the nature of any causal relationship remains elusive. Here, we aimed to comprehensively assess the magnitude of a wide range of offspring's psychiatric risk conferred by paternal age, leveraging a pedigree inferred from covered-insurance relationship (accuracy >98%) in Taiwan's single-payer compulsory insurance program. We also examined whether there is an independent role of paternal age and explored the potential effect of parental age difference. A total cohort of 7,264,788 individuals born between 1980 and 2018 were included; 5,572,232 with sibling(s) were selected for sibling-comparison analyses and 1,368,942 and 1,044,420 children with information of paternal-grandparents and maternal-grandparents, respectively, were selected for multi-generation analyses. Using inpatient/outpatient claims data (1997-2018), we identified schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder (BPD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), eating disorder (ED), substance use disorder (SUD), mental retardation (MR), tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, and somatoform disorder. We identified suicides using death certificates. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the paternal/maternal/grand-paternal age association with psychiatric risk in the offspring. The total cohort and sibling-comparison cohort resulted in similar estimates. Paternal age had a U-shaped relationship with offspring's MDD, ED, SUD, and anxiety. A very young maternal age (<20 years) was associated with markedly higher risk in offspring's SUD, MR, and suicide. Older paternal age (>25 years) was linearly associated with offspring's schizophrenia, autism, BPD, ADHD, MDD, ED, SUD, MR, OCD, anxiety, and suicide. Older grand-paternal age was linearly associated with offspring's schizophrenia, autism, ADHD, and MR. Dissimilar parental age was positively associated with offspring's ADHD, MDD, SUD, MR, anxiety, and suicide, and negatively associated with offspring's OCD. This comprehensive assessment provides solid evidence for the independent role of paternal age in psychiatric risk in the offspring and clarifies the significance of both early parenthood and delayed paternity.

Ultraviolet B phototherapy does not increase the risk of skin cancer among patients with atopic dermatitis: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: UV-B phototherapy is a common treatment modality for patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), but its long-term safety in terms of cutaneous carcinogenic risk has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk of skin cancer among patients with AD receiving UV-B phototherapy. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study from 2001 to 2018 to estimate the risk of UV-B phototherapy for skin cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and cutaneous melanoma in patients with AD. RESULTS: Among 6205 patients with AD, the risks of skin cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.35-2.35), nonmelanoma skin cancer (adjusted HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.29-2.26), and cutaneous melanoma (adjusted HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.08-7.64) did not increase among patients with AD treated with UV-B phototherapy, compared with those who did not receive UV-B phototherapy. Additionally, the number of UV-B phototherapy sessions was not associated with an increased risk of skin cancer (adjusted HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1.02), nonmelanoma skin cancer (adjusted HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1.03), or cutaneous melanoma (adjusted HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.77-1.15). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective study. CONCLUSION: Neither UV-B phototherapy nor the number of UV-B phototherapy sessions was associated with an increased risk of skin cancers among patients with AD.

Comparative efficacy of treatments for molluscum contagiosum: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Various interventions have been applied to treat molluscum contagiosum, but benefits and efficacy remain unclear. To assess the comparative efficacy and safety of interventions for molluscum contagiosum, a network meta-analysis was performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles published between January 1, 1990, and November 31, 2020. Eligible studies were randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of interventions in immunocompetent children and adults with genital/non-genital molluscum contagiosum lesions. RESULTS: Twelve interventions from 25 RCTs including 2,123 participants were assessed. Compared with the placebo, ingenol mebutate had the most significant effect on complete clearance (odds ratio [OR] 117.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.37-2164.88), followed by cryotherapy (OR 16.81, 95% CI 4.13-68.54), podophyllotoxin (OR 10.24, 95% CI 3.36-31.21), and potassium hydroxide (KOH) (OR 10.02, 95% CI 4.64-21.64). Data on adverse effects were too scarce for quantitative synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Ingenol mebutate, cryotherapy, podophyllotoxin, and KOH were more effective than the other interventions in achieving complete clearance, but safety concerns regarding ingenol mebutate have recently been reported. Due to the possibility of spontaneous resolution, observation is also justified for asymptomatic infection. Factors including adverse effects, cost, patient preference, and medical accessibility should be considered.

The Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on the Risks of End-Stage Kidney Disease and Mortality After Liver Transplantation.

This retrospective study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the risks of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and post-liver transplantation (post-LT) mortality. Using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database, Taiwan, 3,489 patients who received a LT between 1 January 2005, and 31 December 2015, were enrolled in this study and divided into the pre-existing DM, post-LT DM (PLTDM), and without DM groups. All subjects were followed up from 1 year after LT to the index date for ESKD, and the occurrence of death, or until 31 December 2016. Of the 3,489 patients with LT, 1,016 had pre-existing DM, 215 had PLTDM, and 2,258 had no DM pre- or post-LT. The adjusted HRs of ESKD were 1.77 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], .78-3.99) and 2.61 (95% CI, 1.63-4.18) for PLTDM group and pre-existing DM group compared to without DM group, respectively. For the risk of death, the adjusted HRs were 1.05 (95% CI, .72-1.55) and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.04-1.59) for PLTDM group and pre-existing DM group compared to those without DM group, respectively. The sensitivity analysis for the risk of ESKD and death also revealed the consistent result. Pre-existing DM has significant increase the risk of post-LT ESKD and mortality. The role of PLTDM should be explored to explain postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Risk of Skin Cancer among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Treated with Ultraviolet B Phototherapy for Uraemic Pruritus: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

The safety of ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy with respect to cutaneous carcinogenesis has not been established for patients with chronic kidney disease. To investigate this issue, a nationwide cohort study of 10,805 patients with advanced chronic kidney disease was conducted using data from the National Health Insurance of Taiwan, the Taiwan Cancer Registry, and the national death registry. After a median follow-up of 75 months, 16 of 2,161 patients in the UVB group and 63 of 8,644 patients in the non-UVB group developed skin cancers. Compared with the non-UVB group, patients in the UVB group did not show an increased risk of skin cancer (hazard ratio 1.066; 95% confidence interval 0.584-1.944), non-melanoma skin cancer (hazard ratio 1.067; 95% confidence interval 0.571-1.996), or cutaneous melanoma (hazard ratio 1.009; 95% confidence interval 0.115-8.879). In addition, patients who received more UVB phototherapy did not show an increased risk of skin cancer. UVB phototherapy appears to be a safe treatment for uraemic pruritus in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Lipid biomarkers and Cancer risk - a population-based prospective cohort study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Blood lipids are essential components for cellular growth. An inverse association between serum lipid levels and risk of cancer has led to a controversy among previous studies. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the association between blood lipids change and risk of cancer incidence. METHODS: A cohort of 4130 Taiwanese adults from the Taiwanese Survey on the Prevalence of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia database underwent repeated examinations in 2002 and 2007. Six groups were established based on the combined baseline (lower/higher) and interval change (decreasing/stable/increasing) in plasma lipid levels. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to investigate the relationship between lipids change and all-cause cancer incidence. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty cancer events developed over a median follow-up of 13.4 years. Comparing these with individuals with decreasing lower-baseline lipid levels, cancer risk reduction was demonstrated in those with increasing lower-baseline total cholesterol (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27 to 0.85), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; aHR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.92), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (aHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.92) levels. A decreased risk for cancer incidence also presented in participants with stable lower-baseline, decreasing and increasing higher-baseline LDL-C levels, and with decreasing and stable higher-baseline non-HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS: The interval decline in lower-baseline total cholesterol, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels was linked to a higher risk for all-cause cancer incidence. More attention to a potential cancer risk may be warranted for an unexplained fall in serum lipids.

Widowhood and mortality risk in Taiwan: a population-based matched cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Studying the causes of death among deceased spouses and surviving partners may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of the association between widowhood and mortality. This study investigated the mortality risk of widowhood in Taiwan, examined the association of the cause of death between widowed individuals and their deceased spouses and explored potential modifying effects by age, gender and duration after widowhood. METHODS: This matched cohort study utilized Taiwan's National Health Insurance claims database and National Death Registry. In total, 204 010 widowed men and 596 136 widowed women were identified with a mean follow-up period of 6.9 and 7.9 years, respectively, and 816 040 comparison men and 2 384 544 comparison women were selected. RESULTS: Widowhood was associated with an increased mortality risk, with widowed men having a 1.32 increased risk and widowed women having a 1.27 increased risk. Age at spousal death and duration modified the associations after widowhood. The widowed individuals are more likely to die by the same cause as the deceased spouse if they died by suicide, accident, endocrine, gastrointestinal disorders or infection. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that healthcare policies and interventions should be developed to improve widowed individuals' health and overall welfare.

Prognosis of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection treated with teicoplanin: a retrospective cohort study investigating effect of teicoplanin minimum inhibitory concentrations.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to investigate whether teicoplanin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates play a role in the prognosis of patient with teicoplanin-treated MRSA bloodstream infection (BSI). METHODS: Between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2009, adult patients with teicoplanin-treated MRSA BSI in two Taiwan medical centers were retrospectively enrolled. Their blood MRSA isolates were submitted for determination of MICs to various antibiotics and multi-locus sequence types. All-cause mortalities on Days 14 and 30, as well as clinical response at the end of teicoplanin therapy were treated as endpoints. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy adult patients were enrolled and 210 blood MRSA isolates were available. Independent risk factors for un-favorable outcome at the end of teicoplanin therapy included septic shock (p < 0.0001) and an elevated C-reactive protein level (p = 0.0064). The independent risk factors for all-cause Day 14 mortality (13.0%) included the presence of auto-immune diseases (p = 0.0235), septic shock (p = 0.0253) and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.0018). The independent risk factors for all-cause Day 30 mortality (26.3%) included age (p = 0.0102), septic shock (p < 0.0001) and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.0059). CONCLUSIONS: The current study didn't find a significant role for teicoplanin MICs in the prognosis of adult patients with teicoplanin-treated MRSA BSI.

Associations between depression and cancer risk among patients with diabetes mellitus: A population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The co-occurrence of depression and diabetes mellitus has been linked to an increased risk of developing cancer. This study aimed to investigate whether depression further amplifies the risk of cancer among individuals with diabetes. METHODS: This population-based matched cohort study utilized Taiwan's National Health Insurance claims database. A total of 85,489 newly diagnosed diabetic patients with depressive disorders were selected, along with 427,445 comparison subjects. The matching process involved age, sex, and the calendar year of diabetes onset. The average follow-up duration for the two cohorts was 6.4 and 6.5 years, respectively. The primary outcome of interest was the occurrence of overall cancer or cancer at specific anatomical sites. RESULTS: The adjusted hazard ratios for overall cancer incidence were 1.08 (95% CI, 1.05-1.11). For site-specific cancers, depression exhibited significant associations with oropharyngeal, esophageal, liver, gynecological, prostate, kidney, and hematologic malignancies among patients with diabetes. Notably, a severity-response relationship was observed, indicating that patients with recurrent episodes of major depressive disorders exhibited a higher incidence of cancer compared to those diagnosed with dysthymia or depressive disorder not otherwise specified. Furthermore, the strength of the association between depression and cancer risk was more pronounced among younger patients with diabetes as opposed to older adults. However, no significant relationship was observed between adherence to antidepressant treatment and cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate a significant association between depression and an elevated risk of cancer among individuals diagnosed with diabetes. Future investigations should replicate our findings, explore the effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments on cancer risk, and identify the underlying mechanisms.

Association between a priori and a posteriori dietary patterns and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a representative cohort study in Taiwan.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Taiwanese individuals. Data were collected using a nationwide cohort study (2001-15) from the Triple-High Database. Dietary intake was assessed using the twenty-group food frequency questionnaire and used to calculate alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) scores. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression were used to derive dietary patterns, with incident T2DM as the outcome. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards (Cox PH) regression analysis, and subgroup analyses were performed. A total of 4705 participants were enrolled in the study, and 995 had newly developed T2DM during the median 5⋅28-year follow-up period (30⋅7 per 1000 person-years). Six dietary patterns were extracted (PCA: Western, prudent, dairy and plant-based; PLS: health-conscious, fish-vegetable and fruit-seafood). The highest aMED score quartile had a 25 % (hazard ratio 0⋅75; 95 % CI 0⋅61, 0⋅92; P = 0⋅039) lower risk of T2DM than the lowest quartile. This association remained significant after adjustment (adjusted hazard ratio 0⋅74; 95 % CI 0⋅60, 0⋅91; P = 0⋅010), and no effect modifier was found for aMED. The DASH scores, PCA and PLS dietary patterns were not significant after adjustment. In conclusion, high adherence to a MED-type dietary pattern by Taiwanese foods was associated with a lower risk of T2DM in the Taiwanese population, regardless of unhealthy lifestyle habits.

Real-world effectiveness of national pit and fissure sealants program in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effectiveness of a national population-based pit and fissure sealants (PFS) program in Taiwan. METHODS: Part 1 (effectiveness of national PFS program) involved children who had participated in the PFS program from 2015 to 2019. After propensity score matching, 670,840 children were selected for analysis until the end of 2019. During follow-up, the permanent first molars of the participants were assessed for caries-related treatments by employing multilevel Cox proportional hazards models. In Part 2 (effectiveness of retained sealants), which involved 1,561 children, sealant retention was evaluated 3 years after placement. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect information on family and individual factors. The endpoints were the same as in Part 1. RESULTS: In Part 1, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for caries-related treatments among participants in the PFS program were 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89, 0.91) for dental restoration, 0.42 (95% CI = 0.38, 0.46) for initiation of endodontic treatment, 0.46 (95% CI = 0.41, 0.52) for completion of endodontic treatment, and 0.25 (95% CI = 0.18, 0.34, all Ps < 0.0001) for extraction. In Part 2, the adjusted HR for dental restoration of teeth with retained sealants was 0.70 (95% CI = 0.58, 0.85), significantly lower than that for teeth without retained sealants (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Participation in the national PFS program was associated with a significant reduction of at least 10% in the risk of caries-related treatments, and an additional 30% risk reduction may have been attributed to sealant retention. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In a real-world setting, schoolchildren in the national PFS program were associated with a significant reduction of at least 10% in the likelihood of caries-related treatments. The program provided moderate protection against caries for the study population and could be improved by increasing the sealant retention rate.

Quality of dental treatments under intravenous sedation among patients with disability: A self-matching study.

Background/purpose: Patients with disabilities usually have difficulties in communication and mobility, and the quality of the dental treatments are often inferior. This study uses the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database to analyze the quality of dental treatment for patients with disabilities who receive intravenous sedation (IVS). Materials and methods: This study selected patients with disabilities who received dental treatment under IVS. Their oral cavity was divided into three major sections: anterior teeth, upper posterior teeth, and lower posterior teeth. Self-matching of the same section was conducted to observe whether operative dental treatment (OD) with or without IVS affected the occurrence of dental retreatment. This study observed the occurrence of refilling and the duration from the end of treatment until retreatment to compare treatment differences with or without IVS. Results: After self-matching, this study found 158 patients who received dental treatment within the same section with and without IVS. During a follow-up period of 17 years, 75.18% of the patients who received OD treatment required refilling, 10.87% required endodontic treatment, and 5.67% required tooth extraction. After OD treatment with IVS, the risks of refilling, endodontic treatment, and tooth extraction were 0.71 (95% CI: 0.58-0.87, P < 0.001), 0.77 (95% CI: 0.48-1.23, P = 0.28), and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.32-1.27, P = 0.20), respectively. Conclusion: For patients with disabilities, OD treatment with IVS significantly reduces the risk of refilling compared with OD treatment without IVS. IVS can be ideal for people with disabilities who receive dental treatment.

Association between sugary drinks consumption and dental caries incidence among Taiwanese schoolchildren with mixed dentition.

OBJECTIVES: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease, and a sugary diet can generate an acidic plaque environment that advances its development. However, the specific effect of sugary drinks on the subsequent oral health of schoolchildren with mixed dentition is unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between the consumption of sugary drinks and 1 year incidence rate of caries in permanent teeth among Taiwanese schoolchildren with mixed dentition. METHODS: A longitudinal 1 year follow-up study was conducted among Taiwanese schoolchildren aged 8-9 years. A questionnaire collected information regarding the parents' oral health status and their children's demographic background, oral health-related behaviours and consumption habits of sugary drinks, including handmade drinks (specifically bubble tea and pearl milk tea) and carbonated drinks. Dental caries was recorded through standardized oral examinations. The number of dental services received was retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and zero-inflated negative binomial models were used to estimate the association between the consumption of sugary drinks and the incidence rate of caries in permanent teeth after 1 year. RESULTS: The study involved 494 children. During the 1 year follow-up period, 117 children developed new dental caries in their permanent teeth, yielding a caries incidence rate of 0.183 per person-year. After adjustments for confounding factors, children who preferred having sugar-rich beverages were associated with having a 4.3 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-15.7) risk of developing caries than did those who preferred nonsugary drinks (P < .05). Additionally, children who often consumed handmade drinks were associated with having a 1.7 times higher (95% CI = 1.1-2.9) risk of developing caries than those who seldom consumed (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the consumption of sugary drinks during the mixed dentition stage might be a major etiological factor for caries in permanent teeth. These findings could be valuable to paediatricians, dentists, nutritionists and policymakers.

Associations Between Antidepressant Use and Advanced Diabetes Outcomes in Patients with Depression and Diabetes Mellitus.

CONTEXT: Comorbid depression in patients with diabetes deteriorates the prognosis. Antidepressants might attenuate the adverse effects of depression; however, they are associated with cardiometabolic adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the association between antidepressant treatment and advanced diabetic complications and mortality among patients with depression and diabetes mellitus. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study of 36 276 patients with depression and newly treated diabetes mellitus using Taiwan's universal health insurance database. Antidepressant treatment patterns within a 6-month window were classified into none, poor, partial, and regular use, and we accounted for time-dependent variables in the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with adjustment for time-dependent comorbidity and concomitant use of medications. Different classes of antidepressants were compared. Macro- and microvascular complications, as well as all-cause mortality, were the main outcomes. Benzodiazepines were chosen as negative control exposure. RESULTS: Compared with poor use of antidepressants, regular use was associated with a 0.92-fold decreased risk of macrovascular complications and a 0.86-fold decreased risk of all-cause mortality but not associated with microvascular complications. Regular use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors was associated with a 0.83- and 0.75-fold decreased risk of macrovascular complications and all-cause mortality, respectively. Regular use of tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants was associated with a 0.78-fold decreased risk of all-cause mortality. Regular use of benzodiazepine showed no association with diabetic outcomes. CONCLUSION: Regular antidepressant use was associated with lower risk of advanced diabetic complications compared with poor adherence. Clinicians should emphasize antidepressant treatment adherence among patients with depression and diabetes mellitus.

Association between type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis risk: A representative cohort study in Taiwan.

Although previous studies have investigated the relationship between fracture risk and type 2 diabetes (T2D), cohort studies that estimate composite osteoporosis risk are lacking. This retrospective cohort study sought to determine the risk of osteoporosis in Taiwanese patients with T2D. Patients diagnosed with T2D between 2002 and 2015 identified through the 2002 Taiwan Survey of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia were included. A total of 1690 men and 1641 women aged ≥40 years linked to the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) were followed up to the end of 2015 to identify the incidences of osteoporosis through ICD9-CM codes for osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures or usage of anti-osteoporotic agents according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes determined from NHIRD. The person year approach and Kaplan-Meier analysis were then used to estimate the incidences and cumulative event rates, whereas the Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for osteoporosis events. A total of 792 new osteoporosis events were documented over a median follow-up duration of 13.6 years. Participants with T2D had higher osteoporosis risk [adjusted HR: 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.69] compared with those without T2D. Subgroup analyses revealed that age had a marginally significant effect, indicating that T2D had a more pronounced effect on osteoporosis risk in younger population (<65 years old). No difference was found between patients stratified according to sex. In conclusion, T2D was significantly associated with increased osteoporosis risk, especially in younger participants.