Mechanochemical Fabrication of Full-Color Luminescent Materials from Aggregation-Induced Emission Prefluorophores for Information Storage and Encryption.

The development of luminescent materials via mechanochemistry embodies a compelling yet intricate frontier within materials science. Herein, we delineate a methodology for the synthesis of brightly luminescent polymers, achieved by the mechanochemical coupling of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) prefluorophores with generic polymers. An array of AIE moieties tethered to the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radical are synthesized as prefluorophores, which initially exhibit weak fluorescence due to intramolecular quenching. Remarkably, the mechanical coupling of these prefluorophores with macromolecular radicals, engendered through ball milling of generic polymers, leads to substantial augmentation of fluorescence within the resultant polymers. We meticulously evaluate the tunable emission of the AIE-modified polymers, encompassing an extensive spectrum from the visible to the near-infrared region. This study elucidates the potential of such materials in stimuli-responsive systems with a focus on information storage and encryption displays. By circumventing the complexity inherent to the conventional synthesis of luminescent polymers, this approach contributes a paradigm to the field of AIE-based polymers with implications for advanced technological applications.

Inducing and Switching the Handedness of Polyacetylenes with Topologically Chiral [2]Catenane Pendants.

To explore the chirality induction and switching of topological chirality, poly[2]catenanes composed of helical poly(phenylacetylenes) (PPAs) main chain and topologically chiral [2]catenane pendants are described for the first time. These poly[2]catenanes with optically active [2]catenanes on side chains were synthesized by polymerization of enantiomerically pure topologically chiral [2]catenanes with ethynyl polymerization site and/or point chiral moiety. The chirality information of [2]catenane pendants was successfully transferred to the main chain of polyene backbones, leading to preferred-handed helical conformations, while the introduction of point chiral units has negligible effect on the overall helices. More interestingly, attributed to unique dynamic feature of the [2]catenane pendants, these polymers revealed dynamic response behaviors to solvents, temperature, and sodium ions, resulting in the fully reversible switching on/off of the chirality induction. This work provides not only new design strategy for novel chiroptical switches with topologically chiral molecules but also novel platforms for the development of smart chiral materials.

Turning Non-Emissive Schiff Bases Into Aggregate Emitters.

Schiff bases are a crucial component in various functional materials but often exhibit non-emissive behavior which significantly limits their potential applications as luminescent materials. However, traditional approaches to convert them into aggregate emitters often require intricate molecular design, tedious synthesis, and significant time and resource consumption. Herein, we present a cocrystallization-induced emission strategy that can transform non-emissive (hetero)aryl-substituted Schiff bases into green-yellow to yellow aggregate emitters via even simple grinding of a mixture of Schiff bases and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCB) mixtures. The combined experimental and theoretical analysis revealed that the cocrystallization inhibits the C=N isomerization and promotes face-to-face π-π interaction, which restricts access to both the dark state and canonical intersection to ultimately induce emission. Furthermore, the induced emission enables the observation of solid-state molecular diffusion through fluorescence signals, advancing white light emission diodes, and notably, solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes based on cocrystal for the first time. This study not only highlights the potential of developing new C=N structural motifs for AIEgens but also could boost advancements in related structure motifs like C=C and N=N.

Efficient Self-Sorting Behaviours of Metallacages with Subtle Structural Differences.

Investigating the self-sorting behaviour of assemblies with subtle structural differences is a captivating yet challenging endeavour. Herein, we elucidate the unusual self-sorting behaviour of metallacages with subtle structural differences in batch reactors and microdroplets. Narcissistic self-sorting of metallacages has been observed for two ligands with identical sizes, shapes, and symmetries, with only minor differences in the substituted groups. In particular, the self-sorting process in microdroplets occurs within 1 min at room temperature, in stark contrast to batch reactors, which require equilibration for 30 min. To reveal the mechanism of self-sorting and the role of microdroplets, we conducted a series of experiments and theoretical calculations, including competitive self-assembly, cage-to-cage transformation, control experiments involving model metallacages with larger cavities, noncovalent interaction analysis, and root mean square deviation (RMSD) analysis. This research demonstrates an unusual case of self-sorting of very similar assemblies and provides a new strategy for facilitating the self-sorting efficiency of supramolecular systems.

Cyclooctatetraene-Embedded Carbon Nanorings.

With the prosperity of the development of carbon nanorings, certain topologically or functionally unique units-embedded carbon nanorings have sprung up in the past decade. Herein, we report the facile and efficient synthesis of three cyclooctatetraene-embedded carbon nanorings (COTCNRs) that contain three (COTCNR1 and COTCNR2) and four (COTCNR3) COT units in a one-pot Yamamoto coupling. These nanorings feature hoop-shaped segments of Gyroid (G-), Diamond (D-), and Primitive (P-) type carbon schwarzites. The conformations of the trimeric nanorings COTCNR1 and COTCNR2 are shape-persistent, whereas the tetrameric COTCNR3 possesses a flexible carbon skeleton which undergoes conformational changes upon forming host-guest complexes with fullerenes (C60 and C70), whose co-crystals may potentially serve as fullerene-based semiconducting supramolecular wires with electrical conductivities on the order of 10-7 S cm-1 (for C60⊂COTCNR3) and 10-8 S cm-1 (for C70⊂COTCNR3) under ambient conditions. This research not only describes highly efficient one-step syntheses of three cyclooctatetraene-embedded carbon nanorings which feature hoop-shaped segments of distinctive topological carbon schwarzites, but also demonstrates the potential application in electronics of the one-dimensional fullerene arrays secured by COTCNR3.

Photoresponsive Rotaxane-Branched Dendrimers: From Nanoscale Dimension Modulation to Macroscopic Soft Actuators.

Aiming at the construction of novel soft actuators through the amplified motions of molecular machines at the nanoscale, the design and synthesis of a new family of photoresponsive rotaxane-branched dendrimers through an efficient controllable divergent approach was successfully realized for the first time. In the third-generation rotaxane-branched dendrimers, up to 21 azobenzene-based rotaxane units located at each branch, thus making them the first successful synthesis of light-control integrated artificial molecular machines. Notably, upon alternative irradiation with UV and visible light, photoisomerization of the azobenzene stoppers leads to the collective and amplified motions of the precisely arranged rotaxane units, resulting in controllable and reversible dimension modulation of the integrating photoresponsive rotaxane-branched dendrimers in solution. Moreover, novel macroscopic soft actuators were further constructed based on these photoresponsive rotaxane-branched dendrimers, which revealed fast shape transformation behaviors with an actuating speed up to 21.2 ± 0.2° s-1 upon ultraviolet irradiation. More importantly, the resultant soft actuators could produce mechanical work upon light control that has been further successfully employed for weight-lifting and cargo transporting, thus laying the foundation toward the construction of novel smart materials that can perform programmed events.

Highly Efficient Self-Assembly of Metallacages and Their Supramolecular Catalysis Behaviors in Microdroplets.

Developing a new strategy to improve the self-assembly efficiency of functional assemblies in a confined space and construct hybrid functional materials is a significant and fascinating endeavor. Herein, we present a highly efficient strategy for achieving the supramolecular self-assembly of well-defined metallacages in microdroplets through continuous-flow microfluidic devices. The high efficiency and versatility of this approach are demonstrated by the generation of five representative metallacages in different solvents containing water, DMF, acetonitrile, and methanol in a few minutes with nearly quantitative yields, in contrast to the yields obtained with the hour-scale reaction time in a batch reactor. A ring-opening catalytic reaction of the metallacages was selected as a model reaction for exploring supramolecular catalysis in microdroplets, whereby the catalytic yield was enhanced by 2.22-fold compared to that of the same reaction in the batch reactor. This work illustrates a new promising approach for the self-assembly of supramolecular systems.

Construction of Covalent Organic Cages with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics from Metallacages for Mimicking Light-Harvesting Antenna.

A series of covalent organic cages built from fluorophores capable of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) were elegantly prepared through the reduction of preorganized M2 (LA )3 (LB )2 -type metallacages, simultaneously taking advantage of the synthetic accessibility and well-defined shapes and sizes of metallacages, the good chemical stability of the covalent cages as well as the bright emission of AIE fluorophores. Moreover, the covalent cages could be further post-synthetically modified into an amide-functionalized cage with a higher quantum yield. Furthermore, these presented covalent cages proved to be good energy donors and were used to construct light-harvesting systems employing Nile Red as an energy acceptor. These light-harvesting systems displayed efficient energy transfer and relatively high antenna effect, which enabled their use as efficient photocatalysts for a dehalogenation reaction. This research provides a new avenue for the development of luminescent covalent cages for light-harvesting and photocatalysis.

Through-Space Interaction of Tetraphenylethylene: What, Where, and How.

Electronic conjugation through covalent bonds is generally considered as the basis for the electronic transition of organic luminescent materials. Tetraphenylethylene (TPE), an efficient fluorophore with aggregation-induced emission character, fluoresces blue emission in the aggregate state, and such photoluminescence is always ascribed to the through-bond conjugation (TBC) among the four phenyl rings and the central C═C bond. However, in this work, systematic spectroscopic studies and DFT theoretical simulation reveal that the intramolecular through-space interaction (TSI) between two vicinal phenyl rings generates the bright blue emission in TPE but not the TBC effect. Furthermore, the evaluation of excited-state decay dynamics suggests the significance of photoinduced isomerization in the nonradiative decay of TPE in the solution state. More importantly, different from the traditional qualitative description for TSI, the quantitative elucidation of the TSI is realized through the atoms-in-molecules analysis; meanwhile, a theoretical solid-state model for TPE and other multirotor systems for studying the electronic configuration is preliminarily established. The mechanistic model of TSI delineated in this work provides a new strategy to design luminescent materials beyond the traditional theory of TBC and expands the quantum understanding of molecular behavior to the aggregate level.

How to Manipulate Through-Space Conjugation and Clusteroluminescence of Simple AIEgens with Isolated Phenyl Rings.

Apart from the traditional through-bond conjugation (TBC), through-space conjugation (TSC) is gradually proved as another important interaction in photophysical processes, especially for the recent observation of clusteroluminescence from nonconjugated molecules. However, unlike TBC in conjugated chromophores, it is still challenging to manipulate TSC and clusteroluminescence. Herein, simple and nonconjugated triphenylmethane (TPM) and its derivatives with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were systematically studied. TPM was characterized with visible clusteroluminescence due to the intramolecular TSC. Experimental and theoretical results showed that the introduction of electron-donating groups into TPM could red-shift the wavelength and increase the efficiency of clusteroluminescence simultaneously, due to the increased electronic density and stabilization of TSC. However, TPM derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups showed inefficient or even quenched clusteroluminescence caused by the vigorous excited-state intramolecular motion and intermolecular photoinduced electron transfer process. This work provides a reliable strategy to manipulate TSC and clusteroluminescence.

Allenes for Versatile Iron-Catalyzed C-H Activation by Weak O-Coordination: Mechanistic Insights by Kinetics, Intermediate Isolation, and Computation.

The iron-catalyzed hydroarylation of allenes was accomplished by weak phenone assistance. The C-H activation proceeded with excellent efficacy and high ortho-regioselectivity in proximity to the weakly coordinating carbonyl group for a range of substituted phenones and allenes. Detailed mechanistic studies, including the isolation of key intermediates, the structural characterization of an iron-metallacycle, and kinetic analysis, allowed the sound elucidation of a plausible catalytic working mode. This mechanistic rationale is supported by detailed computational density functional theory studies, which fully address multi-spin-state reactivity. Furthermore, in operando nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of the catalytic reaction provided detailed insights into the mode of action of the iron-catalyzed C-H alkylation with allenes.

Nickela-electrocatalyzed C-H Alkoxylation with Secondary Alcohols: Oxidation-Induced Reductive Elimination at Nickel(III).

Nickela-electrooxidative C-H alkoxylations with challenging secondary alcohols were accomplished in a fully dehydrogenative fashion, thereby avoiding stoichiometric chemical oxidants, with H2 as the only stoichiometric byproduct. The nickela-electrocatalyzed oxygenation proved viable with various (hetero)arenes, including naturally occurring secondary alcohols, without racemization. Detailed mechanistic investigation, including DFT calculations and cyclovoltammetric studies of a well-defined C-H activated nickel(III) intermediate, suggest an oxidation-induced reductive elimination at nickel(III).

Enantioselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Allenes by Cooperative Cu/Pd-Catalyzed 1,4-Arylboration of 1,3-Enynes.

A cooperative Cu/Pd-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of multisubstituted allenes is established. By employing chiral sulfoxide phosphine (SOP)/Cu and PdCl2 (dppf) complexes as catalysts, the 1,4-arylboration of 1,3-enynes provides an efficient approach to trisubstituted chiral allenes with up to 92 % yield and 97:3 er. Furthermore, by using 2-substituted 1,3-enynes as substrates, the tetrasubstituted chiral allenes were successfully generated using this strategy. Finally, theoretical calculations indicate that the transmetallation of the allenylcopper species is the rate-limiting step of this transformation.

Dinitrogen Fixation and Reduction by Ta3N3H0,1- Cluster Anions at Room Temperature: Hydrogen-Assisted Enhancement of Reactivity.

Dinitrogen activation and reduction is one of the most challenging and important subjects in chemistry. Herein, we report the N2 binding and reduction at the well-defined Ta3N3H- and Ta3N3- gas-phase clusters by using mass spectrometry (MS), anion photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), and quantum-chemical calculations. The PES and calculation results show clear evidence that N2 can be adsorbed and completely activated by Ta3N3H- and Ta3N3- clusters, yielding to the products Ta3N5H- and Ta3N5-, but the reactivity of Ta3N3H- is five times higher than that of the dehydrogenated Ta3N3- clusters. The detailed mechanistic investigations further indicate that a dissociative mechanism dominates the N2 activation reactions mediated by Ta3N3H- and Ta3N3-; two and three Ta atoms are active sites and also electron donors for the N2 reduction, respectively. Although the hydrogen atom in Ta3N3H- is not directly involved in the reaction, its very presence modifies the charge distribution and the geometry of Ta3N3H-, which is crucial to increase the reactivity. The mechanisms revealed in this gas-phase study stress the fundamental rules for N2 activation and the important role of transition metals as active sites as well as the new significant role of metal hydride bonds in the process of N2 reduction, which provides molecular-level insights into the rational design of tantalum nitride-based catalysts for N2 fixation and activation or NH3 synthesis.

Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Thiocarbonylation of Styrenes.

A highly enantioselective thiocarbonylation of styrenes with CO and thiols has been achieved by Pd catalysis, providing highly enantioenriched thioesters in good to excellent yields. Key to the successful execution of this reaction is the use of a chiral sulfoxide-(P-dialkyl)-phosphine (SOP) ligands. This thiocarbonylation proceeds smoothly under mild reaction conditions (1 atm CO and 0 °C) and displays broad substrate scope. Also demonstrated is that this transformation can be conducted using surrogates of CO, greatly increasing the safety aspects of running the reaction. The generality and utility of the method is manifested by its application to the synthetic transformations of thioester products and the direct acylation of cysteine-containing dipeptides. A primary mechanism was investigated and a plausible catalytic cycle was proposed.

Substrate-Dependent Two-State Reactivity in Iron-Catalyzed Alkene [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions.

Iron-catalyzed alkene [2+2] cycloaddition reactions represent a promising stepwise pathway to effect the kinetically hindered concerted [2+2] cycloaddition. However, the fundamental reactivity paradigm of these reactions remains unclear. Based on high level combined CASPT2/DFT modelings, herein we reveal an unprecedented substrate-dependent two-state reactivity scenario for the key C-C coupling in this iron catalysis, in which the representative substrates of mono-olefins only and mono-olefin plus 1,3-diene exhibit different reactivity paradigms. The role of the redox-active ligand is found to generate a ferric oxidation state for the metallacyclic intermediate of C-C coupling, thereby rendering a thermodynamically more accessible FeIII/FeI reductive elimination process compared with the otherwise FeII/Fe0 one. The enhancement of the spin state transition efficiency between the singlet and triplet states is predicted as an alternative way to increase the C-C coupling reactivity in the cross [2+2] cycloaddition reactions between mono-olefins and dienes. This work highlights the ab initio multi-reference method in describing very complicated open-shell iron catalysis.

An Iron(II) Ylide Complex as a Masked Open-Shell Iron Alkylidene Species in Its Alkylidene-Transfer Reactions with Alkenes.

Transition-metal alkylidenes are important reactive organometallic intermediates, and our current knowledge on them has been mainly restricted to those with closed-shell electronic configurations. In this study, we present an exploration on open-shell iron alkylidenes with a weak-field tripodal amido-phosphine-amido ligand. We found that a high-spin (amido-phosphine-amido)iron(II) complex can react with (p-tolyl)2CN2 to afford a high-spin (amido-ylide-amido)iron(II) complex, 2, which could transfer its alkylidene moiety to a variety of alkenes, either the electron-rich or electron-deficient ones, to form cyclopropane derivatives. The reaction of 2 with cis-ß-deuterio-styrene gave deuterated cyclopropane derivatives with partial loss of the stereochemical integrity with respect to the cis-styrene. Kinetic study on the cyclopropanation reaction of 2 with 4-fluoro-styrene disclosed the activation parameters of ΔH⧧ = 23 ± 1 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = -20 ± 3 cal/mol/K, which are comparable to those of the cyclopropanation reactions involving transition-metal alkylidenes. However, the cyclopropanation of para-substituted styrenes by 2 shows a nonlinear Hammett plot of log(kX/kH) vs σp. By introduction of a radical parameter, a linear plot of log(kX/kH) vs 0.59σp + 0.55σc• was obtained, which suggests the "nucleophilic" radical nature of the transition state of the cyclopropanation step. In corroboration with the experimental observations, density functional theory calculation on the reaction of 2 with styrene suggests the involvement of an open-shell (amido-phosphine-amido)iron alkylidene intermediate that is higher in energy than its (amido-ylide-amido)iron(II) precursor and an "outer-sphere" radical-type mechanism for the cyclopropanation step. The negative charge distribution on the alkylidene carbon atoms of the open-shell states (S = 2 and 1) explains the high activity of the cyclopropanation reaction toward electron-deficient alkenes. The study demonstrates the unique activity of open-shell iron alkylidene species beyond its closed-shell analogues, thus pointing out their potential synthetic usage in catalysis.

Two-State Reactivity in Low-Valent Iron-Mediated C-H Activation and the Implications for Other First-Row Transition Metals.

C-H bond activation/functionalization promoted by low-valent iron complexes has recently emerged as a promising approach for the utilization of earth-abundant first-row transition metals to carry out this difficult transformation. Herein we use extensive density functional theory and high-level ab initio coupled cluster calculations to shed light on the mechanism of these intriguing reactions. Our key mechanistic discovery for C-H arylation reactions reveals a two-state reactivity (TSR) scenario in which the low-spin Fe(II) singlet state, which is initially an excited state, crosses over the high-spin ground state and promotes C-H bond cleavage. Subsequently, aryl transmetalation occurs, followed by oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) in a single-electron transfer (SET) step in which dichloroalkane serves as an oxidant, thus promoting the final C-C coupling and finalizing the C-H functionalization. Regeneration of the Fe(II) catalyst for the next round of C-H activation involves SET oxidation of the Fe(I) species generated after the C-C bond coupling. The ligand sphere of iron is found to play a crucial role in the TSR mechanism by stabilization of the reactive low-spin state that mediates the C-H activation. This is the first time that the successful TSR concept conceived for high-valent iron chemistry is shown to successfully rationalize the reactivity for a reaction promoted by low-valent iron complexes. A comparative study involving other divalent middle and late first-row transition metals implicates iron as the optimum metal in this TSR mechanism for C-H activation. It is predicted that stabilization of low-spin Mn(II) using an appropriate ligand sphere should produce another promising candidate for efficient C-H bond activation. This new TSR scenario therefore emerges as a new strategy for using low-valent first-row transition metals for C-H activation reactions.

Factors That Control the Reactivity of Cobalt(III)-Nitrosyl Complexes in Nitric Oxide Transfer and Dioxygenation Reactions: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation.

Metal-nitrosyl complexes are key intermediates involved in many biological and physiological processes of nitric oxide (NO) activation by metalloproteins. In this study, we report the reactivities of mononuclear cobalt(III)-nitrosyl complexes bearing N-tetramethylated cyclam (TMC) ligands, [(14-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+) and [(12-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+), in NO-transfer and dioxygenation reactions. The Co(III)-nitrosyl complex bearing 14-TMC ligand, [(14-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+), transfers the bound nitrosyl ligand to [(12-TMC)Co(II)](2+) via a dissociative pathway, {[(14-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+) → {(14-TMC)Co···NO}(2+)}, thus affording [(12-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+) and [(14-TMC)Co(II)](2+) as products. The dissociation of NO from the [(14-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+) complex prior to NO-transfer is supported experimentally and theoretically. In contrast, the reverse reaction, which is the NO-transfer from [(12-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+) to [(14-TMC)Co(II)](2+), does not occur. In addition to the NO-transfer reaction, dioxygenation of [(14-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+) by O2 produces [(14-TMC)Co(II)(NO3)](+), which possesses an O,O-chelated nitrato ligand and where, based on an experiment using (18)O-labeled O2, two of the three O-atoms in the [(14-TMC)Co(II)(NO3)](+) product derive from O2. The dioxygenation reaction is proposed to occur via a dissociative pathway, as proposed in the NO-transfer reaction, and via the formation of a Co(II)-peroxynitrite intermediate, based on the observation of phenol ring nitration. In contrast, [(12-TMC)Co(III)(NO)](2+) does not react with O2. Thus, the present results demonstrate unambiguously that the NO-transfer/dioxygenation reactivity of the cobalt(III)-nitrosyl complexes bearing TMC ligands is significantly influenced by the ring size of the TMC ligands and/or the spin state of the cobalt ion.

Transition from exohedral to endohedral structures of AuGen(-) (n = 2-12) clusters: photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations.

Gold-doped germanium clusters, AuGen(-) (n = 2-12), were investigated by using anion photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with ab initio calculations. Their geometric structures were determined by comparison of the theoretical calculations with the experimental results. The results show that the most stable isomers of AuGen(-) with n = 2-10 are all exohedral structures with the Au atom capping the vertex, edge or face of Gen clusters, while AuGe11(-) is found to be the critical size of the endohedral structure. Interestingly, AuGe12(-) has an Ih symmetric icosahedral structure with the Au atom located at the center. The molecular orbital analysis of the AuGe12(-) cluster suggests that the interactions between the 5d orbitals of the Au atom and the 4s4p hybridized orbitals of the Ge atoms may stabilize the Ih symmetric icosahedral cage and promote the Au atom to be encapsulated in the cage of Ge12. The NICS(0) and NICS(1) values are calculated to be -143.7 ppm and -36.3 ppm, respectively, indicating that the icosahedral AuGe12(-) cluster is significantly aromatic.