RESUMO
Trichinellosis is an important foodborne zoonosis, and no effective treatments are yet available. Nod-like receptor (NLR) plays a critical role in the host response against nematodes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3) during the adult, migrating, and encysted stages of Trichinella spiralis infection. The mice were treated with the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 after inoculation with T. spiralis. Then, the role that NLRP3 plays during T. spiralis infection of mice was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, flow cytometry, histopathological evaluation, bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) stimulation, and immunofluorescence. The in vivo results showed that NLRP3 enhanced the Th1 immune response in the adult and migrating stages and weakened the Th2 immune response in the encysted stage. NLRP3 promoted the release of proinflammatory factors (interferon gamma [IFN-γ]) and suppressed the release of anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 4 [IL-4]). Pathological changes were also improved in the absence of NLRP3 in mice during T. spiralis infection. Importantly, a significant reduction in adult worm burden and muscle larvae burden at 7 and 35 days postinfection was observed in mice treated with the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950. In vitro, we first demonstrated that NLRP3 in macrophages can be activated by T. spiralis proteins and promotes IL-1ß and IL-18 release. This study revealed that NLRP3 is involved in the host response to T. spiralis infection and that targeted inhibition of NLRP3 enhanced the Th2 response and accelerated T. spiralis expulsion. These findings may help in the development of protocols for controlling trichinellosis.
Assuntos
Trichinella spiralis , Triquinelose , Camundongos , Animais , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Antígenos de Helmintos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
The zoonotic pathogen avian influenza A H5N8 causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry and poses a serious threat to the public health. Here, we report the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of birds. We filtered 45 eligible articles from seven databases. A random-effects model was used to analyze the prevalence of H5N8 in birds. The pooled prevalence of H5N8 in birds was 1.6%. In the regions, Africa has the highest prevalence (8.0%). Based on the source, village (8.3%) was the highest. In the sample type, the highest prevalence was organs (79.7%). In seasons, the highest prevalence was autumn (28.1%). The largest prevalence in the sampling time was during 2019 or later (7.0%). Furthermore, geographical factors also were associated with the prevalence. Therefore, we recommend site-specific prevention and control tools for this strain in birds and enhance the surveillance to reduce the spread of H5N8.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N8 , Influenza Aviária , Influenza Humana , Animais , Humanos , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Animais Selvagens , Prevalência , Aves , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Surtos de Doenças/veterináriaRESUMO
Piglet diarrhea caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a common problem on pig farms in China associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, three PEDV isolates were successfully detected after the fourth blind passage in Vero cells. The samples were obtained from infected piglet farms in Jilin (Changchun), and Shandong (Qingdao) Provinces of China and were designated as CH/CC-1/2018, CH/CC-2/2018, and CH/QD/2018. According to the analysis of the complete S protein gene sequence, the CH/CC-1/2018 and CH/CC-2/2018 were allocated to the G2b branch, while CH/QD/2018 was located in the G1a interval and was closer to the vaccine strain CV777. Successful detection and identification of the isolated strains were carried out using electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. Meanwhile, animal challenge experiments and viral RNA copies determination were used to compare the pathogenicity. The results showed that CH/CC-1/2018 in Changchun was more pathogenic than CH/QD/2018 in Qingdao. In conclusion, the discovery of these new strains is conducive to the development of vaccines to prevent the pandemic of PEDV, especially that the CH/CC-1/2018, and CH/CC-2/2018 were not related to the classical vaccine strain CV777.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Vírus da Diarreia Epidêmica Suína , Doenças dos Suínos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Animais , Suínos , Células Vero , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Virulência , Filogenia , Diarreia/veterinária , China/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Gut microbes play an important role in the development of host B cells. It has been controversial whether GALT is the development site of B cells in pigs. By investigating the relationship between gut microbes and the development of B cells in the GALT of piglets, we found, to our knowledge for the first time, that early B cells exist in the gut lamina propria (LP) in pigs at different ages. We further used Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to treat piglets. The results showed that LGG promotes the development of the early B lineage, affects the composition of the Ig CDR3 repertoires of B cells, and promotes the production of IgA in the intestinal LP. Additionally, we found that the p40 protein derived from LGG can activate the EGFR/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways, inducing porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) to secrete a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), which promotes IgA production in B cells. Finally, we identified ARF4 and DIF3 as candidates for p40 receptors on IPEC-J2 by GST pull-down, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis, and coimmunoprecipitation. In conclusion, LGG could promote early B cell differentiation and development in the intestinal LP in piglets and might contribute to promoting IgA production via secretion of p40, which interacts with the membrane receptors on IPEC-J2 and induces them to secrete APRIL. Our study will provide insight to aid in better utilization of probiotics to increase human health.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/imunologia , Mucosa/imunologia , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Suínos , Membro 13 da Superfamília de Ligantes de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismoRESUMO
Trichinellosis is a food-borne zoonotic parasitic disease that causes serious harm to human health and the pig breeding industry. However, there are reports that Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection can treat autoimmune diseases, including enteritis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). However, research on the mechanism of T. spiralis infection in infectious enteritis has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this experiment used Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) to induce colitis in mouse models and explored its underlying mechanisms. In this experiment, a total of 72 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups. Experimental mice in the TS and TS + CR groups were orally inoculated with individual T. spiralis larvae. At 21 days postinfection (dpi) with T. spiralis, experimental animals in the CR and TS + CR groups were inoculated by orogastric gavage with C. rodentium. The control group received PBS only. The results indicated that the weight loss and macroscopic and microscopic colon damage of mice in the TS + CR group were significantly decreased compared with those observed in the CR group. The results of flow cytometry showed that the expression levels of IL-4, IL-10 and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs were increased (P < 0.05), while the expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17 were decreased in the spleens and MLNs of the TS + CR experimental mice compared with the colitis model mice. ELISA results revealed that the TS + CR group not only elicited a strong IgG1 response (P < 0.01) but also a low level of IgG2a response (P < 0.05) relative to the CR group. The above results demonstrated that prior exposure of mice to T. spiralis infection ameliorated the severity of C. rodentium-induced infectious colitis.
Assuntos
Colite , Trichinella spiralis , Triquinelose , Animais , Camundongos , Citrobacter rodentium , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Triquinelose/parasitologiaRESUMO
Salmonellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that poses a serious threat to the reproduction of livestock and poultry and the health of young animals. Probiotics including Bacillus species, have received increasing attention as a substitute for antibiotics. In this study, chicks infected with Salmonella were fed feed supplemented with the BSH to observe the pathological changes in the liver, detect the number of viable bacteria in the liver and spleen, and record the death of the chicks. The results showed that BSH could reduce the pathological changes in the liver and the invasion of Salmonella into the liver and spleen of chicks. In addition, the survival rate of chicks in the BSH experimental group was 60%, while that in the infected control group was 26%, indicating that BSH had a protective effect on chicks infected with Salmonella. Finally, the fecal microflora of 9-day-old chicks was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that Salmonella infection could cause intestinal flora changes, while BSH could alleviate this change. In addition, BSH also promoted the proliferation of Lactobacillus salivarius in the cecum of chick. This study emphasized that BSH has anti- Salmonella infection effects in chickens and can be used as a candidate microecological preparation strain.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Probióticos , Salmonelose Animal , Ração Animal , Animais , Bacillus subtilis , Ceco , Galinhas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Salmonelose Animal/prevenção & controleRESUMO
H9N2 subtype, a low pathogenic avian influenza virus, is emerging as a major causative agent circulating poultry workplaces across China and other Asian countries. Increasing case number of interspecies transmissions to mammals reported recently provoked a great concern about its risks inducing global pandemics. In an attempt to understand the underlying mechanism of how the H9N2 virus disrupts the interspecies segregation to transmit to mammals. A mutant H9N2 strain was obtained by passaging the wildtype H9N2 A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/1997 eight times from lung to lung in BALB/c mice. Our finding revealed that mice manifested severe clinical symptoms including losses of body weight, pathological damages in pulmonary sites and all died within two weeks after infected with the mutated H9N2, whereas all mice survived upon infected with wildtype strain in comparison, which suggested increased pathogenicity of the mutant strain. In addition, mice showed enhanced levels of proinflammatory cytokines in sera, including IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß compared to those subjected to wildtype viral infections. Sequence analysis showed that five amino acid substitutions occurred at PB2627, HA87, HA234, NP387 and M156, and a deletion mutation happened in the M gene (M157). Of these mutations, PB2 E627K played key roles in modulating lethality in mice. Taken together, the mutant H9N2 strain obtained by serial passaging of its wildtype in mice significantly increased its virulence leading to death of mice, which might be associated the accumulated mutations occurred on its genome.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H9N2 , Influenza Aviária , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Animais , Galinhas , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H9N2/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mutação , Filogenia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Chicken coccidiosis is a protozoan parasitic disease that leads to considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. In this study, we used invasive Lactobacillus plantarum (L.P) expressing the FnBPA protein as a novel bacterial carrier for DNA delivery into epithelial cells to develop a live oral DNA vaccine. A fusion DNA vaccine co-expressing EtMIC2 and chicken IL-18 (chIL-18) was constructed and then delivered to the host by invasive L.P. Its efficacy against Eimeria tenella challenge was evaluated in chickens by examining the relative weight gain rate; caecal lesion score; OPG; anti-coccidial index (ACI); levels of EtMIC2 antibody, FnBPA, IL-4, IL-18, IFN-γ and SIgA; and proliferation ability and percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ splenocytes. The experimental results showed that chickens immunized with invasive L.P carrying the eukaryotic expression vector pValac-EtMIC2 (pValac-EtMIC2/pSIP409-FnBPA) had markedly improved immune protection against challenge compared with that of chickens immunized with non-invasive L.P (pValac-EtMIC2/pSIP409). However, invasive L.P co-expressing EtMIC2 with the chIL-18 vector exhibited the highest protection efficiency against E. tenella. These results indicate that invasive Lactobacillus-expressing FnBPA improved humoural and cellular immunity and enhanced resistance to E. tenella. The DNA vaccine delivered by invasive Lactobacillus provides a new concept and method for the prevention of E. tenella.
Assuntos
Antígeno 12E7/metabolismo , Coccidiose/veterinária , Eimeria tenella/imunologia , Interleucina-18/metabolismo , Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolismo , Vacinas Protozoárias/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Animais , Ceco/parasitologia , Galinhas/parasitologia , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Eimeria tenella/genética , Imunidade Celular/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/genética , Lactobacillus plantarum/genética , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/veterinária , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiparasitic activity of extracellular products of Streptomyces albus. Bioactivity-guided isolation of chloroform extracts affording a compound showing potent activity. The structure of the compound was elucidated as salinomycin (SAL) by EI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. In vitro test showed that SAL has potent anti-parasitic efficacy against theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis with 10 min, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h (effective concentration) EC50 (95% confidence intervals) of 2.12 (2.22-2.02), 1.93 (1.98-1.88), 1.42 (1.47-1.37), 1.35 (1.41-1.31) and 1.11 (1.21-1.01) mg L-1. In vitro antiparasitic assays revealed that SAL could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis encysted tomonts at a concentration of 8.0 mg L-1. In vivo test demonstrated that the number of I. multifiliis trophonts on Erythroculter ilishaeformis treated with SAL was markedly lower than that of control group at 10 days after exposed to theronts (P < 0.05). In the control group, 80% mortality was observed owing to heavy I. multifiliis infection at 10 days. On the other hand, only 30.0% mortality was recorded in the group treated with 8.0 mg L-1 SAL. The median lethal dose (LD50) of SAL for E. ilishaeformis was 32.9 mg L-1.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Infecções por Cilióforos/veterinária , Cyprinidae , Doenças dos Peixes/tratamento farmacológico , Hymenostomatida/efeitos dos fármacos , Piranos/farmacologia , Streptomyces/química , Animais , Infecções por Cilióforos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We present the case of a 28 year old patient with an incomplete tear of the tunica albuginea occurred after having sexual intercourse in the female superior position. The diagnostic assessment was performed first clinically, then with CT, owing to its high resolution, allowed to exactly detect the tear location leading to precise preoperative planning. After adequate diagnosis through imaging and proper planning, the patient was performed a selective minimally invasive surgical approach to repair the lesion. The patient had good erection with no angular deformity or plaque formation after a 3-month follow-up.
Assuntos
Doenças do Pênis/cirurgia , Pênis/lesões , Ruptura/cirurgia , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos , Doenças do Pênis/diagnóstico por imagem , Pênis/diagnóstico por imagem , Pênis/cirurgia , Ruptura/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
The highly infectious porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), which belongs to the coronaviruses (CoVs), causes diarrhea and high mortality rates in piglets, resulting in severe economic losses in the pork industry worldwide. In this study, we used Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) to anchor the expression of TGEV antigen (S) to dendritic cells (DCs) via dendritic cell-targeting peptides (DCpep). The results show that S antigen could be detected on the surface of L. plantarum by different detection methods. Furthermore, flow cytometry and ELISA techniques were used to measure the cellular, mucosal, and humoral immune responses of the different orally gavaged mouse groups. The obtained results demonstrated the significant effect of the constructed L. plantarum expressing S-DCpep fusion proteins in inducing high expression levels of B7 molecules on DCs, as well as high levels of IgG, secretory IgA, and IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines compared with the other groups. Accordingly, surface expression of DC-targeted antigens successfully induced cellular, mucosal, and humoral immunity in mice and could be used as a vaccine.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/imunologia , Vírus da Gastroenterite Transmissível/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Imunidade Humoral/imunologia , Imunização/métodos , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/imunologia , Camundongos , Suínos , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is one of the most severe threats to the swine industry. In this study, we constructed a suite of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum with surface displaying the spike (S) protein coming from TGEV and fused with DC cells targeting peptides (DCpep) to develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine against transmissible gastroenteritis. Our research results found that the recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum (NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-S-DCpep) group expressing S fused with DCpep could not only significantly increase the percentages of MHC-II+CD80+ B cells and CD3+CD4+ T cells but also the number of IgA+ B cells and CD3+CD4+ T cells of ileum lamina propria, which elevated the specific secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) titers in feces and IgG titers in serum. Taken together, these results suggest that NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-S-DCpep expressing the S of TGEV fused with DCpep could effectively induce immune responses and provide a feasible original strategy and approach for the design of TGEV vaccines.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/imunologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/imunologia , Vírus da Gastroenterite Transmissível/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Gastroenterite Suína Transmissível/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Suínos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect poultry, mammals, and other hosts and causes enormous economic losses to the global poultry industry. In this study, to develop a novel and potent oral vaccine based on Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) for controlling the spread of AIV in the poultry industry, we constructed a recombinant L. plantarum strain displaying the 3M2e-HA2 protein of the influenza virus and determined the effect of N/pgsA'-3M2e-HA2 against AIV in chicks. We first confirmed that the 3M2e-HA2 fusion protein was expressed on the surface of L. plantarum via flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments. Our experimental results demonstrated that chicks immunized with N/pgsA'-3M2e-HA2 could induce specific humoral, mucosal, and T cell-mediated immune responses, eliciting the host body to protect itself against AIV. Additionally, compared to oral administration, the intranasal immunization of chicks with N/pgsA'-3M2e-HA2 provided a stronger immune response, resulting in a potent protective effect that hindered the loss of body weight, decreasing pulmonary virus titers and reducing lung and throat pathological damages. Thus, our results indicate that our novel approach is an effective method of vaccine design to promote mucosal immunity.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Lactobacillus plantarum/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Imunidade Adaptativa/imunologia , Animais , Galinhas , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genéticaRESUMO
Low pathogenic H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) can lead to moderate respiratory symptoms and low egg production rates in poultry. Due to its immunologic suppression, other various infectious pathogens give rise to the co-infection of hosts, causing heavy economic losses in the commercial poultry industry in both China and worldwide. Therefore, it is time to explore a novel, safe, and effective vaccine. We have already made use of the surface of Lactobacillus plantarum to display AIV HA2 (NC8-pSIP409-pgsA'-HA2), which demonstrated that it has a good immunogenicity. In this study, by evaluating the immune protection effect of NC8-pSIP409-pgsA'-HA2 on chickens, we found that the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies, specificity IgG antibody in chickens, the sIgA titer in broncho alveolar lavage fluids (BALF), and the T cell response were increased notably after oral vaccination with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA'-HA2. In addition, weight loss, lung titers, and lung pathologies were improved when chickens were orally vaccinated with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA'-HA2 after challenge with H9N2 AIV. This strategy lays the foundation for the development of recombinant L. plantarum oral vaccines in the prevention of AIV.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H9N2/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Antígenos Virais/genética , Antígenos Virais/metabolismo , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Galinhas , Portadores de Fármacos , Vetores Genéticos , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/análise , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H9N2/genética , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Influenza/genética , Influenza Aviária/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/patologia , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/genética , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/genética , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologiaRESUMO
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is spreading worldwide and is a serious threat to the health of poultry and humans. In many countries, low pathogenic AIVs, such as H9N2, have become an enormous economic burden on the commercial poultry industry because they cause mild respiratory disease and decrease egg production. A recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 strain expressing NP-M1-DCpep from H9N2 AIV has been studied in a mouse model. However, it remains unknown whether this L. plantarum strain can induce an immune response and provide protection against H9N2 AIV in chickens. In this study, chickens that were orally vaccinated with NC8-pSIP409-NP-M1-DCpep exhibited significantly increased T cell-mediated immune responses and mucosal sIgA and IgG levels, which provided protection against H9N2 AIV challenge. More importantly, compared with oral administration of NC8-pSIP409-NP-M1-DCpep, intranasal administration induced stronger immune responses and provided effective protection against challenge with the H9N2 virus by reducing body weight loss, lung virus titers, and throat pathology. Taken together, these findings suggest that L. plantarum expressing NP-M1-DCpep has potential as a vaccine to combat H9N2 AIV infection.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Antígenos Virais/genética , Galinhas , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H9N2/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Lactobacillus plantarum/genética , Administração Intranasal , Administração Oral , Animais , Antígenos Virais/administração & dosagem , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunoglobulina A/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Influenza Aviária/imunologia , Pulmão/virologia , Faringe/patologia , Faringe/virologia , Aves Domésticas , Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
Recombination activating gene 2 (RAG2) is necessary for immature B cell differentiation. Antibodies to human and rabbit RAG2 are currently commercially available, but antibodies to swine RAG remain unavailable to date. In this study, the swine RAG2 genes sequence was synthesized and then cloned into a pET-28a vector. The recombinant fusion protein was successfully expressed in E. coli, purified through nickel column chromatography, and further digested with Tobacco Etch Virus protease. The cleaved protein was purified by molecular-exclusion chromatography and named pRAG2. We used pRAG2 to immunize rabbits, collected the serum and purified rabbit anti-pRAG2 polyclonal antibodies. The rabbit anti-pRAG2 polyclonal antibodies were tested via immunofluorescence on eukaryotic cells overexpressing pRAG2 and also able to recognize pig natural RAG2 and human RAG2 protein in western blotting. These results indicated that the prepared rabbit anti-pRAG2 polyclonal antibodies may serve as a tool to detect immature B cell differentiation of swine.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/biossíntese , Escherichia coli/genética , Expressão Gênica , Proteínas Nucleares/biossíntese , VDJ Recombinases/biossíntese , Animais , Anticorpos/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Clonagem Molecular , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/imunologia , Endopeptidases/química , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Imunofluorescência , Vetores Genéticos/química , Vetores Genéticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Soros Imunes/química , Isoenzimas/biossíntese , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/imunologia , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/imunologia , Coelhos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/imunologia , Suínos , VDJ Recombinases/genética , VDJ Recombinases/imunologiaAssuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/imunologia , Nódulos Linfáticos Agregados/imunologia , Animais , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nódulos Linfáticos Agregados/metabolismo , ProbióticosRESUMO
A variety of protozoons (Amoeba, Trypanosoma cruzi, Eimeria, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, etc.) can activate and regulate the human immune system, change tumor-induced immunosuppression, and enhance the anti-tumor immune response. This paper reviews the effects of protozoon on cellular and humoral immunity, the tumor microenvironment in tumor-bearing organisms, and reveals the antitumor immune mechanisms of protozoon.
Assuntos
Tolerância Imunológica , Microambiente Tumoral , Amoeba , Eimeria , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Imunidade Humoral , Plasmodium falciparum , Toxoplasma , Trypanosoma cruziRESUMO
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection results in significant mortality among newborn piglets, leading to substantial economic setbacks in the pig industry. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), the metabolites of intestinal probiotics, play pivotal roles in modulating intestinal function, enhancing the intestinal barrier, and bolstering immune responses through diverse mechanisms. The protective potential of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Lactococcus lactis was first noted when administered to PEDV-infected piglets. Histological evaluations, combined with immunofluorescence studies, indicated that piglets receiving L. lactis displayed less intestinal damage, with diminished epithelial cell necrosis and milder injury levels. Differences in immunofluorescence intensity revealed a significant disparity in antigen content between the L. lactis and PEDV groups, suggesting that L. lactis might suppress PEDV replication, the intestine. We then assessed short-chain fatty acid content through targeted metabolomics, finding that acetate levels markedly varied from other groups. This protective impact was confirmed by administering acetate to PEDV-infected piglets. Data suggested that piglets receiving acetate exhibited resistance to PEDV. Flow cytometry analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of innate and adaptive immune cells in piglets. Sodium acetate appeared to bolster innate immune defenses against PEDV, marked by elevated NK cell and macrophage counts in mesenteric lymph nodes, along with increased NK cells in the spleen and macrophages in the bloodstream. Acetic acid was also found to enhance the populations of CD8+ IFN-γ T cells in the blood, spleen, and mesenteric lymph, CD4+ IFN-γ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, and CD4+ IL-4+T cells in the bloodstream. Transcriptome analyses were carried out on the jejunal mucosa from piglets with PEDV-induced intestinal damage and from healthy counterparts with intact barriers. Through bioinformatics analysis, we pinpointed 189 significantly upregulated genes and 333 downregulated ones, with the PI3K-AKT, ECM-receptor interaction, and pancreatic secretion pathways being notably enriched. This transcriptomic evidence was further corroborated by western blot and qPCR. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were found to modulate G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) and 43 (GPR43) in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Post-acetic acid exposure, there was a notable upsurge in the ZO-1 barrier protein expression in IPEC-J2 compared to the unexposed control group (WT), while GPR43 knockdown inversely affected ZO-1 expression. Acetic acid amplified the concentrations of phosphorylated PI3K and AKT pivotal components of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Concurrently, the co-administration of AKT agonist SC79 and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 revealed acetic acid's role in augmenting ZO-1 expression via the P13K/AKT signaling pathway. This study demonstrates that acetic acid produced by Lactobacillus strains regulates intestinal barrier and immune functions to alleviate PEDV infection. These findings provide valuable insights for mitigating the impact of PEDV in the pig industry.
RESUMO
Influenza virus is a kind of virus that poses several hazards of animal and human health. Therefore, it is important to develop an effective vaccine to prevent influenza. To this end we successfully packaged recombinant adenovirus rAd-NP-M2e-GFP expressing multiple copies of influenza virus conserved antigens NP and M2e and packaged empty vector adenovirus rAd-GFP. The effect of rAd-NP-M2e-GFP on the activation of dendritic cell (DC) in vitro and in vivo was detected by intranasal immunization. The results showed that rAd-NP-M2e-GFP promoted the activation of DC in vitro and in vivo. After the primary immunization and booster immunization of mice through the nasal immune way, the results showed that rAd-NP-M2e-GFP induced enhanced local mucosal-specific T cell responses, increased the content of SIgA in broncho alveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and triggered the differentiation of B cells in the germinal center. It is proved that rAd-NP-M2e-GFP can significantly elicit mucosal immunity and systemic immune response. In addition, rAd-NP-M2e-GFP could effectively protect mice after H1N1 influenza virus challenge. To lay the foundation and provide reference for further development of influenza virus mucosal vaccine in the future.