Aluminum Contamination in Parenteral Nutrition Admixtures for Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infants in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Aluminum contamination from intravenous solutions still represents an unsolved clinical and biochemical problem. Increased aluminum intake constitutes a risk factor for the development to metabolic bone disease, anemia, cholestasis, and neurocognitive alterations. Low-birth-weight preterm infants (LBWPIs) are one of the most exposed populations for aluminum toxicity. METHODS: To determine the presence of aluminum in components employed in the preparation of parenteral nutrition (PN) admixtures in Mexico and compare with the maximal aluminum recommended intake from the Food and Drug Administration. RESULTS: Cysteine, trace elements, levocarnitine, phosphate, and calcium salts tested positive for aluminum contamination. All components analyzed were contained in glass vials. Total aluminum intake for 2 sample PN admixtures were calculated in basis to cover nutrition requirements of 2 hypothetical LBWPIs. Aluminum contents, stratified in micrograms per kilogram of weight, exceeded maximal aluminum recommendations, particularly for the very LBWPIs. Substituting sodium phosphate for potassium phosphate salts reduced aluminum intake by 52.7%. Calcium gluconate was the leading aluminum contamination source and confers the greatest risk for aluminum overdose, even with the salt substitution of potassium phosphate by sodium phosphate salts. Adding cysteine and trace elements might increase aluminum content in PN admixtures. CONCLUSION: Cysteine, trace elements, phosphate, and gluconate salts are the main sources of aluminum in PN prepared in Mexico. Substituting sodium phosphate for potassium phosphate salts reduces aluminum intake but does not resolve aluminum contamination risk. Mineral salts contained in plastic vials should be explored as an additional measure to reduce aluminum contamination.

Rheumatoid cachexia and other nutritional alterations in rheumatologic diseases.

The prevalence of nutritional alterations in rheumatologic diseases ranges from 4 to 95%, depending on the detection method used. Formerly described as the single term rheumatoid cachexia, nutritional alterations can currently be grouped and subdivided based on the physiopathological mechanisms involved: chronic disease-related inflammatory conditions (cachexia), malnutrition associated to acute malnutrition inflammatory conditions (protein-caloric malnutrition) and starvation-related malnutrition. Clinical manifestations of malnutrition associated to rheumatic diseases vary from the patient with low weight or overweight and obesity; with lean body mass depletion as well as functional repercussions, and impact of quality of life as a common denominator. Additionally, the associated increase in body fat mass increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity. A multidisciplinary approach towards rheumatic diseases should include aspects oriented towards prevention, early identification, diagnosis and correction of nutritional alterations.

Caquexia reumatológica y otras alteraciones nutricionales en las enfermedades reumatológicas / Rheumatoid cachexia and other nutritional alterations in rheumatologic diseases

Las prevalencia de las alteraciones nutricionales en pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas varía entre un 4 y un 95%, dependiendo del método empleado para su detección. Inicialmente agrupadas bajo el término de caquexia reumatológica, en la actualidad es posible ampliar el concepto de desnutrición conforme los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que participan, sea desnutrición asociada a procesos inflamatorios crónicos (caquexia), desnutrición asociada a procesos inflamatorios agudos (desnutrición proteico-calórica) y desnutrición asociada a baja ingesta alimentaria. El espectro clínico de la desnutrición asociada a enfermedades reumatológicas varía desde el paciente con bajo peso hasta el paciente con sobrepeso u obesidad, con disminución en la cantidad de masa magra, repercusión funcional, en calidad de vida y pronóstico, como común denominador. Adicionalmente, el incremento asociado en masa grasa aumenta el riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular. El manejo integral de las enfermedades reumatológicas debe de incluir aspectos para la prevención, la identificación y el manejo oportunos de las alteraciones nutricionales (AU)

The prevalence of nutritional alterations in rheumatologic diseases ranges from 4 to 95%, depending on the detection method used. Formerly described as the single term rheumatoid cachexia, nutritional alterations can currently be grouped and subdivided based on the physiopathological mechanisms involved: chronic disease-related inflammatory conditions (cachexia), malnutrition associated to acute malnutrition inflammatory conditions (protein-caloric malnutrition) and starvation-related malnutrition. Clinical manifestations of malnutrition associated to rheumatic diseases vary from the patient with low weight or overweight and obesity; with lean body mass depletion as well as functional repercussions, and impact of quality of life as a common denominator. Additionally, the associated increase in body fat mass increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity. A multidisciplinary approach towards rheumatic diseases should include aspects oriented towards prevention, early identification, diagnosis and correction of nutritional alterations (AU)

Deficiencias de micronutrimentos posterior a cirugía bariátrica / Micronutrient deficiencies after bariatric surgery

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