Chances of Renal Recovery or Liver Transplantation After Hospitalization for Alcoholic Liver Disease Requiring Dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury in the setting of alcoholic liver disease portends a poor prognosis without liver transplant. AIMS: Using a tertiary care population, we aimed to evaluate the outcomes of renal replacement therapy in patients with alcoholic liver disease and acute kidney injury with < 6 months sobriety. METHODS: A retrospective review of hospitalized patients with alcoholic hepatitis/acute on chronic alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome or acute tubular necrosis was performed. Analyzed variables included patient comorbidities, mode of dialysis, MELD-Na score, CLIF-C ACLF score, and CLIF-C OF score. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were included, 21.3% of which survived 6 months of sobriety to be eligible for transplant evaluation. Despite renal replacement therapy, mortality was 78.7%. Of survivors, 4 received transplants and 6 recovered without transplant. Lower CLIF-C ACLF (p < 0.001) and CLIF-C OF (p = 0.001) predicted 6-month survival and lower MELD-Na (p = 0.016), CLIF-C ACLF (p < 0.001), and CLIF-C OF (p = 0.006) predicted renal recovery. There was no difference in survival or renal recovery between etiologies of kidney injury. Modality of initial dialysis with intermittent hemodialysis compared to continuous renal replacement therapy predicted improved survival (41.2 vs. 10.0%, p = 0.01) and nearly reached significance for renal recovery (23.5 vs. 6.7%, p = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: Although severe alcoholic liver disease with acute kidney injury is associated with a high mortality irrespective of the etiology of renal failure, over 20% of patients in this study survived 6 months to be evaluated for liver transplant and 12.8% recovered renal function. These outcomes should be considered when weighing the decision of initiating dialysis.

Patients' perception and actual practice of informed consent, privacy and confidentiality in general medical outpatient departments of two tertiary care hospitals of Lahore.

BACKGROUND: The principles of informed consent, confidentiality and privacy are often neglected during patient care in developing countries. We assessed the degree to which doctors in Lahore adhere to these principles during outpatient consultations. MATERIAL & METHOD: The study was conducted at medical out-patient departments (OPDs) of two tertiary care hospitals (one public and one private hospital) of Lahore, selected using multi-stage sampling. 93 patients were selected from each hospital. Doctors' adherence to the principles of informed consent, privacy and confidentiality was observed through client flow analysis performed by trained personnel. Overall patient perception was also assessed regarding these practices and was compared with the assessment made by our data collectors. RESULTS: Some degree of informed consent was obtained from only 9.7% patients in the public hospital and 47.8% in the private hospital. 81.4% of patients in the public hospital and 88.4% in the private hospital were accorded at least some degree of privacy. Complete informational confidentiality was maintained only in 10.8% and 35.5% of cases in public & private hospitals respectively. Informed consent and confidentiality were better practiced in the private compared to the public hospital (two-sample t-test > 2, p value < 0.05). There was marked disparity between the patients' perspective of these ethical practices and the assessment of our trained data collectors. CONCLUSION: Observance of medical ethics is inadequate in hospitals of Lahore. Doctors should be imparted formal training in medical ethics and national legislation on medical ethics is needed. Patients should be made aware of their rights to medical ethics.

Bortezomib induced hepatitis B reactivation.

Background. It has recently been reported that hepatitis B (HBV) reactivation often occurs after the use of rituximab and stem cell transplantation in patients with lymphoma who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative. However, clinical data on HBV reactivation in multiple myeloma (MM) is limited to only a few reported cases. Bortezomib and lenalidomide have remarkable activity in MM with manageable toxicity profiles, but reactivation of viral infections may emerge as a problem. We present a case of MM that developed HBV reactivation after bortezomib and lenalidomide therapy. Case Report. A 73-year-old female with a history of marginal cell lymphoma was monitored without requiring therapy. In 2009, she developed MM, presenting as a plasmacytoma requiring vertebral decompression and focal radiation. While receiving radiation she developed renal failure and was started on bortezomib and liposomal doxorubicin. After a transient response to 5 cycles, treatment was switched to lenalidomide. Preceding therapy initiation, her serology indicated resolved infection. Serial monitoring for HBV displayed seroconversion one month after change in therapy. Conclusion. Bortezomib associated late HBV reactivation appears to be a unique event that requires further confirmation and brings to discussion whether hepatitis B core positive individuals would benefit from monitoring of HBV activation while on therapy.

Bicalutamide-induced hepatotoxicity: A rare adverse effect.

PATIENT: Male, 81 FINAL DIAGNOSIS: Prostate cancer Symptoms: Anorexia • dark urine • joundice • letargy MEDICATION: Casodex Clinical Procedure: - Specialty: Oncology. OBJECTIVE: Adverse events of drug therapy. BACKGROUND: Bicalutamide is a nonsteroidal anti-androgen used extensively during the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist to reduce the symptoms of tumor flare in patients with metastatic prostate neoplasm. It can cause gynecomastia, hot flashes, fatigue, and decreased libido through competitive androgen receptor blockade. Although not as common, acute drug-induced liver injury is also possible with bicalutamide therapy. Typically, this results in transient derangement of liver function and patients remain asymptomatic. We share our experience with a case of symptomatic acute hepatotoxicity secondary to the use of bicalutamide and use this opportunity to present a brief review of existing literature. CASE REPORT: An 81-year-old African American male with metastatic prostate neoplasm presented with nonspecific symptoms along with jaundice of 1-day duration. He was started on a trial of bicalutamide 3 weeks prior to presentation. On physical examination, scleral icterus was noted. Workup revealed acutely elevated liver transaminases (>5 times the upper limit of normal), alkaline phosphatase, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and coagulopathy. Other etiologies, including viruses, common toxins, drugs, autoimmune, and copper-induced hepatitis, were considered. Bicalutamide was discontinued and the patient was managed with supportive care. He showed improvement of clinical and laboratory abnormalities within days. CONCLUSIONS: While rare, clinically significant and potentially life-threatening liver injury can result from use of bicalutamide. Prompt recognition and discontinuation of bicalutamide is necessary to avoid serious complications from this adverse reaction.

Risk factors associated with early- versus late-onset implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infections.

AIMS: The infection rates of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators systems (ICDs) are higher than that of permanent pacemaker. Risk factors associated with ICD infection have not been characterized and are the subject of the current investigation. METHODS: All patients who had an ICD implanted at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1991 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Each case of ICD infection was matched with two non-infected controls. Cases of ICD infection were further stratified by early- (≤ 6 months) versus late-onset (>6 months) infection. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify significant risk factors for ICD infection. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients with ICD infection and 136 matched controls met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-five cases presented with early-onset infection and 33 had late-onset device infection. Staphylococcal species were the most common pathogens in both groups of patients. Patients with early-onset infection were more likely to present with generator pocket infection (p = 0.02). Patients with multiple comorbid conditions (high Charlson index) tended to have longer hospital stay during implantation admission (p = 0.009). In a multivariable logistic regression model, the presence of epicardial leads (odds ratio (OR) = 9.7, p = 0.03) and postoperative complications at the generator pocket (OR = 27.2, p < 0.001) were significant risk factors for early-onset ICD infection, whereas longer duration of hospitalization at the time of implantation (2 days versus 1 day: OR = 33.1, p < 0.001; ≥ 3 days versus 1 day: OR = 49.0, p < 0.001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 9.8, p = 0.02) were associated with late-onset infections. CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings suggest that risk factors associated with early- and late-onset ICD infection are different. While circumstances that may increase the chances of pocket contamination in the perioperative period are more likely to be associated with early-onset ICD infection, overall poor health of the host may increase the likelihood of late-onset ICD infection. These factors should be considered when developing strategies to minimize risk of device infection.