Gustave Roussy Immune score as a prognostic biomarker in patients with platinum-refractory metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab: YUSHIMA study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the Gustave Roussy Immune score (GRIm-score) in platinum-refractory metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) treated with pembrolizumab. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study (YUSHIMA study) evaluated 331 patients with metastatic UC treated with pembrolizumab after platinum-based chemotherapy between January 2018 and June 2023 at 13 institutions. We collected pretreatment variables, including the GRIm-score based on serum albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. The patients were divided into low and high GRIm-score groups. Prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were determined using the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 7.3 months, 278 (84%) patients showed disease progression, and 223 (67%) died from any cause. Multivariate analysis revealed that the high GRIm-score group was an independent and significant adverse prognostic factor of both OS and PFS (hazard ratio, 1.65 and 1.82, respectively; both p < 0.001) along with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status of ≥ 2 (both p < 0.001), presence of visceral metastasis (both p < 0.001), and hemoglobin of < 9.2 g/dL (p = 0.030 and p = 0.038). C-reactive protein of > 42 mg/L was a significant prognostic factor for OS (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The GRIm-score is an independent prognostic marker for survival outcomes in patients with platinum-refractory metastatic UC treated with pembrolizumab.

Outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with synchronous and metachronous oligometastatic urothelial carcinoma with visceral metastases.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of oligometastatic disease (OMD) in metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) with visceral metastases when classified into synchronous and metachronous metastases. METHODS: Of 957 cases of de novo mUC treated between 2008 and 2023, 374 with visceral metastases were analyzed. Cases were classified into OMD with up to three metastatic lesions and polymetastatic disease (PMD), and into synchronous and metachronous metastases. The clinical characteristics and overall survival (OS) for each group were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 196 (52.4%) had synchronous metastasis and 178 (47.6%) had metachronous metastasis. Median OS for synchronous metastases was significantly shorter than for metachronous metastases (12.1 months vs. 15.3 months, p = 0.011). Among the synchronous metastases, 48 (24.5%) were OMD and 148 (75.6%) were PMD. There was no significant difference in OS between the OMDs and PMDs (median 14.9 months vs. 11.7 months, p = 0.32), and only decreased albumin level was identified as a significant predictor of poor OS. Among the metachronous metastases, 64 (36.0%) were OMD and 114 (64.0%) were PMD. There was no significant difference in OS between the OMD and PMD (median 21.2 months vs. 15.0 months, p = 0.35), and no significant predictors of poor OS were identified. CONCLUSIONS: For mUC with visceral metastases, the timing of metastasis appearance was associated with prognosis, with synchronous metastases being a poorer prognostic factor compared to metachronous metastases. There was no prognostic difference between OMD and PMD with visceral metastases when classified into synchronous or metachronous metastases.

Characterization of the Second Apoptosis Inhibitor Encoded by Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus.

Despite the usefulness of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) for studies on congenital CMV infection, its viral mechanisms for the evasion of host defense strategies have not been fully elucidated. We reported previously that GPCMV gp38.1 functions as a viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis-like function, and its weak activity suggested the presence of an additional inhibitory molecule(s). Here, we identified gp38.3-2, a 42-amino-acid (aa) reading frame embedded within the gp38.3 gene that encodes a positional homolog of murine CMV (MCMV) m41. Characterization of gp38.3-2 resulted in the following findings: (i) the aa sequence of gp38.3-2 shows some similarity to that of MCMV m41.1, a viral inhibitor of oligomerization of a member of Bcl-2 family protein BAK, but there is no correspondence in their predicted secondary structures; (ii) gp38.3-2, but not gp38.3, showed inhibitory activities against staurosporine-induced apoptosis; (iii) three-dimensional protein complex prediction suggests that the N-terminal α-helix of gp38.3-2 interacts with residues in the BH3 and BH1 motifs of BAK, and analysis of gp38.3-2 and BAK mutants supported this model; (iv) guinea pig fibroblast cells infected with gp38.3-2-deficient GPCMV strain Δ38.3-2 died earlier than cells infected with rescued strain r38.3-2, resulting in lower yields of Δ38.3-2; (v) Δ38.3-2 exhibited a partial but significant decrease in monocyte and macrophage infection in comparison with r38.3-2; and, however, (vi) little difference in the viral infection of guinea pigs was observed between these two strains. Therefore, we hypothesize that gp38.3-2 contributes little to the evasion of host defense mechanisms under the experimental conditions used. IMPORTANCE Although GPCMV provides a useful animal model for studies on the pathogenesis of congenital CMV infection and the development of CMV vaccine strategies, our understanding of the viral mechanisms by which it evades apoptosis of infected cells has been limited in comparison with those of murine and human CMVs. Here, we report a second GPCMV apoptosis inhibitor (42 amino acids in length) that interacts with BAK, a Bcl-2 family proapoptotic protein. Three-dimensional structural prediction indicated a unique BAK recognition by gp38.3-2 via the BH3 and BH1 motif sequences. Our findings suggest the potential development of BH3 mimetics that can regulate inhibition or induction of apoptosis based on short ~40-amino-acid peptide molecules as with GPCMV.

Hepatoprotective Principles from the Rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa.

A methanol extract of rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae) showed hepatoprotective effects against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in mice. We had previously isolated 46 compounds, including several types of iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and aromatics, etc., from the extract. Among them, picroside II, androsin, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone exhibited active hepatoprotective effects at doses of 50-100 mg/kg, per os (p.o.) To characterize the mechanisms of action of these isolates and to clarify the structural requirements of phenylethanoid glycosides for their hepatoprotective effects, their effects were assessed in in vitro studies on (i) D-GalN-induced cytotoxicity in mouse primary hepatocytes, (ii) LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse peritoneal macrophages, and (iii) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced cytotoxicity in L929 cells. These isolates decreased the cytotoxicity caused by D-GalN without inhibiting LPS-induced macrophage activation and also reduced the sensitivity of hepatocytes to TNF-α. In addition, the structural requirements of phenylethanoids for the protective effects of D-GalN-induced cytotoxicity in mouse primary hepatocytes were evaluated.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: GOTIC-019 study.

INTRODUCTION: Three randomized controlled trials have resulted in extremely extensive application of the strategy of using neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS) for patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the status and effectiveness of treatment strategies using NAC followed by IDS in Japanese clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a multi-institutional observational study of 940 women with Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages III-IV epithelial ovarian cancer treated at one of nine centers between 2010 and 2015. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between 486 propensity-score matched participants who underwent NAC followed by IDS and primary debulking surgery (PDS) followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: Patients with FIGO stage IIIC receiving NAC had a shorter OS (median OS: 48.1 vs. 68.2 months, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-1.82, p = 0.06) but not PFS (median PFS: 19.7 vs. 19.4 months, HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.80-1.31, p = 0.88). However, patients with FIGO stage IV receiving NAC and PDS had comparable PFS (median PFS: 16.6 vs. 14.7 months, HR: 1.07 95% CI: 0.74-1.53, p = 0.73) and OS (median PFS: 45.2 vs. 35.7 months, HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.65-1.47, p = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: NAC followed by IDS did not improve survival. In patients with FIGO stage IIIC, NAC may be associated with a shorter OS.

Serum leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein as a possible marker for inflammatory status in endometriosis.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether serum leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG) is a useful diagnostic biomarker for endometriosis, including the evaluation of treatment efficacy and exploration of LRG production in endometriotic lesions. Methods: Forty-three women with endometriomas were compared to 22 women with benign ovarian cysts and 30 women who underwent assisted reproduction as controls. Changes in serum LRG levels were assessed before and after surgery, and during dienogest treatment. LRG expression in endometriotic tissue samples was evaluated using immunoblotting. Results: Serum LRG levels in the endometrioma group (80.0 ± 36.3 µg/mL) were significantly higher than those in the benign ovarian cyst (65.1 ± 27.0 µg/mL, p = 0.0265) and control (57.8 ± 22.3 µg/mL, p = 0.0028) groups. Serum LRG levels after endometrioma surgery were significantly lower than preoperative levels (p = 0.0484). Serum LRG levels consistently decreased during dienogest treatment. LRG expression levels were significantly higher in endometriotic tissues than in the normal endometrium. Conclusion: Serum LRG, possibly derived from local and systemic origins, could be used as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.

The C-Terminal Penta-Peptide Repeats of Major Royal Jelly Protein 3 Ameliorate the Progression of Inflammation in Vivo and in Vitro.

Royal jelly (RJ) has been used as a functional foodstuff and in cosmetics for many years. RJ contains various molecules, including major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), and affords a number of health benefits such as anti-inflammatory activity. As MRJP3 has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties by the in vitro analysis, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of MRJP3 and its derived peptides both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of both tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNAs in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells was reduced by the addition of MRJP3 or its C-terminal tandem penta-peptide repeats (TPRs) sequence. In the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-induced herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) model mice, the instillation of TPRs reduced the disease scores and the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in HSV-1-infected eyes. In addition, synthetic penta-peptides derived from TPRs reduced the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 both in the THP-1 cell cultures and in the HSK model mice. Our results indicated that MRJP3 TPRs would be useful in controlling inflammation.

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Herpesviridae 2021.

Members of the family Herpesviridae have enveloped, spherical virions with characteristic complex structures consisting of symmetrical and non-symmetrical components. The linear, double-stranded DNA genomes of 125-241 kbp contain 70-170 genes, of which 43 have been inherited from an ancestral herpesvirus. In general, herpesviruses have coevolved with and are highly adapted to their hosts, which comprise many mammalian, avian and reptilian species. Following primary infection, they are able to establish lifelong latent infection, during which there is limited viral gene expression. Severe disease is usually observed only in the foetus, the very young, the immunocompromised or following infection of an alternative host. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Herpesviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/herpesviridae.

The Guinea pig cytomegalovirus GP119.1 gene encodes an IgG-binding glycoprotein that is incorporated into the virion.

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) encode various immunoevasins, including viral receptors for the Fc domain of host IgG (vFcγR), to evade host immune responses. Although guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) provides a useful animal model for congenital CMV infection, the GPCMV genes encoding such receptors have not yet been characterized. In this study, we analyzed a locus that may encode gene products for the GPCMV immune evasion mechanisms and identified the following. (a) RACE analyses identified four transcripts in the GP117 to GP122 locus. One of the transcripts contained the GP119.1 ORF, which has weak homologies with human CMV UL119/UL118 encoding a viral FcγR and with guinea pig FcγR. (b) A transient transfection assay with plasmids expressing EGFP-tagged GP119.1 or its mutated forms identified its true translational initiation site, localization mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum, and N-glycosylation. (c) Importantly, GP119.1 bound to guinea pig IgG or the IgG-Fc fragment. (d) GP119.1 is present in the virion with a molecular mass of 15 and 23~30 kDa, and a portion of the GP119.1 products are N-glycosylated. (e) GP119.1 was dispensable for viral growth on guinea pig fibroblasts and epithelial cells in vitro. Taken together, our findings indicate that GP119.1 is an IgG-Fc binding glycoprotein incorporated into the virion, and this finding warrants further studies on the functions of GP119.1 in animal models.

Clinical Diagnostic Testing for Human Cytomegalovirus Infections.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are among the most common complications arising in transplant patients, elevating the risk of various complications including loss of graft and death. HCMV infections are also responsible for more congenital infections worldwide than any other agent. Congenital HCMV (cCMV) infections are the leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss and a source of significant neurological disabilities in children. While there is overlap in the clinical and laboratory approaches to diagnosis of HCMV infections in these settings, the management, follow-up, treatment, and diagnostic strategies differ considerably. As yet, no country has implemented a universal screening program for cCMV. Here, we summarize the issues, limitations, and application of diagnostic strategies for transplant recipients and congenital infection, including examples of screening programs for congenital HCMV that have been implemented at several centers in Japan, Italy, and the United States.

Identification and functional analyses of a cell-death inhibitor encoded by guinea pig cytomegalovirus gp38.1 in cell culture and in animals.

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) employ an array of strategies designed to interfere with host defence responses against pathogens. Studies on such evasion mechanisms are important for understanding the pathogenesis of CMV diseases. Although guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) provides a useful animal model for congenital CMV infection, its evasion strategies are not fully elucidated. Here, we analysed a genome locus that may encode gene products for the GPCMV evasion mechanisms and found the following. (1) RACE analyses identified five transcripts in the GP38-gp38.4 locus, one of which was a spliced product encoding gp38.1. Similarities in the splicing pattern and gene position of gp38.1 to human CMV UL37 and its exon 1 encoding vMIA (viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis) suggest that the gp38.1 gene encodes an apoptosis inhibitor. (2) In a transient transfection assay, gp38.1 localized in the mitochondria and relocated BAX from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria, although its co-localization with BAK was not evident. Further, the expression of gp38.1 partially reduced staurosporine-induced apoptosis. (3) GPCMV defective in the gp38.1 ORF (Δ38.1) and the virus that rescues the defect (r38.1) were generated. Guinea pig fibroblast cells infected with Δ38.1 died earlier than r38.1-infected cells, which resulted in the lower yields of Δ38.1. (4) In animals, viral loads in the spleens of r38.1-infected guinea pigs were higher than those in the spleens of Δ38.1-infected animals. In conclusion, although GPCMV gp38.1 exerts a vMIA-like function, its inhibitory effect was not robust, suggesting the presence of additional inhibitory molecule(s), such as a BAK-specific inhibitor.

Roles of GP33, a guinea pig cytomegalovirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor homolog, in cellular signaling, viral growth and inflammation in vitro and in vivo.

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) encode cellular homologs to evade host immune functions. In this study, we analyzed the roles of GP33, a guinea pig CMV (GPCMV)-encoded G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) homolog, in cellular signaling, viral growth and pathogenesis. The cDNA structure of GP33 was determined by RACE. The effects of GP33 on some signaling pathways were analyzed in transient transfection assays. The redET two-step recombination system for a BAC containing the GPCMV genome was used to construct a mutant GPCMV containing an early stop codon in the GP33 gene (Δ33) and a rescued GPCMV (r33). We found the following: 1) GP33 activated the CRE- and NFAT-, but not the NFκB-mediated signaling pathway. 2) GP33 was dispensable for infection in tissue cultures and in normal animals. 3) In pregnant animals, viral loads of r33 in the livers, lungs, spleens, and placentas at 6 days post-infection were higher than those of Δ33, although the viruses were cleared by 3 weeks post-infection. 4) The presence of GP33 was associated with frequent lesions, including alveolar hemorrhage in the lungs, and inflammation in the lungs, livers, and spleens of the dams. Our findings suggest that GP33 has critical roles in the pathogenesis of GPCMV during pregnancy. We hypothesize that GP33-mediated signaling activates cytokine secretion from the infected cells, which results in inflammation in some of the maternal organs and the placentas. Alternatively, GP33 may facilitate transient inflammation that is induced by the chemokine network specific to the pregnancy.

Knockdown of the mitochondria-localized protein p13 protects against experimental parkinsonism.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system is a critical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial toxins produce cellular and behavioural dysfunctions resembling those in patients with PD Causative gene products for familial PD play important roles in mitochondrial function. Therefore, targeting proteins that regulate mitochondrial integrity could provide convincing strategies for PD therapeutics. We have recently identified a novel 13-kDa protein (p13) that may be involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In the current study, we examine the mitochondrial function of p13 and its involvement in PD pathogenesis using mitochondrial toxin-induced PD models. We show that p13 overexpression induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. p13 knockdown attenuates toxin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells via the regulation of complex I. Importantly, we generate p13-deficient mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and observe that heterozygous p13 knockout prevents toxin-induced motor deficits and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Taken together, our results suggest that manipulating p13 expression may be a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in PD.

The Carboxyl-Terminal Penta-Peptide Repeats of Major Royal Jelly Protein 3 Enhance Cell Proliferation.

Royal jelly (RJ) is known as an important functional foodstuff that promotes several health benefits and contains various bioactive substances, including major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs). Among the MRJPs, MRJP3 possesses both cell proliferation and wound healing effects. As the carboxyl domain of MRJP3 contains tandem penta-peptide repeat (TPR) sequences unique to MRJP3 among the MRJPs, we purified the TPRs as glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fusion proteins and demonstrated their dose-dependent effects on THP-1 and Vero cell proliferation. The GST-TPR protein with 19 repeats (GST-TPR19) showed cell proliferative activity equivalent to MRJP3 and higher than GST-TPR6. GST-TPR19 also exhibited wound healing activity at a level similar to MRJP3. Digestion of GST-TPR19 with trypsin had no effect on its cell proliferative activity, suggesting that the main digested products; i.e., penta-peptides (Q-N-x-N-[K/R]), maintain the cell proliferative ability of MRJP3. In conclusion, the TPRs of MRJP3 are critical to the beneficial effect(s) of RJ.

[Fall-related efficacy is associated with the progression of frailty in community-dwelling older people].

AIM: The goal of this study was to verify the association between frailty and fall-related efficacy in community-dwelling older people by performing a cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis. METHODS: In this study, 339 people aged 65 years and older participated in a baseline survey. Furthermore, people who were not identified as frail in the baseline survey participated in a follow-up survey 6 months later. Frailty was assessed in the baseline and follow-up surveys after 6 months using the Kihon checklist. Fall-related efficacy was assessed at baseline using the short Falls Efficacy Scale International (short FES-I). Potential confounding factors, such as the lower limb functions and psychological functions, were also investigated at baseline. The association between frailty and short FES-I was analyzed using a logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: At baseline and the follow-up survey, 10.1% and 6.3% of the participants were judged to demonstrate frailty, respectively. The results of the baseline and follow-up data analysis showed that even if potential confounding factors were adjusted for, the short FES-I was significantly associated with frailty. Furthermore, the ability to distinguish the onset of frailty using the short FES-I was analyzed using a receiver operating characteristic curve, and the area under curve, sensitivity, and specificity values were 0.78, 0.92 and 0.56, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A clear association between frailty and fall-related efficacy was thus observed, as indicated in the cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis. Furthermore, based on the results of the longitudinal data analysis, the short FES-I was found to be able to predict the progression of frailty and it can thus be a useful screening tool for assessing frailty.

Safety and persistence of WT1-specific T-cell receptor gene-transduced lymphocytes in patients with AML and MDS.

Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) is constantly expressed in leukemic cells of acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). A T-cell receptor (TCR) that specifically reacts with WT1 peptide in the context of HLA-A*24:02 has been identified. We conducted a first-in-human trial of TCR-gene transduced T-cell (TCR-T-cell) transfer in patients with refractory acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and high-risk MDS to investigate the safety and cell kinetics of the T cells. The WT1-specific TCR-gene was transduced to T cells using a retroviral vector encoding small interfering RNAs for endogenous TCR genes. The T cells were transferred twice with a 4-week interval in a dose-escalating design. After the second transfer, sequential WT1 peptide vaccines were given. Eight patients, divided into 2 dose cohorts, received cell transfer. No adverse events of normal tissue were seen. The TCR-T cells were detected in peripheral blood for 8 weeks at levels proportional to the dose administered, and in 5 patients, they persisted throughout the study period. The persisting cells maintained ex vivo peptide-specific immune reactivity. Two patients showed transient decreases in blast counts in bone marrow, which was associated with recovery of hematopoiesis. Four of 5 patients who had persistent T cells at the end of the study survived more than 12 months. These results suggest WT1-specific TCR-T cells manipulated by ex vivo culture of polyclonal peripheral lymphocytes survived in vivo and retained the capacity to mount an immune reaction to WT1. This trial was registered at www.umin.ac.jp as #UMIN000011519.

Evaluation of the indirect and IgM-capture anti-human cytomegalovirus IgM ELISA methods as confirmed by cytomegalovirus IgG avidity.

Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy often results in congenital CMV infection with severe clinical complications. IgM antibodies are one of the indices of primary infection. The IgG avidity index (AI) is also known to remain low for 3 months after primary infection. Here, we evaluated and compared the performance of CMV IgM and IgG avidity assays. Because sensitivity and specificity reportedly differ between CMV IgM kits, CMV IgM detection was compared between the two commercially available ELISA kits that are most commonly used in Japan. Sera for CMV IgM were first screened using a traditional indirect ELISA kit. Selected samples were then tested for CMV IgM and CMV AI using a CMV IgM-capture ELISA kit and a CMV IgG avidity assay, respectively. The rate of concordance between the IgM kits was 89% (42/47), indicating the absence of any significant difference. Most of the CMV IgM-positive plasma samples showed high CMV IgG AI; however, 18 commercially available plasma samples with low CMV IgG AI were all CMV IgM-positive. One plausible explanation for this discrepancy is that the duration of low IgG AI is shorter than that of IgM positivity. Alternatively, CMV IgM tests may generate pseudo-positive readouts in cases of congenital infection. Nevertheless, our study confirms that CMV IgG AI can be a reliable indicator of CMV primary infection.

Current issues regarding the application of recombinant lactic acid bacteria to mucosal vaccine carriers.

Over the past two decades, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been intensively studied as potential bacterial carriers for therapeutic materials, such as vaccine antigens, to the mucosal tissues. LAB have several attractive advantages as carriers of mucosal vaccines, and the effectiveness of LAB vaccines has been demonstrated in numerous studies. Research on LAB vaccines to date has focused on whether antigen-specific immunity, particularly antibody responses, can be induced. However, with recent developments in immunology, microbiology, and vaccinology, more detailed analyses of the underlying mechanisms, especially, of the induction of cell-mediated immunity and memory cells, have been required for vaccine development and licensure. In this mini-review, we will discuss the issues, including (i) immune responses other than antibody production, (ii) persistence of LAB vaccine immunity, (iii) comparative evaluation of LAB vaccines with any existing or reference vaccines, (iv) strategies for increasing the effectiveness of LAB vaccines, and (iv) effects of microbiota on the efficacy of LAB vaccines. Although these issues have been rarely studied or discussed to date in relation to LAB vaccine research, further understanding of them is critical for the practical application of LAB vaccine systems.

Food-Derived Collagen Peptides, Prolyl-Hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp), and Hydroxyprolyl-Glycine (Hyp-Gly) Enhance Growth of Primary Cultured Mouse Skin Fibroblast Using Fetal Bovine Serum Free from Hydroxyprolyl Peptide.

Prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) and hydroxyprolyl-glycine (Hyp-Gly) appear in human blood after ingestion of collagen hydrolysate and trigger growth of fibroblasts attached on collagen gel, which has been associated with beneficial effects upon ingestion of collagen hydrolysate, such as improvement of skin and joint conditions. In the present study, inconsistent results were obtained by using different lots of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Fibroblasts proliferated in collagen gel without adding Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly and did not respond to addition of Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly, which raises doubts about conclusions from prior research. Unexpectedly high levels of hydroxyprolyl peptides, including Pro-Hyp, however, were present in the FBS (approximately 100 µM), and also in other commercially available forms of FBS (70-80 µM). After removal of low molecular weight (LMW, < 6000 Da) compounds from the FBS by size exclusion chromatography, Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly again triggered growth of fibroblasts attached on collagen and increased the number of fibroblasts migrated from mouse skin. These results indicate the presence of bioactive hydroxyprolyl peptides in commercially available FBS, which can mask effects of Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly supplementation; our work confirms that Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly do play crucial roles in proliferation of fibroblasts.

Differences in the effects of mutations in GP131, a guinea pig cytomegalovirus homologue of pentameric complex component UL130, on macrophage and epithelial cell infection.

As congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the major cause of developmental abnormalities in children, the development of effective vaccines is critical to public health. Recent studies have demonstrated that the pentameric complex (Pentamer) of glycoproteins, which is required for human CMV infection of endothelial and epithelial cells, could be a potent vaccine antigen. As guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) infects congenitally and encodes homologues of all Pentamer components, GPCMV models are considered to be useful for the development of vaccine strategies. Here, to clarify the precise requirement of GP131, one of the GPCMV Pentamer components, for the infection of epithelial cells and macrophages, we prepared several mutants with a charged amino acid-to-alanine alteration in GP131 and found some differences in the effects of the mutations on the infection of the two cell types, suggesting the existence of cell type-dependent recognition or function of Pentamer in GPCMV infection.