RESUMO
We report an ancient genome from the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). The individual we sequenced fits as a mixture of people related to ancient Iranians (the largest component) and Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers, a unique profile that matches ancient DNA from 11 genetic outliers from sites in Iran and Turkmenistan in cultural communication with the IVC. These individuals had little if any Steppe pastoralist-derived ancestry, showing that it was not ubiquitous in northwest South Asia during the IVC as it is today. The Iranian-related ancestry in the IVC derives from a lineage leading to early Iranian farmers, herders, and hunter-gatherers before their ancestors separated, contradicting the hypothesis that the shared ancestry between early Iranians and South Asians reflects a large-scale spread of western Iranian farmers east. Instead, sampled ancient genomes from the Iranian plateau and IVC descend from different groups of hunter-gatherers who began farming without being connected by substantial movement of people.
Assuntos
DNA Antigo/química , Genoma Humano , Migração Humana , Linhagem , População/genética , Povo Asiático/genética , Evolução Molecular , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , PaquistãoRESUMO
Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of lipase were prepared after fractional precipitation with 40-50% ammonium sulfate and then cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The process variables for the preparation of lipase-CLEAs such as glutaraldehyde concentration, cross-linking period, and initial pH of medium were optimized. The optimized conditions for the preparation of lipase-CLEAs were 25 mM/80 min/pH 7.0, and 31.62 mM/90 min/pH 6.0 with one factor at a time approach and numerical optimization with central composite design, respectively. Lipase-CLEAs were characterized by particle size analysis, SEM, and FTIR. Cross-linking not only shifted the optimal pH and temperature from 7.0 to 7.5 and 40-45 to 45-50 °C, but also altered the secondary structure. Lipase-CLEAs showed an increase in Km by 7.70%, and a decrease in Vmax by 16.63%. Lipase-CLEAs presented better thermostability than free lipase as evident from thermal inactivation constants (t1/2, D and Ed value), and thermodynamic parameters (Ed, ΔH°, ΔG°, and ΔS°) in the range of 50-70 °C. Lipase-CLEAs retained more than 65% activity up to four cycles and showed good storage stability for 12 days when stored at 4 ± 2 °C. They were successfully utilized for the epoxidation of lemongrass oil which was confirmed by changes in iodine value, epoxide value, and FTIR spectra.
Assuntos
Aspergillus niger/enzimologia , Biotecnologia/métodos , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Lipase/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Terpenos/química , Biocatálise , Meios de Cultura/química , Estabilidade Enzimática , Enzimas Imobilizadas/química , Compostos de Epóxi/química , Glutaral/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Iodo/química , Cinética , Tamanho da Partícula , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Temperatura , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Present review emphatically introduces the synthesis, biocompatibility, and applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), including their antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. A comprehensive discussion of various synthesis methods for AgNPs, with a particular focus on green chemistry mediated by plant extracts has been made. Recent research has revealed that the optical properties of AgNPs, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), depend on the particle size, as well as the synthesis methods, preparation synthesis parameters, and used reducing agents. The significant emphasis on the use of synthesized AgNPs as antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal agents in various applications has been reviewed. Furthermore, the application areas have been thoroughly examined, providing a detailed discussion of the underlying mechanisms, which aids in determining the optimal control parameters during the synthesis process of AgNPs. Furthermore, the challenges encountered while utilizing AgNPs and the corresponding advancements to overcome them have also been addressed. This review not only summarizes the achievements and current status of plant-mediated green synthesis of AgNPs but also explores the future prospects of these materials and technology in diverse areas, including bioactive applications.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Prata/farmacologia , Prata/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Química Verde/métodos , Antibacterianos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Despite academic efforts to study the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), there have as yet been no successful attempts to unveil the IVC people's craniofacial appearance. We investigated the IVC cemetery area of Rakhigarhi site, which was estimated to be of 2273 ± 38 and 2616 ± 73 years BCE. By craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) procedure using computed tomography (CT) data of two Rakhigarhi skulls (A1 BR02 and A2 BR36), we successfully reconstructed the faces of the IVC individuals who were buried about 4500 years ago. This is the first attempt to unveil scientifically accurate representations of IVC people's actual facial morphology.
Assuntos
Arqueologia , Cemitérios , Civilização , Face/anatomia & histologia , Face/diagnóstico por imagem , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Crânio/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Índia , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosAssuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Infarto do Miocárdio , Endocardite , Humanos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , TromboseRESUMO
The present study deals with synthesis of cardanol-cased novolac (CBN) resin by the condensation reaction between cardanol and formaldehyde using acoustic cavitation. It is a step-growth polymerization which occurs in the presence of an acid catalyst such as adipic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. CBN was also synthesised by a conventional method for the sake of comparison of techniques. The effect of molar ratio, effect of catalyst, effect of different catalyst and effect of power on the conversion to CBN has been studied. The synthesised CBN was characterized using the Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The reaction was monitored by the Acid value, free formaldehyde content and viscosity of the synthesised product. The reaction time required for the conventionally synthesised CBN was 5â¯h (300â¯min) with 120⯰C as an operating temperature while sonochemically the time reduced to 30â¯min at room temperature. The amount of time and energy saved can be quantified. Ultrasound facilitated synthesis was found to be an energy efficient and time-saving method for the synthesis of novolac resin.
RESUMO
The Harappan Civilization, one of the earliest complex societies in the world, flourished on the Indian subcontinent. Although many additional Harappan settlements and cemeteries have been discovered and investigated, no coupled burials at Harappan cemeteries have been reported to date. In 2013-2016, we excavated the cemetery of the Rakhigarhi site (Haryana), the largest city of the Harappan Civilization. At the site, we found a grave that turned out to be a coupled (joint) burial of the primary type. This report is the first anthropologically confirmed case of coupled burial from a Harappan cemetery.
RESUMO
An insufficient number of archaeological surveys has been carried out to date on Harappan Civilization cemeteries. One case in point is the necropolis at Rakhigarhi site (Haryana, India), one of the largest cities of the Harappan Civilization, where most burials within the cemetery remained uninvestigated. Over the course of the past three seasons (2013 to 2016), we therefore conducted excavations in an attempt to remedy this data shortfall. In brief, we found different kinds of graves co-existing within the Rakhigarhi cemetery in varying proportions. Primary interment was most common, followed by the use of secondary, symbolic, and unused (empty) graves. Within the first category, the atypical burials appear to have been elaborately prepared. Prone-positioned internments also attracted our attention. Since those individuals are not likely to have been social deviants, it is necessary to reconsider our pre-conceptions about such prone-position burials in archaeology, at least in the context of the Harappan Civilization. The data presented in this report, albeit insufficient to provide a complete understanding of Harappan Civilization cemeteries, nevertheless does present new and significant information on the mortuary practices and anthropological features at that time. Indeed, the range of different kinds of burials at the Rakhigarhi cemetery do appear indicative of the differences in mortuary rituals seen within Harappan societies, therefore providing a vivid glimpse of how these people respected their dead.
Assuntos
Antropologia , Arqueologia , Cemitérios , Humanos , ÍndiaRESUMO
Introduction: Preservation of alveolar dimensions after tooth extraction is crucial to achieve optimal esthetic and functionalprosthodontic results. With the increasingly frequent use of dental implants to replace non-restorable teeth, preservation ofthe existing alveolus is essential to maintain adequate bone volume for placement and stabilization of the implants. The aimof the study was to clinically and radiographically compare and evaluate autogenous dentin as bone graft with demineralizedfreeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) and extraction socket left alone for healing.Materials and Methods: Ethical clearance was obtained for the study. A written informed consent was taken from all theparticipants. A total of 45 randomly selected adult patients were divided into three groups: (1) Extraction socket with graftmaterial placement: Autogenous dentin (natural tooth dentin) as a bone graft (15 participants). (2) Extraction socket with graftmaterial placement: DFDBA as a bone graft (15 participants). (3) Extraction socket to be left alone for healing (15 participants).The cases were examined at 3, 6, and 9 months post-intervention. For each visit, clinical and radiographic assessmentradiovisiography was done to access the bone tissue healing. The mean buccolingual bone ridge width and height werecompared both clinically and radiographically. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 22.0.ANOVA and paired t-test were carried out for comparing the mean bone buccolingually on the radiograph. All P < 0.05 wereconsidered to be statistically significant.Results: The mean buccolingual ridge width measured by Vernier caliper for the I group was 7.13 ± 0.91, for II group, it was6.20 ± 0.86, and for the III group was 5.33 ± 0.61. The difference between the groups was statistically significant at 9 months.The mean height of the bone measured by radiograph showed that for I group, it was 6.33 ± 0.88, for II group, it was 6.13 ± 0.83,and for the III group, it was 5.33 ± 0.61. The difference in the mean outcome was significant between I and III as well as II andIII groups.Conclusion: The results of the grafted sites showed statistically significant difference compared to non-grafted sites.The alveolar ridge preservation shows reduction in buccolingual shrinkage. The present investigation shows thataugmenting the extraction socket with biomaterials may have the possibility to limit the buccolingual and coronalapical shrinkage.