Systemic lupus erythematosus in pediatric patients: Pulmonary manifestations.

The pulmonary manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in pediatric patients are poorly understood and the pulmonary manifestations reported from the adult population are generally extrapolated to the pediatric population. In the present work, the review of 228 files was carried out, in which the pulmonary manifestations, symptoms and antibody levels of the patients treated at the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), State of Mexico, Mexico, were identified. Statistical significance between groups was estimated using the Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test. The main pulmonary manifestations identified were pleurisy (14 %), pulmonary hemorrhage (3.9 %), pulmonary thromboembolism (0.9 %), acute lupus pneumonitis (0.4 %), pulmonary arterial hypertension (0.4 %), and small lung syndrome (0.4 %). While the initial symptomatology was dyspnea with an incidence of 9.6 %, the mean oxygen saturation in the population was 96.87 %. Pleural effusion was identified as the most frequent pulmonary manifestation in radiographic changes. No statistically significant difference was found in antibody levels when comparing the groups. The most common pulmonary manifestation associated with SLE is pleurisy, however, the range of pulmonary manifestations in this type of patient can be very varied, as well as the presentation of each of them.

Long COVID in children and adolescents: COVID-19 follow-up results in third-level pediatric hospital.

Introduction: In children, the manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the acute phase are considered mild compared with those in adults; however, some children experience a severe disease that requires hospitalization. This study was designed to present the operation and follow-up results of the Post-COVID-19 Detection and Monitoring Sequels Clinic of Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez in managing children with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted from July 2020 to December 2021, which included 215 children aged 0-18 years who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on polymerase chain reaction and/or immunoglobulin G test. The follow-up was conducted in the pulmonology medical consultation; ambulatory and hospitalized patients were assessed at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months. Results: The median age of the patients was 9.02 years, and neurological, endocrinological, pulmonary, oncological, and cardiological comorbidities were the most commonly observed among the patients. Moreover, 32.6% of the children had persistent symptoms at 2 months, 9.3% at 4 months, and 2.3% at 6 months, including dyspnea, dry cough, fatigue, and runny nose; the main acute complications were severe pneumonia, coagulopathy, nosocomial infections, acute renal injury, cardiac dysfunction, and pulmonary fibrosis. The more representative sequelae were alopecia, radiculopathy, perniosis, psoriasis, anxiety, and depression. Conclusions: This study showed that children experience persistent symptoms, such as dyspnea, dry cough, fatigue, and runny nose, although to a lesser extent than adults, with significant clinical improvement 6 months after the acute infection. These results indicate the importance of monitoring children with COVID-19 through face-to-face consultations or telemedicine, with the objective of offering multidisciplinary and individualized care to preserve the health and quality of life of these children.

Tracing COVID-19 Source of Infection Among Health Personnel in a Pediatric Hospital.

Health personnel (HP) have been universally recognized as especially susceptible to COVID-19. In Mexico, our home country, HP has one of the highest death rates from the disease. From the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, an office for initial attention for HP and a call center were established at a COVID-19 national reference pediatric hospital, aimed at early detection of COVID-19 cases and stopping local transmission. The detection and call center implementation and operation, and tracing methodology are described here. A total of 1,042 HP were evaluated, with 221 positive cases identified (7.7% of all HP currently working and 26% of the HP tested). Community contagion was most prevalent (46%), followed by other HP (27%), household (14%), and hospitalized patients (13%). Clusters and contact network analysis are discussed. This is one of the first reports that address the details of the implementation process of contact tracing in a pediatric hospital from the perspective of a hybrid hospital with COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 areas.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Cases of Children and Adolescents With Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome in a Tertiary Care Center in Mexico City.

Background: Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) is a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children that resembles Kawasaki syndrome and places them at high risk of cardiorespiratory instability and/or cardiac damage. This study aims to describe the clinical presentation and outcomes of patients with PIMS in Mexico City. Methods: This was an observational study of children hospitalized for PIMS based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition criteria, in a single tertiary care pediatric center in Mexico City between May 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021. Demographic characteristics, epidemiological data, medical history, laboratory tests, cardiologic evaluations, treatment, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results: Seventy-five cases fulfilled the case definition criteria for PIMS [median age: 10.9 years, Interquartile range (IQR): 5.6-15.6]. Fifteen (20%) patients had a severe underlying disease, 48 (64%) were admitted to the intensive care unit, 33 (44%) required invasive mechanical ventilation and 39 (52%) received vasopressor support. The patients were clustered through latent class analysis based on identified symptoms: Cluster 1 had rash or gastrointestinal symptoms (n = 60) and cluster 2 were those with predominantly respiratory manifestations (n = 15). Two patients (2.7%) died, and both had severe underlying conditions. Five patients (6.7%), all from cluster 1, developed coronary aneurysms. Conclusion: There were a high proportion of patients with severe respiratory involvement and positive RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 and very few cases of coronary aneurysms in our study which suggests that a high proportion of the children had severe acute COVID-19. The clinical manifestations and outcomes are comparable to previously reported international studies.

Allowing access to parents/caregivers into COVID-19 hospitalization areas does not increase infections among health personnel in a pediatric hospital.

Background: At the beginning of the current COVID-19 pandemic, it became critical to isolate all infected patients, regardless of their age. Isolating children has a negative effect on both, them and their parents/caregivers. Nevertheless isolation was mandatory because of the potential risk that visitation might have on COVID-19 dissemination mostly among health personnel. Methods: From the starting of the COVID-19 pandemic in our pediatric hospital visits were forbidden. This 2 months period (April-May) was called P1. In June parents were allowed to visit (P2), under a visiting protocol previously published. Hospital workers were monitored for the presence of COVID-19 symptoms and tested for the infection when clinically justified. The positivity proportion and the relative risk (RR) of COVID-19 among the health personnel between periods were calculated. The caregivers were also followed up by phone calls. Results: Since April 2020 to November 2020, 2,884 health personnel were studied for 234 days, (318,146 workers days). Although the COVID-19/1,000 health personnel days rate decreased from one period to another (1.43 vs 1.23), no statistically significant differences were found. During P1, 16 patients with COVID-19 were treated. During the follow up none of the family members were infected/symptomatic in P1, while in P2, 6/129 (4.65%) were symptomatic or had a positive test. All of them initiated between 2 and 4 days after the patient's admission. As they also had some other infected family members it was not possible to ensure the source of infection. There were no statistically significant differences in the RR of COVID-19 in health personnel, (RR 1, 95% CI 0.69-1.06, p = 0.162). Conclusions: When safely implemented, allowing parents/caregivers to spend time with their hospitalized COVID-19 children does not increase the contagion risk for hospital workers or among themselves.

Pulmonary sequestration associated with congenital pulmonary airway malformation. / Secuestro pulmonar asociado a una malformación congénita de la vía aérea pulmonar

Introduction: Congenital pulmonary malformations are a rare cause of neonatal morbidity. Some of them have a common origin, which allows the identification of combined lesions. Its diagnosis can be made prenatally by ultrasound, with the limitation that this study is performed in specialized centers and depends on the expertise of the operator. The association of pulmonary sequestration and congenital malformation of the airway has been described in approximately 40-60 cases since its first description in 1949. Many lesions are not perceptible in intrauterine life and in the neonatal period there are recurrent respiratory symptoms that in some cases are associated with a congenital pulmonary malformation. Case report: We report the case of a young infant, who was diagnosed with pulmonary sequestration at 24 weeks of gestational age, undergoing intrauterine surgical treatment with a report of complete resolution of the malformation in posterior ultrasounds. She was valued by pediatric pneumology at 4 months of age, where angiotomography was performed and the presence of pulmonary sequestration was confirmed by lobectomy. The histopathological study reported extralobar pulmonary sequestration with congenital malformation of the pulmonary airway type 2. These combined lesions were identified by histopathological study. The treatment of choice was surgical. Conclusions: Upon the confirmation of a malformation, we emphasize the importance of performing a screening in order to search for other that could be associated.

Introducción: Las malformaciones pulmonares congénitas son una causa poco frecuente de morbilidad neonatal. Algunas de ellas tienen un origen común, lo que permite identificar lesiones combinadas. Su diagnóstico puede realizarse de forma prenatal mediante ultrasonido, con las limitaciones de que solo se realiza en centros especializados y que depende de la pericia del operador. La asociación entre el secuestro pulmonar y la malformación congénita de la vía aérea se ha descrito aproximadamente en 40-60 casos desde 1949, cuando se observó por primera vez. Muchas lesiones no son perceptibles en la vida intrauterina. Sin embargo, en el periodo neonatal se presentan síntomas respiratorios recurrentes que en algunos casos están asociados con una malformación pulmonar. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una lactante diagnosticada con secuestro pulmonar a las 24 semanas de edad gestacional. Recibió tratamiento quirúrgico intrauterino con reporte de resolución completa de la malformación en ultrasonidos posteriores. Fue valorada por neumología pediátrica a los 4 meses de edad. Se realizó una angiotomografía y se confirmó la presencia de secuestro pulmonar, por lo que se realizó una lobectomía. El estudio histopatológico reportó secuestro pulmonar extralobar con malformación congénita de la vía aérea pulmonar tipo 2. Estas lesiones combinadas se identificaron mediante un estudio histopatológico. El tratamiento de elección fue quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Ante la confirmación de una malformación, destaca la importancia de realizar la búsqueda de otras malformaciones que pudieran estar asociadas.

[Perinatal tuberculosis]. / Tuberculosis perinatal.

BACKGROUND: Perinatal tuberculosis is acquired during birth or during the early neonatal period. Although its incidence is unknown, a search was conducted in Medline and 28 cases were found of perinatal tuberculosis reported from 1983 to 2011. Diagnosis of this disease is important due to having nonspecific symptoms that are mistaken for other infectious diseases. The disease has a high mortality rate (60%); therefore, it requires prompt diagnostic suspicion by the medical staff to prevent a fatal outcome. CASE REPORT: We describe the case of a 3-month-old male whose 29-year-old mother died of septic shock at 15 days of delivery. The infant's condition began within 30 days of age with cough and difficulty breathing with a diagnosis of multiple foci pneumonia. The infant presented respiratory impairment, meriting change of antibiotics twice, without improvement. The autopsy report of the mother revealed peritoneal tuberculosis. PCR was carried out using tracheal aspirate and pleural fluid of the patient, which were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Perinatal diagnosis of tuberculosis was established. No hepatic granuloma was found. CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal infection should be suspected in children with sepsis and/or pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotics. In this care, the history of tuberculosis in the mother should have oriented the diagnosis.

[Hepatopulmonary syndrome as a cause of hypoxemia in hepatic diseases in children]. / Síndrome hepatopulmonar como causa de hipoxemia en niños con enfermedad hepática.

BACKGROUND: Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a rare complication characterized by liver disease associated with hypoxemia and intrapulmonary vascular dilatations. The prevalence reported in the few studies in children with cirrhosis is 3-8%. Although uncommon, it is important for physicians to recognize this condition because of its progressive course. CASE REPORT: We report the case of an 8-year-old girl diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension with symptoms of dyspnea and cyanosis. On physical examination the patient was found malnourished with jaundice, telangiectasias in abdomen, severe clubbing, acrocyanosis, platypnea and orthodeoxia; arterial blood gas showed PaO2 of 59mmHg. Echocardiography with agitated saline test was positive and lung perfusion scan with albumin macroaggregates reported 15% right-to-left short circuit, thus demonstrating the existence of intrapulmonary shunt. Diagnosis of severe hepatopulmonary syndrome was made. Liver transplantation is recommended as the only effective treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In children with liver disease presenting dyspnea and hypoxemia and those enrolled in a liver transplant protocol, hepatopulmonary syndrome must be intentionally searched because the prognosis will depend on timely diagnosis.

[Pulmonary aplasia: report of two cases]. / Aplasia pulmonar: a propósito de dos casos.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary aplasia is a rare disorder of lung development characterized by the presence of a rudimentary main bronchus in the absence of lung and pulmonary artery. It is generally associated with other congenital defects and must be suspected in the presence of a total radiopaque hemithorax. CASE REPORTS: We describe two cases of pulmonary aplasia diagnosed in the Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" in the last 5 years. The first case was a female who presented respiratory distress from birth with a radiopaque left hemithorax in which the diagnosis of pulmonary aplasia was completed with bronchoscopy and lung scan. Her evolution has been insidious, characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms, oxygen dependence and pneumonias. The second case is a 5 year old female, who remained asymptomatic untill the age of two years when she was hospitalized for gastroeteritis. She underwet chest X-rays with findings suspicious of right diaphragmatic hernia. She was then transferred to our hospital. She underwent surgery at which time diaphragmatic eventration and no ipsilateral lung were found. The diagnosis was completed with a blind bottom main right bronchus in bronchoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary aplasia is an uncommon pathology. Due to great variability in clinical presentation, there must be a high index of suspicion in the presence of a fully radiopaque hemithorax. Among the diagnostic methods, X-rays, tomography and lung scan are useful. Bronchoscopy is required for diagnostic confirmation. Surgical removal of the stump and translocation of the diaphragm have been proposed as surgical options.

[Scimitar syndrome: a case series]. / Síndrome de la cimitarra: serie de casos.

BACKGROUND: Scimitar syndrome is a rare and complex congenital anomaly of the lung with multiple variables and is named for its resemblance to the classical radiological crooked sword. Its defining feature is the anomalous pulmonary drainage. It is associated with various cardiothoracic malformations and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. CASE SERIES: Nine patients diagnosed with scimitar syndrome found in the database of Hospital Infantil de México between 2009 and 2013 were reviewed. Demographic records, clinical status and hemodynamic parameters reported were collected. CONCLUSIONS: This case series called attention to certain differences between our group of patients and those reported in the international literature. Patients were predominantly female and were diagnosed between 1 and 20 months of life. All were asymptomatic at the time of the study. Half of the patients had a history of respiratory disease and all patients had with pulmonary hypertension. Surgical management was required in on-third of the patient group.

Secuestro pulmonar asociado a una malformación congénita de la vía aérea pulmonar / Pulmonary sequestration associated with congenital pulmonary airway malformation

Resumen Introducción: Las malformaciones pulmonares congénitas son una causa poco frecuente de morbilidad neonatal. Algunas de ellas tienen un origen común, lo que permite identificar lesiones combinadas. Su diagnóstico puede realizarse de forma prenatal mediante ultrasonido, con las limitaciones de que solo se realiza en centros especializados y que depende de la pericia del operador. La asociación entre el secuestro pulmonar y la malformación congénita de la vía aérea se ha descrito aproximadamente en 40-60 casos desde 1949, cuando se observó por primera vez. Muchas lesiones no son perceptibles en la vida intrauterina. Sin embargo, en el periodo neonatal se presentan síntomas respiratorios recurrentes que en algunos casos están asociados con una malformación pulmonar. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una lactante diagnosticada con secuestro pulmonar a las 24 semanas de edad gestacional. Recibió tratamiento quirúrgico intrauterino con reporte de resolución completa de la malformación en ultrasonidos posteriores. Fue valorada por neumología pediátrica a los 4 meses de edad. Se realizó una angiotomografía y se confirmó la presencia de secuestro pulmonar, por lo que se realizó una lobectomía. El estudio histopatológico reportó secuestro pulmonar extralobar con malformación congénita de la vía aérea pulmonar tipo 2. Estas lesiones combinadas se identificaron mediante un estudio histopatológico. El tratamiento de elección fue quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Ante la confirmación de una malformación, destaca la importancia de realizar la búsqueda de otras malformaciones que pudieran estar asociadas.

Abstract Introduction: Congenital pulmonary malformations are a rare cause of neonatal morbidity. Some of them have a common origin, which allows the identification of combined lesions. Its diagnosis can be made prenatally by ultrasound, with the limitation that this study is performed in specialized centers and depends on the expertise of the operator. The association of pulmonary sequestration and congenital malformation of the airway has been described in approximately 40-60 cases since its first description in 1949. Many lesions are not perceptible in intrauterine life and in the neonatal period there are recurrent respiratory symptoms that in some cases are associated with a congenital pulmonary malformation. Case report: We report the case of a young infant, who was diagnosed with pulmonary sequestration at 24 weeks of gestational age, undergoing intrauterine surgical treatment with a report of complete resolution of the malformation in posterior ultrasounds. She was valued by pediatric pneumology at 4 months of age, where angiotomography was performed and the presence of pulmonary sequestration was confirmed by lobectomy. The histopathological study reported extralobar pulmonary sequestration with congenital malformation of the pulmonary airway type 2. These combined lesions were identified by histopathological study. The treatment of choice was surgical. Conclusions: Upon the confirmation of a malformation, we emphasize the importance of performing a screening in order to search for other that could be associated.

Tuberculosis perinatal / Perinatal tuberculosis

Introducción: La tuberculosis perinatal es adquirida durante el parto o durante el periodo neonatal temprano. Aunque su incidencia es desconocida, se realizó una búsqueda en Medline y se encontraron 28 casos de tuberculosis perinatal reportados de 1983 a 2011. El diagnóstico de esta enfermedad es importante debido a que los síntomas son inespecíficos y se confunden con otras enfermedades infecciosas. Además, presenta una alta tasa de mortalidad (hasta del 60%), por lo que se requiere de una pronta sospecha diagnóstica por parte del personal médico para evitar un desenlace fatal. Caso clínico: Se describe el caso de un masculino de 3 meses de edad, hijo de madre de 29 años que falleció por choque séptico a los 15 días del parto, que inició padecimiento a los 30 días de vida con tos y dificultad respiratoria. Se realizó el diagnóstico de neumonía de focos múltiples. Presentó deterioro respiratorio, por lo que requirió cambio de antibiótico en dos ocasiones aunque no se observó mejoría. Se recabó el dictamen de la autopsia de la madre que reveló tuberculosis peritoneal. Al paciente se le realizó PCR de aspirado traqueal y de líquido pleural, los cuales fueron positivos para Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se estableció el diagnóstico de tuberculosis perinatal. No se encontró granuloma hepático. Conclusiones: La infección perinatal debe sospecharse en niños con sepsis o neumonía sin respuesta a antibióticos. En este caso, el antecedente de la madre con tuberculosis orientó al diagnóstico.

Background: Perinatal tuberculosis is acquired during birth or during the early neonatal period. Although its incidence is unknown, a search was conducted in Medline and 28 cases were found of perinatal tuberculosis reported from 1983 to 2011. Diagnosis of this disease is important due to having nonspecific symptoms that are mistaken for other infectious diseases. The disease has a high mortality rate (60%); therefore, it requires prompt diagnostic suspicion by the medical staff to prevent a fatal outcome. Case report: We describe the case of a 3-month-old male whose 29-year-old mother died of septic shock at 15 days of delivery. The infant's condition began within 30 days of age with cough and difficulty breathing with a diagnosis of multiple foci pneumonia. The infant presented respiratory impairment, meriting change of antibiotics twice, without improvement. The autopsy report of the mother revealed peritoneal tuberculosis. PCR was carried out using tracheal aspirate and pleural fluid of the patient, which were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Perinatal diagnosis of tuberculosis was established. No hepatic granuloma was found. Conclusions: Perinatal infection should be suspected in children with sepsis and/or pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotics. In this care, the history of tuberculosis in the mother should have oriented the diagnosis.

Síndrome hepatopulmonar como causa de hipoxemia en niños con enfermedad hepática / Hepatopulmonary syndrome as a cause of hypoxemia in hepatic diseases in children

Resumen:Introducción: El síndrome hepatopulmonar es una complicación rara caracterizada por enfermedad hepática asociada con dilataciones vasculares intrapulmonares e hipoxemia. La prevalencia reportada en los escasos estudios realizados en niños con cirrosis es del 3-8%. Aunque es una entidad poco frecuente, es de suma importancia que el clínico la reconozca debido a su curso progresivo.Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una niña de 8 años de edad con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática e hipertensión portal, con sintomatología de disnea y cianosis. Al examen físico se encontró desnutrida, con ictericia generalizada, telangiectasias en abdomen, hipocratismo digital severo, acrocianosis, platipnea y ortodeoxia. La gasometría arterial con PaO2 de 59 mmHg. El ecocardiograma con test de suero salino agitado resultó positivo y la gammagrafía de perfusión pulmonar con macroagregados de albúmina reportó cortocircuito derecha a izquierda del 15%, demostrándose así la existencia de shunt intrapulmonar. Se integró el diagnóstico de síndrome hepatopulmonar de severidad grave, y se recomendó trasplante hepático como el único tratamiento eficaz.Conclusiones: En niños con enfermedad hepática que presenten disnea e hipoxemia, y en los que estén en protocolo de trasplante hepático, debe de buscarse intencionadamente el síndrome hepatopulmonar, ya que el pronóstico dependerá del diagnóstico oportuno.

Abstract:Background: Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a rare complication characterized by liver disease associated with hypoxemia and intrapulmonary vascular dilatations. The prevalence reported in the few studies in children with cirrhosis is 3-8%. Although uncommon, it is important for physicians to recognize this condition because of its progressive course.Case report: We report the case of an 8-year-old girl diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension with symptoms of dyspnea and cyanosis. On physical examination the patient was found malnourished with jaundice, telangiectasias in abdomen, severe clubbing, acrocyanosis, platypnea and orthodeoxia; arterial blood gas showed PaO2 of 59 mmHg. Echocardiography with agitated saline test was positive and lung perfusion scan with albumin macroaggregates reported 15% right-to-left short circuit, thus demonstrating the existence of intrapulmonary shunt. Diagnosis of severe hepatopulmonary syndrome was made. Liver transplantation is recommended as the only effective treatment.Conclusions: In children with liver disease presenting dyspnea and hypoxemia and those enrolled in a liver transplant protocol, hepatopulmonary syndrome must be intentionally searched because the prognosis will depend on timely diagnosis.

Aplasia pulmonar: a propósito de dos casos / Pulmonary aplasia: report of two cases

Introducción: La aplasia pulmonar es un raro trastorno del desarrollo pulmonar. Se caracteriza por la presencia de un bronquio principal rudimentario en ausencia de pulmón y arteria pulmonar. Generalmente se asocia con otros defectos congénitos, y debe sospecharse ante la opacidad del hemitórax. Casos clínicos: Se describen dos casos de pacientes con aplasia pulmonar diagnosticados en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez en los últimos 5 años. La primera paciente presentó dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento. Se observó radiopacidad total del hemitórax izquierdo, y se completó el diagnóstico de aplasia pulmonar con gammagrafía pulmonar y broncoscopia. La evolución ha sido insidiosa, con sintomatología respiratoria crónica, dependencia de oxígeno y neumonías recurrentes. La segunda paciente, de 5 años de edad, permaneció asintomática durante los primeros 2 años de vida. Fue hospitalizada por gastroenteritis infecciosa, y la radiografía sugirió hernia diafragmática derecha. Se intervino y se encontró eventración diafragmática derecha y ausencia de pulmón ipsilateral. Se completó el diagnóstico con broncoscopia que mostró bronquio principal derecho con saco ciego terminal. Conclusiones: La aplasia pulmonar es una entidad infrecuente. Debido a la variabilidad en la presentación clínica debe tenerse un alto índice de sospecha ante el hallazgo de la radiopacidad total del hemitórax. Los métodos diagnósticos que se utilizan son radiografía, tomografía y gammagrafía. Para confirmar el diagnóstico se requiere realizar broncoscopia. La escisión del muñón y la traslocación diafragmática se han descrito como opciones quirúrgicas de tratamiento.

Background: Pulmonary aplasia is a rare disorder of lung development characterized by the presence of a rudimentary main bronchus in the absence of lung and pulmonary artery. It is generally associated with other congenital defects and must be suspected in the presence of a total radiopaque hemithorax. Case reports: We describe two cases of pulmonary aplasia diagnosed in the Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" in the last 5 years. The first case was a female who presented respiratory distress from birth with a radiopaque left hemithorax in which the diagnosis of pulmonary aplasia was completed with bronchoscopy and lung scan. Her evolution has been insidious, characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms, oxygen dependence and pneumonias. The second case is a 5 year old female, who remained asymptomatic untill the age of two years when she was hospitalized for gastroeteritis. She underwet chest X-rays with findings suspicious of right diaphragmatic hernia. She was then transferred to our hospital. She underwent surgery at which time diaphragmatic eventration and no ipsilateral lung were found. The diagnosis was completed with a blind bottom main right bronchus in bronchoscopy. Conclusions: Pulmonary aplasia is an uncommon pathology. Due to great variability in clinical presentation, there must be a high index of suspicion in the presence of a fully radiopaque hemithorax. Among the diagnostic methods, X-rays, tomography and lung scan are useful. Bronchoscopy is required for diagnostic confirmation. Surgical removal of the stump and translocation of the diaphragm have been proposed as surgical options.

Bronquiolitis folicular linfoidea posterior a infección por adenovirus / Lymphoid follicular bronchiolitis post-adenovirus infection

Introducción: La bronquiolitis folicular es una lesión pulmonar rara. Consiste en la presencia de abundantes folículos linfoides hiperplásicos con centros germinales reactivos, distribuidos a lo largo de los bronquiolos y compresión de la vía aérea pequeña intratorácica. Existen pocos informes de bronquiolitis folicular en la población pediátrica. Los datos que se conocen de esta enfermedad para esta población han sido extrapolados de estudios realizados en pacientes adultos. El tratamiento se basa en esteroides y, en general, el pronóstico es bueno. Caso clínico: Describimos el caso de una niña de 5 años de edad, con antecedente de neumonía grave a los 3 años, con adenovirus en el panel viral. Posteriormente, presentó sibilancias recurrentes y tos crónica. En la tomografía axial de tórax de alta resolución se observó un patrón en vidrio despulido, bronquiectasias, atrapamiento aéreo y atelectasia basal derecha, por lo que se realizó una biopsia de pulmón, la cual mostró bronquiolitis folicular linfoidea. Conclusiones: La bronquiolitis folicular linfoidea es una entidad poco frecuente, que requiere ser sospechada en pacientes con antecedentes de infección por adenovirus. Presenta cuadro clínico de hiperreactividad bronquial y alteraciones radiológicas con patrón en vidrio despulido, bronquiectasias y atrapamiento aéreo. La biopsia pulmonar por toracotomía es la clave para establecer el diagnóstico y el pronóstico.

Background: Follicular bronchiolitis, a rare lung injury, is characterized by abundant hyperplastic lymphoid follicles with reactive germinal centers distributed along the bronchioles with compression of the lower intrathoracic airway. In the literature there are few reports of follicular bronchiolitis in the pediatric population. Data obtained from this disease have been extracted from studies in adult patients. Treatment is based on steroids with a good prognosis. Case report: We describe the case of a 5-year-old female with a history of severe pneumonia at 3 years of age, isolating adenovirus in the viral panel. Subsequently, she had recurrent wheezing and chronic cough. High resolution thoracic computed tomography (CT) showed ground glass pattern, bronchiectasis, air trapping and right basal atelectasis. Lung biopsy was performed and reported lymphoid follicular bronchiolitis. Conclusions: Lymphoid follicular bronchiolitis is a rare entity that requires a high level of suspicion in patients with a history of adenovirus infection, clinical symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity and radiological changes in ground glass pattern, bronchiectasis and air trapping. Lung biopsy by thoracotomy is the key for diagnosis and prognosis.

Síndrome de la cimitarra: serie de casos / Scimitar syndrome: a case series

Introducción: El síndrome de la cimitarra es una compleja anomalía congénita del desarrollo pulmonar, infrecuente y de múltiples variables. Se denomina así por su semejanza radiológica con la clásica espada torcida. Su característica definitoria es el drenaje pulmonar anómalo. Se asocia con diversas malformaciones cardiotorácicas y un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas. Serie de casos: Se reporta una serie proveniente de la base de datos del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, revisión del periodo 2009-2013. Se encontraron nueve pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de la cimitarra. Se recabaron del expediente médico las características demográficas, estado clínico y parámetros hemodinámicos reportados. Conclusiones: En la presente serie llaman la atención ciertas diferencias entre el grupo de estudio y lo reportado en la literatura internacional. Se encontró que la mayoría de los pacientes fueron del sexo femenino, diagnosticados entre el primero y el vigésimo mes de vida. En el momento del estudio estaban asintomáticos; la mitad contaba con antecedentes de enfermedad respiratoria y el total con hipertensión pulmonar. La tercera parte del grupo requirió manejo quirúrgico.

Background: Scimitar syndrome is a rare and complex congenital anomaly of the lung with multiple variables and is named for its resemblance to the classical radiological crooked sword. Its defining feature is the anomalous pulmonary drainage. It is associated with various cardiothoracic malformations and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Case series: Nine patients diagnosed with scimitar syndrome found in the database of Hospital Infantil de México between 2009 and 2013 were reviewed. Demographic records, clinical status and hemodynamic parameters reported were collected. Conclusions: This case series called attention to certain differences between our group of patients and those reported in the international literature. Patients were predominantly female and were diagnosed between 1 and 20 months of life. All were asymptomatic at the time of the study. Half of the patients had a history of respiratory disease and all patients had with pulmonary hypertension. Surgical management was required in on-third of the patient group.

Acondroplasia -estenosis del canal medular- una complicación neurológica / Achondroplasia -spinal canal stenosis-a neurological complication

Introducción. La acondroplasia es un trastorno genético del crecimiento óseo de herencia autosómica dominante. Su incidencia es de 1:26,000 nacimientos por año. Este trastorno es causado por una mutación en el gen que codifica al receptor tipo 3 del factor de crecimiento del fibroblasto (FGFR3) en el cromosoma 4, el cual se expresa en los condrocitos de la placa de crecimiento de los huesos; de esta manera afecta la osificación endocondral. Se manifiesta clínicamente por talla baja con desproporción anatómica, macrocefalia, acortamiento de extremidades y deformidades esqueléticas. Las complicaciones neurológicas de la acondroplasia son la causa más frecuente de morbilidad y mortalidad. Caso clínico. Se trata de un paciente femenino de 5 años de edad con acondroplasia que ingresó con diagnóstico de enfermedad tipo influenza. A la exploración física presentaba clonus, hiperreflexia, limitación funcional de extremidades y retraso del desarrollo psicomotor. Durante su estancia intrahospitalaria presentó paro respiratorio que ameritó fase III de ventilación; por la debilidad de los músculos torácicos no fue posible la extubación. Se realizó una tomografía de cráneo y una imagen de resonancia magnética cráneo-cervical, encontrando la compresión del canal cérvico-medular. Conclusiones. La identificación temprana de la compresión medular y su descompresión inmediata pueden ayudar a prevenir complicaciones serias, como la insuficiencia respiratoria y la muerte súbita.

Background. Achondroplasia (AC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of bone growth with an annual incidence of 1:26,000 births. It is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the receptor type 3 growth of fibroblast factor (FGFR3) on chromosome 4, which is present in chondrocytes of the growth plate of bones, thus affecting endochondral ossification. It is manifested clinically by short stature with anatomic disproportion, macrocephaly, shortened limbs and skeletal deformities. Neurological complications of AC are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality. Case report. We report the case of a 5-year-old female patient with achondroplasia who was admitted with a diagnosis of influenza-like illness. Physical examination revealed clonus, hyperreflexia, limb functional limitation, and delayed psychomotor development. During her hospital stay the patient experienced respiratory arrest, necessitating the use of phase III mechanical ventilation, making extubation impossible due to weakness of chest muscles. Cranial computed tomography (CT) and cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed, demonstrating compression of the cervicospinal canal. Conclusions. Early identification of spinal cord compression and its immediate decompression can help to prevent serious complications, including respiratory failure and sudden death.