Evaluation of toceranib for treatment of apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs.

BACKGROUND: There is no widely accepted standard medical treatment for apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) in dogs. Targeted agents such as toceranib may be effective in treatment of AGASACA, but the number of clinical reports investigating its efficacy is limited. HYPOTHESIS/AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of toceranib treatment of AGASACA in dogs, and to assess prognostic factors in the study population. Our hypothesis was that toceranib would provide a clinical benefit in the treatment of dogs with AGASACA. ANIMALS: Thirty-six client-owned dogs with either a cytologic or histologic diagnosis of AGASACA that were treated with toceranib alone or in combination with surgery, nonconcurrent chemotherapy or both. METHODS: Retrospective study. RESULT: The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival time (OST) for the study population was 313 days and 827 days, respectively. A clinical benefit from toceranib treatment was observed in 69% of dogs, with 20.7% of dogs experiencing partial response and 48.3% of dogs experiencing stable disease. Dogs that responded to toceranib treatment had significantly prolonged PFS and OST. Hypercalcemia was a negative prognostic factor for clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Toceranib is effective in the treatment of AGASACA in dogs. Prospective, controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of toceranib in comparison to other treatment protocols for dogs with AGASACA.

Retrospective evaluation of canine anal sac carcinoma (260 cases) in Brazil: late detection and failures in lymph node evaluation / Avaliação retrospectiva do carcinoma de saco anal canino (260 casos) no Brasil: detecção tardia e falhas na avaliação dos linfonodos

Anal sac neoplasms are common in companion animals, and the epidemiological profile has been extensively described in international studies; however, national data are still lacking. Data on the Brazilian reality of anal sac carcinoma cases' diagnosis and treatment are also scarce. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate cases of canine anal sac carcinoma and assess the profile of involvement, tumor size, and lymphatic invasion at the time of diagnosis. Information was obtained from Vetpat laboratory database, from 260 cases spanning a 12-year period (2010-2021). In histopathological evaluation at the time of diagnosis, data on sex, age, and race were described, as well as tumor size and lymphatic invasion. The presence of metastasis was also assessed in cases where lymph nodes were sampled. Simple descriptive statistical analysis was used to evaluate the data. Adult and elderly, female, and mixed-breed animals were more involved, indicating differences from international studies that can be attributed to sociocultural factors. In terms of tumor size, it was observed that 93% of the cases had the largest diameter above 2.5cm. Only 7% of the cases had the largest diameter below 2.5cm, demonstrating the often late diagnosis and the importance of rectal palpation examination during the general physical assessment of canine patients, particularly at an advanced age. Regarding lymphatic invasion and affected lymph nodes, 50% of the cases had lymphatic invasion described in the histopathological examination. However, only 5% of the lymph nodes were sent along with the primary tumor, indicating the disease's aggressive behavior but with possible metastases underdiagnosed.

As neoplasias de saco anal possuem incidência importante nos animais de companhia, tendo o seu perfil epidemiológico de acometimento amplamente descrito em estudos internacionais, entretanto dados nacionais ainda são escassos. De modo semelhante, dados acerca da realidade brasileira, associados ao diagnóstico e conduta desses casos, são inexistentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, de forma retrospectiva, os casos de carcinoma de saco anal canino, avaliando o perfil de acometimento, o tamanho tumoral e a invasão linfática no momento do diagnóstico. Foi obtido informações de 260 casos, respectivo a um período de 12 anos (2010-2021), proveniente do banco de dados do laboratório Vetpat. Foram descritos os dados acerca do sexo, idade e raça, bem como o tamanho tumoral e presença de invasão linfática em avaliação histopatológica no momento do diagnóstico. Os casos que cursavam com envio dos linfonodos também foram avaliados quanto a presença de metástase. Os dados foram avaliados mediante análise estatística descritiva simples. Foi encontrado um maior acometimento em animais adultos a idosos, do sexo feminino e sem raça definida, evidenciando diferenças em relação a estudos internacionais, que podem ser atribuídas a fatores socioculturais. Em relação ao tamanho tumoral, observou-se que 93% dos casos apresentavam o maior diâmetro acima de 2,5cm e apenas 7% dos casos apresentavam o maior diâmetro abaixo de 2,5cm, evidenciando o diagnostico frequentemente tardio, bem como a importância do exame de palpação retal durante a avaliação física geral de pacientes caninos, principalmente em idade avançada. Quanto a avaliação da invasão linfática e linfonodos acometidos, 50% dos casos cursavam com invasão linfática descrita em exame histopatológico, entretanto em apenas 5% dos casos os linfonodos foram enviados junto ao tumor primário, evidenciando o comportamento agressivo da doença, porém com metástases possivelmente subdiagnosticadas.

Genomic copy number variation associated with clinical outcome in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors.

Mast cell tumors are the most common malignant cutaneous tumors in dogs. Although there are several prognostic factors involved, the clinical and biological behavior of this type of tumor varies greatly, making the best choice of treatment challenging. Molecular techniques can be used to evaluate a large number of genes involved in the neoplastic process and aid in the selection of candidate genes related to prognostic and predicting factors. Identification of the genes associated with tumor development and progression can be performed through the analysis of numerical and structural changes in DNA isolated from tumor cells by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). The aim of this study was to compare copy number variations (CNVs) in cutaneous mast cell tumors of dogs that survived less than six (ST<6) and >12months (ST>12) from the date of diagnosis. Ten animals were used: four from Group ST>12 and six from Group ST<6. Genomic DNA was extracted, and aCGH was performed using Agilent Canine Genome CGH Microarray 4×180 (ID-252 552 - Agilent, USA). Data analysis was carried out using Nexus program version 5.0 (Biodiscovery, USA). The group ST>12 presented 11±3.3 CNVs, while the ST<6 group presented 85±38.5 CNVs. Regions of loss in PTEN and FAS as well as regions of gains in MAPK3, WNT5B, FGF, FOXM1 and RAD51 were detected in mast cell tumors with shorter survival times, and thus, worst prognoses, allowing for the identification of potential candidate genes for more detailed studies.

Paraneoplastic neutrophilic leukocytosis syndrome in a cat with recurrent mammary carcinoma.

CASE SUMMARY: A spayed 12-year-old female domestic shorthair cat presented with nodular lesions on the ventral-right thoracic wall after complete mastectomy 4 months previously. The prior diagnosis was tubulopapillary mammary carcinoma with axillary lymph node metastasis, and a recurrence was confirmed. A gradual and sequential increase in the total number of leukocytes with severe neutrophilia (95.632/µl) developed over the course of the illness, along with an increase in the size of the recurrent mass. The severe leukocytosis did not show any response to antibiotic therapy, and no evidence of infection was observed. Bone marrow cytology confirmed hypercellularity in the myeloid cell lineage. Based on these findings, paraneoplastic neutrophilic leukocytosis syndrome was suspected. An incisional biopsy of the recurrent mass was consistent with recurrent tubulopapillary mammary carcinoma. Malignant epithelial cells stained positive upon immunohistochemistry for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokeratin and vimentin. After the final diagnosis of paraneoplastic neutrophilic leukocytosis syndrome, the cat was euthanized at the owner's request. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION: This is a novel case of paraneoplastic leukocytosis syndrome associated with mammary carcinoma in a cat. Although there are some reports describing paraneoplastic leukocytosis in cats, the relationship between this syndrome and feline mammary tumors has not been described.

Oxidative stress in dogs with multicentric lymphoma: Effect of chemotherapy on oxidative and antioxidant biomarkers.

INTRODUCTION: Lymphoma is one of the most common types of cancer in dogs, characterized by the proliferation of lymphoid cells. The treatment of this type of cancer is usually based on drugs with high toxicity, which can cause severe side effects. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in dogs with multicentric lymphoma before and after chemotherapy. METHODS: For this purpose, serum samples of 25 dogs diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma and 15 healthy dogs were used. The animals were exposed to CHOP chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisone) and serum samples were collected 5 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: High levels of TBARS, AOPP, and FRAP were observed in sera of dogs with multicentric lymphoma when compared to healthy dogs (P < 0.01), and even higher levels (TBARS and AOPP) were found after chemotherapy i.e. treatment exacerbated the oxidative stress levels. On the other hand, FRAP levels did not differ statistically between animals with lymphoma before and after treatment (P > 0.05). Exacerbated oxidative stress was observed in dogs with multicentric lymphoma Group II (Stage IV-V: involvement of lymph nodes and organs) compared to those in Group I (Stage I-III: only affected lymph nodes) of the disease, as well as the dogs with clinical signs and T immunophenotype. Another important result was observed after chemotherapy, where FRAP levels were higher in dogs that showed complete disease remission compared to animals with progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, dogs with lymphoma showed protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, as well as increased total antioxidants before and after chemotherapy compared to the control group.

Consensus Regarding the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine and Feline Mammary Tumors – 2019

The aim of this paper is to discuss and update criteria that can guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine and feline mammary neoplasms. It was elaborated during the IV Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine and Feline Mammary Neoplasia, held on April 29th and 30th, 2019 in Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil, sponsored by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from several regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.

Consensus Regarding the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine and Feline Mammary Tumors 2019

The aim of this paper is to discuss and update criteria that can guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine and feline mammary neoplasms. It was elaborated during the IV Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine and Feline Mammary Neoplasia, held on April 29th and 30th, 2019 in Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, sponsored by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from several regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.(AU)

Histopathological and immunophenotypical assessment of canine primary splenic lymphoma according to the World Health Organization / Avaliação histopatológica e imunofenotípica segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde do linfoma esplênico primário em cães

Although there are several studies addressing multicentric lymphoma in dogs, data regarding splenic lymphoma remains scarce. The diagnosis of splenic lymphoma using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system can aid prognostic characterization of splenic lymphoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most common histological types of splenic lymphoma in dogs from Brazil according to the WHO classification. We assessed 33 cases of splenic lymphoma diagnosed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis submitted to VETPAT- Pathology Laboratory, Campinas-SP, Brazil. IHC was performed using antibodies against CD3 for T-cell and CD79α for B-cell identification . Mean age of patients with splenic lymphoma was 9.8 years. The most affected breeds were mixed breed dogs (33%) followed by Pit bulls and Yorkshires (9.0%). The most prevalent histological type was marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (60.7%) followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (12.1%) and lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma (12.1%). Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of splenic lymphoma is important due to the high prevalence of indolent lymphomas such as marginal zone, which may be less aggressive and thus have different prognostic and distinct forms of treatment when compared to high-grade lymphomas.(AU)

Embora existam diversos estudos a respeito do linfoma multicêntrico em cães, os dados sobre linfoma esplênico primário são escassos. O diagnóstico do linfoma esplênico utilizando a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) pode melhorar a caracterização da doença. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os principais tipos de linfoma esplênico primário em cães no Brasil de acordo com a classificação da OMS. Foram avaliados 33 casos de linfoma esplênico diagnosticados por histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica submetidos ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (VETPAT, Campinas/SP). A imuno-histoquímica foi realizada utilizando os anticorpos CD3 para linfomas T, CD79α para linfomas B. A média de idade dos pacientes com linfoma esplênico foi de 9,8 anos. Os animais sem raça definida (SRD) foram os mais acometidos (33%) seguidos de PitBulls e Yorkshire (9,0%). O tipo histológico mais comum foi o linfoma de zona marginal representando 60,7% dos casos seguido do linfoma difuso de grandes células B (12,1%) e linfoma linfoblástico T (12,1%). A caracterização histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica do linfoma esplênico é importante devido à alta prevalência de linfomas indolentes como o linfoma de zona marginal, que devido ao seu comportamento indolente apresenta prognóstico e tratamento distintos quando comparado aos linfomas de alto grau.(AU)

Histopathological and immunophenotypical assessment of canine primary splenic lymphoma according to the World Health Organization / Avaliação histopatológica e imunofenotípica segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde do linfoma esplênico primário em cães

Although there are several studies addressing multicentric lymphoma in dogs, data regarding splenic lymphoma remains scarce. The diagnosis of splenic lymphoma using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system can aid prognostic characterization of splenic lymphoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most common histological types of splenic lymphoma in dogs from Brazil according to the WHO classification. We assessed 33 cases of splenic lymphoma diagnosed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis submitted to VETPAT- Pathology Laboratory, Campinas-SP, Brazil. IHC was performed using antibodies against CD3 for T-cell and CD79α for B-cell identification . Mean age of patients with splenic lymphoma was 9.8 years. The most affected breeds were mixed breed dogs (33%) followed by Pit bulls and Yorkshires (9.0%). The most prevalent histological type was marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (60.7%) followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (12.1%) and lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma (12.1%). Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of splenic lymphoma is important due to the high prevalence of indolent lymphomas such as marginal zone, which may be less aggressive and thus have different prognostic and distinct forms of treatment when compared to high-grade lymphomas.(AU)

Embora existam diversos estudos a respeito do linfoma multicêntrico em cães, os dados sobre linfoma esplênico primário são escassos. O diagnóstico do linfoma esplênico utilizando a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) pode melhorar a caracterização da doença. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os principais tipos de linfoma esplênico primário em cães no Brasil de acordo com a classificação da OMS. Foram avaliados 33 casos de linfoma esplênico diagnosticados por histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica submetidos ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (VETPAT, Campinas/SP). A imuno-histoquímica foi realizada utilizando os anticorpos CD3 para linfomas T, CD79α para linfomas B. A média de idade dos pacientes com linfoma esplênico foi de 9,8 anos. Os animais sem raça definida (SRD) foram os mais acometidos (33%) seguidos de PitBulls e Yorkshire (9,0%). O tipo histológico mais comum foi o linfoma de zona marginal representando 60,7% dos casos seguido do linfoma difuso de grandes células B (12,1%) e linfoma linfoblástico T (12,1%). A caracterização histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica do linfoma esplênico é importante devido à alta prevalência de linfomas indolentes como o linfoma de zona marginal, que devido ao seu comportamento indolente apresenta prognóstico e tratamento distintos quando comparado aos linfomas de alto grau.(AU)

Consensus for the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Mammary Tumors 2013

The purpose of this paper is to establish criteria that could guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of caninemammary neoplasias. It was elaborated during the Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment ofthe Canine Mammary Neoplasia, held on November 6th and 7th, 2010 in Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil. Academics fromseveral regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work. After three years, a new discussion was foundnecessary in order to address important questions: 1 - Have Brazilian DVMs applied the consensus? 2 - What were the maindifficulties in applying the consensus? 3 - What were the obtained results? 4 - What were the main differences among thevarious oncology services/groups? 5 - How could the criteria be improved and uniformed? A spreadsheet that allowed datacollection and an abstract was submitted by each oncology service/group from various parts of the country. Based on theabstracts we identified the main differences in diagnosis and therapeutic conducts among the groups. These differences haveguided the discussions of the II Mammary Pathology Meeting and the publication of a second consensus that has beenrevised and updated. The II Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine mamaryNeoplasia, was held on December 9th, 10thand 11th, 2013 in Belo Horizonte MG, sponsored by the Laboratory ofComparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Associationof Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from severalregions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.(AU)

Consensus for the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Mammary Tumors 2013

The purpose of this paper is to establish criteria that could guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of caninemammary neoplasias. It was elaborated during the Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment ofthe Canine Mammary Neoplasia, held on November 6th and 7th, 2010 in Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil. Academics fromseveral regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work. After three years, a new discussion was foundnecessary in order to address important questions: 1 - Have Brazilian DVMs applied the consensus? 2 - What were the maindifficulties in applying the consensus? 3 - What were the obtained results? 4 - What were the main differences among thevarious oncology services/groups? 5 - How could the criteria be improved and uniformed? A spreadsheet that allowed datacollection and an abstract was submitted by each oncology service/group from various parts of the country. Based on theabstracts we identified the main differences in diagnosis and therapeutic conducts among the groups. These differences haveguided the discussions of the II Mammary Pathology Meeting and the publication of a second consensus that has beenrevised and updated. The II Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine mamaryNeoplasia, was held on December 9th, 10thand 11th, 2013 in Belo Horizonte – MG, sponsored by the Laboratory ofComparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Associationof Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from severalregions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.