RESUMO
The study was aimed at assessing the influence of 3-week low glycemic index (LGI) versus moderate glycemic index (MGI) diet on substrate oxidation during incremental exercise. 17 runners completed two 3-week trials of either LGI or MGI diet in a randomised counterbalanced manner. Before and after each trial the incremental cycling test was performed. Metabolic alternations were observed only within tested diets and no significant differences in fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation were found between MGI and LGI diets. Following MGI diet CHO oxidation rate increased. The AUC of fat oxidation decreased after both diets. Percent contribution of fat to energy yield declined, whereas contribution of CHO was augmented following MGI diet. This study indicates that the 3-week MGI diet increased the rate of carbohydrate oxidation during incremental cycling test and improved performance in acute intense exercise test, while both high-carbohydrate diets downregulated fat oxidation rate.
Assuntos
Atletas , Dieta , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Índice Glicêmico , Adolescente , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Estudos Cross-Over , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Oxirredução , Resistência Física , Corrida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The goal of the paper was to compare weight gain in pregnant women in relation to the week of gestation at birth, the delivery method, and the occurrence of macrosomia and low birth weights for patients with different durations of physical activity during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The full course of study was completed by 57 pregnant women enrolled in an 18-week physical activity programme during their second and third trimesters. The actual duration of their physical activity was monitored with the ActiGraph GT3X monitor. The patients were divided into two groups: L_MPA (n = 28) - pregnant women with daily physical activity of over 21.38 minutes and S_MPA (n = 29) - pregnant women who exercised less than 21.38 minutes a day. The study compared obstetric results in both groups. RESULTS: Significantly more patients in the S_MPA group exhibited excess weight gain as compared with the L_MPA group (p = 0.01). There was found to be no significant impact from the duration of physical activity on the occurrence of macrosomia or low birth weight, the gestation age at birth or the delivery method. However, there were two times fewer cases of macrosomia in the L_MPA group. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that physical activity during pregnancy for at least 21 minutes per day in the second half of the pregnancy reduces the risk of excess weight gain during pregnancy.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Aumento de Peso , Adulto , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Feminino , Macrossomia Fetal/etiologia , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Parto , Gravidez , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in obese and overweight subjects. METHODS: The search process was based on the selection of publications (DB-RCT and RCT) listed in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and Embase. To assess the study quality, a nine-point scoring system according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used, and a high-quality study was defined by a threshold of ≥7 points. Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included. The analysed population consisted of 1955 overweight and obese subjects. The mean age ranged from 13.6 to 71.7 years. Changes in the concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were assessed. To combine individual study results, a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: The baseline levels of 25(OH)D suggested vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in the analysed population. The vitamin D supplementation did not influence on CRP (std. mean differences -0.11; 95 % CI -0.27-0.04; p = 0.15), TNF-α (std. mean differences -0.13; 95 % CI -0.38-0.12; p = 0.31) and IL-6 concentrations (std. mean differences 0.1; 95 % CI -0.43-0.63; p = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that supplementation with vitamin D does not have a significant influence on changes in the concentration of selected inflammatory biomarkers in the obese and overweight subjects.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Suplementos Nutricionais , Obesidade/sangue , Sobrepeso/sangue , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Vitamina D/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Bases de Dados Factuais , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Durkalec-Michalski, K and Jeszka, J. The effect of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate on aerobic capacity and body composition in trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2617-2626, 2016-The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) affects body composition, aerobic capacity, or intramuscular enzymes activity, as well as in anabolic and/or catabolic hormones and lactate concentrations. A cohort of 58 highly trained males was subjected to 12-week supplementation with HMB (3 × 1 gHMB·d) and a placebo (PLA) in randomized, PLA controlled, double-blind crossover trials, with a 10-day washout period. Body composition and aerobic capacity were recorded, whereas the levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, testosterone, cortisol, and lactate, as well as the T/C ratio, in blood samples were measured. After HMB supplementation, fat-free mass increased (+0.2 kgHMB vs. -1.0 kgPLA, p = 0.021), with a simultaneous reduction of fat mass (-0.8 kgHMB vs. +0.8 kgPLA, p < 0.001). In turn, after HMB supplementation, in comparison to PLA, maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above][Combining Dot Above]O2max: +0.102 L·minHMB vs. -0.063 L·minPLA, p = 0.013), time to reach ventilatory threshold (VT) (TVT: +1.0 minHMB vs. -0.4 minPLA, p < 0.0001), threshold load at VT (WVT: +20 WHMB vs. -7 WPLA, p = 0.001), and the threshold heart rate at VT (HRVT: +8 b·minHMB vs. -1 b·minPLA, p < 0.0001) increased significantly. Analysis of the tested biochemical markers shows significant differences only in relation to the initial concentration. In HMB group, testosterone levels increased (p = 0.047) and in both groups (HMB: p = 0.008; PLA: p = 0.008) higher cortisol levels were observed. The results indicate that supplying HMB promotes advantageous changes in body composition and stimulates an increase in aerobic capacity, although seeming not to significantly affect the levels of the analyzed blood markers.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Valeratos/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Estudos Cross-Over , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Masculino , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Testosterona/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Physiological dysregulation/allostatic load and the geriatric syndrome frailty increase with age. As a neurophysiological response system, allostasis supports survival by limiting stressor-related damage. Frailty reflects decreased strength, endurance, and physical abilities secondary to losses of muscle and bone with age. One suggestion, based on large cohort studies of person's ages 70 + years, is that frailty contributes to allostatic load at older ages. However, small community-based research has not confirmed this specific association. METHODS: To further explore possible associations between allostatic load and frailty, we enrolled 211 residents of Greater Poland aged 55-91 years living in a small village (Nekla, N = 104) and an urban center and capital of Greater Poland (Poznan, N = 107). For each, we recorded age, self-reported sex, and residence and estimated a 10-biomarker allostatic load score (ALS) and an 8-biomarker frailty index. We anticipated the following: higher ALS and frailty among men and rural residents; for frailty but not ALS to be higher at older ages; significant associations of ALS with sex and place of residence, but not with age or frailty. The significance of observed associations was evaluated by t-tests and multivariate regression. RESULTS: ALS did not vary significantly between men and women nor between Nekla and Poznan residents overall. However, women showed significantly higher frailty than men. Nekla men showed significantly higher ALS but not frailty, while Nekla women showed nonsignificantly higher ALS and lower frailty than Poznan. In multivariate analyses, neither age, nor sex, nor residence was associated with ALS. Conversely, age, sex, and residence, but not ALS, are associated significantly with frailty. In Nekla, both age and sex, but in Poznan only age, are associated with ALS. Among women, both age and residence, but among men, neither associated with ALS. In no case did ALS associate significantly with frailty. CONCLUSION: In this sample, lifestyle factors associated with residence, age, and sex influence stress-related physiology, less so in women, while ALS and frailty do not covary, suggesting their underlying promoters are distinct. Similar complex associations of physiological dysregulation with frailty, age, sex, and residence likely exist within many local settings. Knowledge of this variation likely will aid in supporting health and healthcare services among seniors.
Assuntos
Alostase , Fragilidade , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Alostase/fisiologia , Fragilidade/epidemiologia , Polônia/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
The study aimed to analyze the dietary-physical activity patterns (D-PAPs) in the health context of Polish people aged 60+ years. A total of 418 respondents across Poland were recruited; however, the final analysis included 361 women and men aged 60-89 years old. D-PAPs were derived using a principal component analysis (PCA); input variables were the frequency of consumption of 10 food groups and physical activity. Finally, three D-PAPs were identified: 'Pro-healthy eating and more-active', 'Sweets, fried foods and sweetened beverages', and 'Juices, fish and sweetened beverages'. We developed the Functional Limitations Score (FLS) using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®). A logistic regression was applied to verify the association between the D-PAPs and health-condition outcomes. Older adults were more likely to adhere to the upper tertile of the 'Pro-healthy eating and more-active' pattern, with good/better self-reported health status in comparison with their peers (OR = 1.86) or with good/very good self-assessed appetite (OR = 2.56), while this was less likely for older adults with malnutrition risk (OR = 0.37) or with a decrease in food intake (OR = 0.46). Subjects with a decrease in food intake (OR = 0.43), who declared a recent weight loss (OR = 0.49), or older adults in the upper tertile of the FLS (OR = 0.34) were less likely to adhere to the upper tertile of the 'Sweets, fried foods and sweetened beverages' pattern. The decrease in food intake due to a loss of appetite or chewing or swallowing difficulties was inversely associated with the 'Pro-healthy eating and more-active' pattern characterized by a relatively high frequency of consumption of vegetables, fruit, water, dairy, and grains and a high physical activity. In the interest of the good nutritional status and health of older adults, special attention should be paid to removing limitations in meal consumption, including improved appetite.
Assuntos
Dieta Saudável , Exercício Físico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Dieta , Ingestão de Líquidos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia , VerdurasRESUMO
The aim of the study was to evaluate nutritional habits of high school students, depending on their sex and physical activity. The investigated population included 147 students in age of 17.5 +/- 1.5 y (girls DZ = 98, boys CH = 49) with different level of physical activity (athletes SPO, moderate physical activity UAF, low physical activity NAF). Nutritional data were obtained by FFQ and calculated for selected food-groups and generally as young healthy eating index YHEI. International IPAQ was used to determine the level of physical activity and anthropometric measured were conducted to estimated BMI and body fat status. It was indicated the YHEI in athletes was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to rest of students. Moreover, a significant difference (p < 0.05) in YHEI in DZ compared to CH was also found. The significant differences (p < 0.05) in the frequency of consumption of red meat, vegetable oil and sweetned drinks was revealed between DZ and CH adolescents. The frequency of consumption of vegetable oil, fast - foods, sweets, alcoholic drinks, energy drinks and isotonic drinks varied with the level of physical activity. Frequency of consumption of sweets negatively correlated with skinfold thickness in DZ, whereas positive correlation between consumption frequency of energy drinks, BMI and skinfold thickness was found in CH. The results show, that nutritional habits of the athletes was most approached to nutritional guidelines. CH, nutritional habits may predicted to overweight and obesity in CH group more distinctly than in DZ group.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Comportamento Alimentar , Preferências Alimentares , Esportes , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Adolescente , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Avaliação Nutricional , Polônia , Fatores Sexuais , Estudantes/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Body composition may affect the potential for success in sports. For this reason, our study aimed to determine the impact of body composition on the level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in competitive rowers. METHODS: The study involved 48 males aged 20±2 years. Body composition was analysed using electrical bioimpedance. Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) and average anaerobic power (AP) were determined using an incremental cycling test until exhaustion and a standard Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAT), respectively. RESULTS: The optimal ranges of body components with respect to the level of anaerobic and aerobic capacity at preparatory period for highly trained rowers aged 17-23 years, with body mass 67.5-104.7 kg, were 86-88% for fat free mass (FFM), 63-65% for total body water (TBW) and 11-13% for fat mass (FM). Regression analyses showed that BM and FFM significantly contributed to the prediction of VO2max and AP. The increase in FFM and BM by 1 kg resulted in the change of VO2max by +0.161 l.min-1 and -0.057 l.min-1, and AP by +5.51 W and +4.74 W, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Body composition is closely related to the level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in rowers, and we suggest that its regulation can serve as an effective tool to improve physical performance. The regression models we developed seem to be promising for estimating the changes in physical capacity based on body composition modifications, however, their accuracy should be verified in an experimental study.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Esportes Aquáticos/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The glycemic index (GI) of ingested carbohydrates may influence substrate oxidation during exercise and athletic performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of low- and moderate-GI three-week diets on aerobic capacity and endurance performance in runners. We conducted a randomized crossover feeding study of matched diets differing only in GI (low vs. moderate) in 21 endurance-trained runners. Each participant consumed both, low- (LGI) and moderate-GI (MGI) high-carbohydrate (~60%) and nutrient-balanced diets for three weeks each. At the beginning and end of each diet, participants had their aerobic capacity and body composition measured and performed a 12-min running test. After LGI, time to exhaustion during incremental cycling test (ICT) and distance covered in the 12-min run were significantly increased. The MGI diet led to an increase in maximal oxygen uptake ( V Ë O2max), but no performance benefits were found after the MGI diet. The LGI and MGI diets improved time and workload at gas exchange threshold (GET) during ICT. The results indicate that a three-week high-carbohydrate LGI diet resulted in a small but significant improvement in athletic performance in endurance runners. Observed increase in V Ë O2max on MGI diet did not affect performance.
Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Índice Glicêmico , Carga Glicêmica , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Corrida , Composição Corporal , Estudos Cross-Over , Carboidratos da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Oxigênio , Condicionamento Físico Humano/efeitos adversos , Resistência Física , Polônia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sodium bicarbonate (SB) has been proposed as an ergogenic aid, as it improves high-intensity and resistance exercise performance. However, no studies have yet investigated SB application in CrossFit. This study examined the effects of chronic, progressive-dose SB ingestion on CrossFit-like performance and aerobic capacity. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial, 21 CrossFit-trained participants were randomly allocated to 2 groups and underwent 2 trials separated by a 14-day washout period. Participants ingested either up to 150 mgâkg-1 of SB in a progressive-dose regimen or placebo for 10 days. Before and after each trial, Fight Gone Bad (FGB) and incremental cycling (ICT) tests were performed. In order to examine biochemical responses, blood samples were obtained prior to and 3 min after completing each exercise test. RESULTS: No gastrointestinal (GI) side effects were reported during the entire protocol. The overall FGB performance improved under SB by ~6.1% (p<0.001) and it was ~3.1% higher compared to post placebo (PLApost) (p = 0.040). The number of repetitions completed in each round also improved under SB (mean from baseline: +5.8% to +6.4%). Moreover, in ICT, the time to ventilatory threshold (VT) (~8:25 min SBpost vs. ~8:00 min PLApost, p = 0.020), workload at VT (~218 W SBpost vs. ~208 W PLApost, p = 0.037) and heart rate at VT (~165 bpm SBpost vs. ~161 bpm PLApost, p = 0.030) showed higher SBpost than PLApost. Furthermore, the maximum carbon dioxide production increased under SB by ~4.8% (from ~3604 mLâmin-1 to ~3776 mLâmin-1, p = 0.049). Pyruvate concentration and creatine kinase activity before ICT showed higher SBpost than PLApost (~0.32 mmolâL-1 vs. ~0.26 mmolâL-1, p = 0.001; ~275 UâL-1 vs. ~250 UâL-1, p = 0.010, respectively). However, the small sample size limits the wide-application of our results. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive-dose SB ingestion regimen eliminated GI side effects and improved CrossFit-like performance, as well as delayed ventilatory threshold occurrence.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Trato Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ventilação Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacos , Bicarbonato de Sódio/farmacologia , Adulto , Antropometria , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Teste de Esforço , HumanosRESUMO
Gastrointestinal side effects are the main problem with sodium bicarbonate (SB) use in sports. Therefore, our study assessed the effect of a new SB loading regimen on anaerobic capacity and wrestling performance. Fifty-eight wrestlers were randomized to either a progressive-dose regimen of up to 100 mgâkg-1 of SB or a placebo for 10 days. Before and after treatment, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised, in sequence, the first Wingate, dummy throw, and second Wingate tests. Blood samples were taken pre- and post-exercise. No gastrointestinal side effects were reported during the study. After SB treatment, there were no significant improvements in the outcomes of the Wingate and dummy throw tests. The only index that significantly improved with SB, compared to the placebo (p = 0.0142), was the time-to-peak power in the second Wingate test, which decreased from 3.44 ± 1.98 to 2.35 ± 1.17 s. There were also no differences in blood lactate or glucose concentrations. In conclusion, although the new loading regimen eliminated gastrointestinal symptoms, the doses could have been too small to elicit additional improvements in anaerobic power and wrestling performance. However, shortening the time-to-peak power during fatigue may be particularly valuable and is one of the variables contributing to the final success of a combat sports athlete.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Suplementos Nutricionais , Tolerância ao Exercício , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho/administração & dosagem , Bicarbonato de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Esportiva , Luta Romana , Adolescente , Adulto , Limiar Anaeróbio , Atletas , Glicemia/análise , Diarreia/etiologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Masculino , Náusea/etiologia , Náusea/prevenção & controle , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho/efeitos adversos , Polônia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Bicarbonato de Sódio/efeitos adversos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to verify the effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on physical capacity, body composition and the value of biochemical parameters in highly-trained combat sports athletes. Forty-two males highly-trained in combat sports were subjected to 12 weeks of supplementation with HMB and a placebo in a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind crossover manner. Over the course of the experiment, aerobic and anaerobic capacity was determined, while analyses were conducted on body composition and levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, testosterone, cortisol and lactate. Following HMB supplementation, fat-free mass increased (p = 0.049) with a simultaneous reduction of fat mass (p = 0.016) in comparison to placebo. In turn, after HMB supplementation, the following indicators increased significantly in comparison to the placebo: the time to reach ventilatory threshold (p < 0.0001), threshold load (p = 0.017) and the threshold HR (p < 0.0001), as well as anaerobic peak power (p = 0.005), average power (p = 0.029), maximum speed (p < 0.001) and post-exercise lactate concentrations (p < 0.0001). However, when compared to the placebo, no differences were observed in blood marker levels. The results indicate that supplying HMB promotes advantageous changes in body composition and stimulates an increase in aerobic and anaerobic capacity in combat sports athletes.
Assuntos
Atletas , Valeratos/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Estudos Cross-Over , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Masculino , Artes Marciais , Consumo de Oxigênio , Resistência Física/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Esforço Físico , Placebos , Polônia , Esportes , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyric acid (HMB) is an interesting supplement in sports. However, literature sources present a limited number of studies that verify the efficacy of HMB intake over a longer time period among endurance athletes. For this reason, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of HMB supplementation on physical capacity, body composition and levels of biochemical markers in rowers. METHODS: Sixteen elite male rowers were administered a 12-week HMB supplementation (3×1 gHMB · day(-1)) and placebo administration (PLA) following the model of a randomised, placebo controlled, double-blind crossover study with a 10 days washout period. Over the course of the experiment, aerobic (maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory threshold) and anaerobic (anaerobic power indices) capacity were determined, while analyses were conducted on body composition as well as levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, testosterone, cortisol and the T/C ratio. A normal distribution of variables was tested using the paired 2-tailed t-tests; the Mann-Whitney U-test or the Wilcoxon-signed rank test were applied for non-normally distributed variables. RESULTS: Following HMB supplementation, [Formula: see text] increased (+2.7 mL · min(-1) · kg(-1)) significantly (p < 0.001) in comparison to its reduction after PLA (-1.0 mL · min(-1) · kg(-1)). In turn, at the ventilatory threshold, a longer time was required to reach this point (+1.2 minHMB vs. -0.2 minPLA, p = 0.012), while threshold load (+0.42 W · kg(-1) HMB vs. -0.06 W · kg(-1) PLA, p = 0.002) and threshold heart rate (+9 bpmHMB vs. +1 bpmPLA, p < 0.001) increased. After HMB supplementation, fat mass decreased (-0.9 kgHMB vs. +0.8 kgPLA, p = 0.03). In relation to the initial values after HMB supplementation, the refusal time to continue in the progressive test was extended (p = 0.04), maximum load (p = 0.04) and anaerobic peak power (p = 0.02) increased. However, in relation to the placebo, no differences were observed in anaerobic adaptation or blood marker levels. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that HMB intake in endurance training has an advantageous effect on the increase in aerobic capacity and the reduction of fat mass. It may also stimulate an increase in peak anaerobic power, while it seems to have no effect on other indices of anaerobic adaptation and levels of investigated markers in the blood.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência Física/efeitos dos fármacos , Valeratos/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Estudos Cross-Over , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Masculino , Consumo de Oxigênio , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose and insulin metabolism in overweight and obese subjects. The search process was based on the selection of publications listed in the databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Embase and the Cochrane library that met the inclusion criteria. Twelve randomized controlled trials were included. The analysed population consisted of 1181 individuals with BMIs > 23 kg/m2. Changes in the concentration of 25(OH)D, fasting glucose, insulin and the HOMA-IR index were assessed. In the meta-regression analysis, a restricted maximum likelihood method was applied. To combine individual study results, a meta-analysis was performed. Vitamin D supplementation did not have an effect on glucose concentrations, insulin level and HOMA-IR values when the supplemented dose, time of supplementation and baseline of 25(OH)D concentration were taken under consideration in subgroup-analysis. This meta-analysis provides evidence that vitamin D supplementation has no significant effect on glucose and insulin metabolism in overweight and obese individuals.
Assuntos
Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Vitamina D/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Suplementos Nutricionais , Jejum/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Funções Verossimilhança , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that an intervention designed to increase the energy and nutrient intake could serve as an efficacious method to restore normal menstrual functions in athletes and ballet dancers. METHODS: In this study, a 9-month nutritional intervention (NI) was conducted in 21 dancers and 31 athletes with menstrual disorders. Analyses of the body composition were performed, and the levels of LH, FSH, P, E2, TSH, T, PRL, SHBG, leptin, resting metabolic rate (RMR), energy and nutrient intake, total energy expenditure were estimated. The NI was based on an individual diet. The effects of the NI were controlled after 3, 6 and 9 months of use. RESULTS: The NI resulted in a significant change of the energy and nutrient intake. After 9 months, a significant increase in the LH level among dancers was observed, while in female athletes this effect was seen after 3 months of the NI use. The 9-month NI resulted in the restoration of regular menses in 3 dancers and 7 athletes, respectively. Women with regular cycles had a higher percentage of the fat mass (FM). CONCLUSIONS: A non-pharmacological intervention in female athletes and ballet dancers with menstrual disorders can restore regular menstrual cycles, although restoration of menses may take more than 1 year. An increase in the body fat mass may be one of the most important predictors of restoration of menses.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, the process of the westernization of eating habits is perceived to be one of the main causes of epidemics of civilization diseases, such as metabolic syndrome. The aim of the study was to assess the westernization of eating habits among 100 Japanese (aged 18-23 years) and 111 Polish female students (aged 19-25 years) of nutrition science related faculties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess a dietary pattern during the four seasons of a one-year investigation. Data obtained in each season was pooled. The frequency of consumption of different foods (servings/week) between the two countries was compared and characterization of the dietary patterns of both studied populations was analyzed by factor analysis. RESULTS: When food consumption between the two countries was compared, apart from total meat and meat products and high-energy drink intake, significant differences were observed in all foods and food groups. Three dietary patterns were identified in both groups. Among Japanese participants, the first pattern was 'traditional Japanese', the second 'sweets and beverages', and the third 'Western', explaining 9.0%, 8.5% and 6.4% of the total variance, respectively. Among Polish participants, the first pattern was 'prudent', the second 'Western', and the third 'sweets and alcoholic beverages', explaining 8.2%, 7.7%, 6.4% of the total variance, respectively. Although the 'Western' dietary pattern was found in both groups, there were some differences in the remaining dietary patterns between the two countries. CONCLUSIONS: In the Japanese participants, significant cultural influences on habitual food intake could still be observed, and the extent of diet westernization seems to be smaller compared to the Polish participants.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático , Comportamento Alimentar , População Branca , Adolescente , Adulto , Comportamento de Escolha , Dieta , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Carboidratos da Dieta , Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Feminino , Análise de Alimentos , Frutas , Humanos , Polônia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Verduras , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: From the viewpoint of human physiological adaptability, we previously investigated seasonal variation in the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrates from the intestine after breakfast in Japanese, Polish and Thai participants. In this investigation we found that there were significant seasonal variations in the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrates in Japanese and Polish participants, while we could not find significant seasonal variation in Thai participants. These facts prompted us to examine seasonal variations in the respiratory quotient after an overnight fast (an indicator of the ratio of carbohydrate and fat oxidized after the last meal) with female university students living in Osaka (Japan), Poznan (Poland) and Chiang Mai (Thailand). METHODS: We enrolled 30, 33 and 32 paid participants in Japan, Poland and Thailand, respectively, and measurements were taken over the course of one full year. Fasting respiratory quotient was measured with the participants in their postabsorptive state (after 12 hours or more fasting before respiratory quotient measurement). Respiratory quotient measurements were carried out by means of indirect calorimetry using the mixing chamber method. The percent body fat was measured using an electric bioelectrical impedance analysis scale. Food intake of the participants in Osaka and Poznan were carried out by the Food Frequency Questionnaire method. RESULTS: There were different seasonal variations in the fasting respiratory quotient values in the three different populations; with a significant seasonal variation in the fasting respiratory quotient values in Japanese participants, while those in Polish and Thai participants were non-significant. We found that there were significant seasonal changes in the percent body fat in the three populations but we could not find any significant correlation between the fasting respiratory quotient values and the percent body fat. CONCLUSIONS: There were different seasonal variations in the fasting respiratory quotient values in the three different populations. There were significant seasonal changes in the percent body fat in the three populations but no significant correlation between the fasting respiratory quotient values and the percent body fat.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Jejum/fisiologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Calorimetria Indireta , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Jejum/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Japão , Polônia , Estações do Ano , TailândiaRESUMO
Green tea is associated with beneficial health effects mainly because of its body fat-reducing and hypocholesterolemic activities, but an effective dose without pronounced influence on protein availability is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that green tea aqueous extract (GTAE) depending on dose improves cardiovascular risk indicators such as body weight, visceral fat content, and atherogenic index of plasma and does not have unfavorable effect on protein availability in rats fed with a high-fat diet. The rats fed with a high-fat diet enriched with 1.1 and 2.0% GTAE for 8 weeks had significantly (P < .05) lower atherogenic index (in both groups, about 14.3%). Only administration of 2.0% GTAE significantly (P < .05) decreased body weight gain (5.6%) and prevented visceral fat accumulation (17.8%) in rats. However, considerably (P < .05), reduction in the digestion of protein (but not fat) was observed in both GTAE groups (1.1% GTAE: 82.6% ± 1.8%; 2.0% GTAE: 84.3% ± 0.8%) when compared to the control (93.3% ± 1.5%). It was concluded that GTAE may have preventive effects on the accumulation of visceral fat but only in higher doses. Although both doses improved cardiovascular risk indicators, they, in addition, significantly inhibited protein digestion.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Chá/química , Análise de Variância , Animais , Peso Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Dieta , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas/análise , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de Risco , Redução de PesoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of weight reduction program and to develop recommendations for the therapeutic program conducted under sanatorium conditions, taking into consideration the composition of the diet and the share of macrocomponents in the negative energy balance. Investigations were conducted during 12 stays at a sanatorium, lasting for 24 days, with the program of body weight reduction. The study included 174 obese adolescents aged 12 - 16 years. The nutritive value of 288 daily rations was established on the basis of daily menus. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) during therapy was assessed by 24-hour heart rate monitoring. The body composition (fat mass FM, fat free mass FFM, body cell mass BCM, total body water TBW) were measured using bioelectrical impedance before and during therapy as well as six month later. Weight reduction program consisted of low energy diet (5.47MJ/24h) and physical exercises. TDEE of individuals staying at the sanatorium considerably (p<0.001) exceeded energy intake from the diet, which was manifested in changes of body weight and body composition of adolescents during the therapy. Six months after therapy at the sanatorium no statistically significant changes were recorded in the mean FFM, BCM and TBW contents. These results made it possible to establish optimum recommendations concerning low-energy diet and the degree of negative energy balance and their interrelations, determining the maximization of fat mass losses at the simultaneous minimization of lean body mass losses.