RESUMO
Malignant triton tumor (MTT) is a highly aggressive malignant neoplasm, classified as a variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. There are few reports that MTT occurred in urogenital system. In the present study, we report the first MTT occurring in the uterus. A 57-year-old woman came to the emergency department due to persistent vaginal bleeding for 2 months. The gynecological palpation found that a club-shaped excrescence existed in the vagina about 7 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm. The mass located in the lower segment of the uterus and the cervix was confirmed by gynecological vaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, which was preliminarily diagnosed as cervical carcinoma. After neoplasm punch biopsy, the pathological diagnosis was malignant triton tumor. The patient finally lost follow-up. This is the first report about MTT in the uterus and suggests that pathological biopsy combined with imaging examination is necessary for the diagnosis of rarely MTT.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Bainha Neural , Neurilemoma , Neurofibrossarcoma , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias de Bainha Neural/patologia , Útero/diagnóstico por imagem , Útero/patologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is the most severe form of peripheral artery disease and leads high mortality. Sarcopenia, characterized by the loss of muscle mass or poor muscle quality, is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between sarcopenia and the long-term outcomes in patients with CLTI after endovascular revascularization. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with CLTI who underwent endovascular revascularization between January 2015, and December 2021. The skeletal muscle area was calculated at the third lumbar vertebra from computed tomography images using the manual trace method and normalized to patient height. Sarcopenia was defined as a third lumbar skeletal muscle index of <40.8 cm2/m2 in males and <34.9 cm2/m2 in females. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used for survival analysis and to evaluate the association between sarcopenia and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 137 patients (90 men; mean age 71.7 ± 9.6 y) were enrolled for the study, of whom 56 (40.8%) had sarcopenia. The 3-year overall survival rate in patients with CLTI who underwent endovascular revascularization was 71.2%. The sarcopenic group had a significantly worse 3-year overall survival rate than the nonsarcopenic group (55.3% versus 78.6%, P = 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses revealed that sarcopenia (hazard ratio, 2.262; 95% confidence interval, 1.132-4.518; P = 0.021) and dialysis (hazard ratio, 3.021; 95% confidence interval, 1.337-6.823; P = 0.008) were independently associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, whereas technical success had significantly opposing correlation with mortality. (hazard ratio, 0.400, 95% confidence interval, 0.194-0.826, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia can be highly prevalent in patients with CLTI who undergo endovascular revascularization, and is independently associated with long-term mortality. These results may help risk stratification to assist in personalized assessment and clinical decision-making.
Assuntos
Isquemia Crônica Crítica de Membro , Procedimentos Endovasculares , Sarcopenia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença Crônica , Isquemia Crônica Crítica de Membro/mortalidade , Procedimentos Endovasculares/efeitos adversos , Isquemia/etiologia , Isquemia/cirurgia , Salvamento de Membro/métodos , Doença Arterial Periférica/complicações , Doença Arterial Periférica/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sarcopenia/complicações , Sarcopenia/epidemiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) has a significant negative impact on daily functioning, particularly for those with challenges coping adaptively with ongoing pain. However, the dynamics of pain coping in daily life remain understudied. Therefore, we examined the extent to which pain intensity interferes with daily activities, and assessed whether pain coping strategies (as assessed using daily diaries) moderated this link. METHOD: We analyzed diary data from a sample of 84 participants with CLBP who completed daily diaries for up to 30 days rating pain intensity, pain interference with daily activities, and their use of pain coping strategies, including pain rumination (i.e., repetitive thinking about the pain and its causes), reappraisal (i.e., evaluating one's pain less negatively or more positively), and distraction (i.e., diverting attention from the pain). We hypothesized that these coping strategies would moderate the associations between pain and pain interference with daily activities, although in different directions. RESULTS: Results suggest that pain rumination strengthens the association between pain intensity and pain interference both on the person and day level, while pain reappraisal and distraction weaken this association, at the day and person levels, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that those who are more preoccupied with their pain and those who are less likely to reappraise their pain have more pain interference with daily activities. These findings build on prior work on pain coping by using daily diaries and highlight two pain coping strategies that have particular relevance for reducing the impact of CLBP in daily life.
Assuntos
Dor Crônica , Dor Lombar , Humanos , Dor Lombar/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Medição da Dor , Cognição , Dor Crônica/complicaçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), a rare and severe chronic pain condition, often responds poorly to existing treatments. Previous studies demonstrated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) provided short-term pain relief for upper extremity CRPS. METHODS: Building on previous methodologies, we employed a TMS protocol that may lead to significant pain relief for upper and lower extremity CRPS in a nonrandomized open label pilot trial involving 21 participants. We individualized TMS coil positioning over motor cortex of somatic pain location, and administered intermittent theta-burst stimulation followed by 10 Hz high-frequency stimulation using a deeper targeting coil. We assessed response (≥30% pain reduction) from a single session (n = 5) and five consecutive daily sessions (n = 12) and compared change in pain from baseline, after one treatment and one-week posttreatment between groups using a mixed ANVOA. RESULTS: Both groups demonstrated significant pain reduction after one session and one-week posttreatment; however, no group differences were present. From a single session, 60% of participants responded at Week 1. From five sessions, 58% and 50% of participants responded at Weeks 1 and 2, respectively. Two from each group achieved >50% pain reduction beyond six to eight weeks. No serious adverse events occurred. Though headache and nausea were the most common side-effects, we urge careful monitoring to prevent seizures with this protocol. CONCLUSIONS: We used a TMS protocol that, for the first time, led to significant pain relief in upper and lower extremity CRPS, and will soon examine our protocol in a larger, controlled trial.
Assuntos
Síndromes da Dor Regional Complexa/terapia , Córtex Motor/fisiologia , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Mapeamento Encefálico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Medição da Dor , Extremidade Superior/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Approximately 10% of patients following a variety of surgeries develop chronic postsurgical pain. Reducing chronic postoperative pain is especially important to reconstructive surgeons because common operations such as breast and limb reconstruction have even higher risk for developing chronic postsurgical pain. Animal studies of posttraumatic nerve injury pain demonstrate that there is a critical time frame before and immediately after nerve injury in which specific interventions can reduce the incidence and intensity of chronic neuropathic pain behaviors-so called "preventative analgesia." In animal models, perineural local anesthetic, systemic intravenous local anesthetic, perineural clonidine, systemic gabapentin, systemic tricyclic antidepressants, and minocycline have each been shown to reduce pain behaviors days to weeks after treatment. The translation of this work to humans also suggests that brief perioperative interventions may protect patients from developing new chronic postsurgical pain. Recent clinical trial data show that there is an opportunity during the perioperative period to dramatically reduce the incidence and severity of chronic postsurgical pain. The surgeon, working with the anesthesiologist, has the ability to modify both early and chronic postoperative pain by implementing an evidence-based preventative analgesia plan.
Assuntos
Dor Crônica/prevenção & controle , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Assistência Perioperatória , Analgesia/métodos , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Neuralgia/prevenção & controle , Pré-Medicação , Procedimentos de Cirurgia PlásticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nonpharmacologic mind-body therapies have demonstrated efficacy in low back pain. However, the mechanisms underlying these therapies remain to be fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: In response to these knowledge gaps, the Stanford Center for Low Back Pain-a collaborative, National Institutes of Health P01-funded, multidisciplinary research center-was established to investigate the common and distinct biobehavioral mechanisms of three mind-body therapies for chronic low back pain: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that is used to treat pain, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), and electroacupuncture. Here, we describe the design and implementation of the center structure and the associated randomized controlled trials for characterizing the mechanisms of chronic low back pain treatments. METHODS: The multidisciplinary center is running two randomized controlled trials that share common resources for recruitment, enrollment, study execution, and data acquisition. We expect to recruit over 300 chronic low back pain participants across two projects and across different treatment arms within each project. The first project will examine pain-CBT compared with MBSR and a wait-list control group. The second project will examine real versus sham electroacupuncture. We will use behavioral, psychophysical, physical measure, and neuroimaging techniques to characterize the central pain modulatory and emotion regulatory systems in chronic low back pain at baseline and longitudinally. We will characterize how these interventions impact these systems, characterize the longitudinal treatment effects, and identify predictors of treatment efficacy. RESULTS: Participant recruitment began on March 17, 2015, and will end in March 2023. Recruitment was halted in March 2020 due to COVID-19 and resumed in December 2021. CONCLUSIONS: This center uses a comprehensive approach to study chronic low back pain. Findings are expected to significantly advance our understanding in (1) the baseline and longitudinal mechanisms of chronic low back pain, (2) the common and distinctive mechanisms of three mind-body therapies, and (3) predictors of treatment response, thereby informing future delivery of nonpharmacologic chronic low back pain treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02503475; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02503475. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/37823.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Temporal summation (TS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) represent different aspects of central pain processing. Their relationship and differential performance within distinct body locations are not well understood. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between TS and CPM in chronic low back pain and the influence of testing location on this relationship. METHODS: We analyzed baseline data from 2 clinical trials on participants with chronic low back pain (n = 264; 47.3% female; mean age = 41 years, SD = 12; mean pain = 5.3/10, SD = 1.4). Measures used included questionnaires assessing pain and negative affect, phasic thermal TS at the hand (thenar) and the lower back (lumbar), followed by CPM that included a thermal testing stimulus (Heat-6, the temperature where pain rating is 6/10) and a cold-pressor conditioning stimulus. Nonparametric, proportional odds logistic regression was used to model thenar, and separately, lumbar TS, using CPM, Heat-6, negative affect, and demographics. RESULTS: Our models revealed a small association (ßs = 0.17, P = 0.01) between reduced CPM and heightened TS at both testing sites, regardless of demographics or negative affect. CONCLUSION: Results suggest a modest association between TS and CPM, irrespective of anatomical testing location, demographics, and negative affect. These findings will help improve the methodology and interpretation of TS and CPM measurement in clinical pain populations.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Critical for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain is the anatomical distribution of pain. Several body maps allow patients to indicate pain areas on paper; however, each has its limitations. OBJECTIVES: To provide a comprehensive body map that can be universally applied across pain conditions, we developed the electronic Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry (CHOIR) self-report body map by performing an environmental scan and assessing existing body maps. METHODS: After initial validation using a Delphi technique, we compared (1) pain location questionnaire responses of 530 participants with chronic pain with (2) their pain endorsements on the CHOIR body map (CBM) graphic. A subset of participants (n = 278) repeated the survey 1 week later to assess test-retest reliability. Finally, we interviewed a patient cohort from a tertiary pain management clinic (n = 28) to identify reasons for endorsement discordances. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient between the total number of body areas endorsed on the survey and those from the body map was 0.86 and improved to 0.93 at follow-up. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the 2 body map graphics separated by 1 week was 0.93. Further examination demonstrated high consistency between the questionnaire and CBM graphic (<10% discordance) in most body areas except for the back and shoulders (≈15-19% discordance). Participants attributed inconsistencies to misinterpretation of body regions and laterality, the latter of which was addressed by modifying the instructions. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the CBM is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the distribution of pain.
RESUMO
This report, prepared by a lead researcher, describes 2 independent, but similarly designed, clinical trials that were conducted to investigate the effectiveness, mechanisms, and predictors of electroacupuncture (EA) for treating chronic low-back pain (CLBP). Both trials recruited adults (ages 21-65) who had CLBP with an intensity ≥4/10 and a duration ≥6 months. Verum EA or sham EA was administered twice per week for 6-8 weeks. The common outcome between the 2 studies was the patients' responses to the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), the authors were able to predict clinical outcome in the second study by using a prediction model based on data from the first study. This work demonstrated the feasibility of predicting clinical outcomes when using acupuncture for treating CLBP.
RESUMO
Importance: Chronic low back pain has high societal and personal impact but remains challenging to treat. Electroacupuncture has demonstrated superior analgesia compared with placebo in animal studies but has not been extensively studied in human chronic pain conditions. Objective: To evaluate the treatment effect of real electroacupuncture vs placebo in pain and disability among adults with chronic low back pain and to explore psychophysical, affective, and demographic factors associated with response to electroacupuncture vs placebo in treating chronic low back pain. Design, Setting, and Participants: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted between August 2, 2016, and December 18, 2018, at a single center in Stanford, California. Primary outcomes were collected at approximately 2 weeks before and after intervention. Participants included English-speaking adults with at least 6 months of chronic low back pain, pain intensity of at least 4 on a scale of 0 to 10, and no radiculopathy. Data analyses for this intent-to-treat study were conducted from June 2019 to June 2020. Interventions: Twelve sessions of real or placebo (sham) electroacupuncture administered twice a week over 6 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was change in pain severity from baseline to 2 weeks after completion of treatment, measured by the National Institutes of Health PROMIS pain intensity scale. A secondary outcome was change in the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ). Baseline factors potentially associated with these outcomes included psychophysical testing (ie, thermal temporal summation, conditioned pain modulation, pressure pain threshold), participant's self-report (ie, widespread pain, coping strategies, expectations, self-efficacy, and pain catastrophizing), and demographic characteristics (eg, age, sex, and race). Results: A total of 121 adults were recruited to the study, among whom 59 participants (mean [SD] age, 46.8 [11.9] years; 36 [61.0%] women) were randomized to real electroacupuncture and 62 participants (mean [SD] age, 45.6 [12.8] years; 33 [53.2%] women) were randomized to sham electroacupuncture. At baseline, the mean (SD) PROMIS T-score was 50.49 (3.36) in the real electroacupuncture group and 51.71 (4.70) in the sham acupuncture group, and the mean (SD) RMDQ score was 10.16 (4.76) in the real electroacupuncture group and 10.03 (5.45) in the sham acupuncture group. After adjusting for baseline pain scores, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in change in T-scores 2 weeks after completion of treatment (real electroacupuncture: -4.33; 95% CI, -6.36 to -2.30; sham acupuncture: -2.90; 95% CI, -4.85 to -0.95; difference: -2.09; 95% CI, -4.27 to 0.09; P = .06). After adjusting for baseline RMDQ, there was a significantly greater reduction in RMDQ in the real electroacupuncture group (-2.77; 95% CI, -4.11 to -1.43) compared with the sham electroacupuncture group (-0.67; 95% CI, -1.88 to 0.55; difference: -2.11; 95% CI, -3.75 to -0.47; P = .01). Within the real electroacupuncture group, effective coping at baseline was associated with greater RMDQ reduction (r = -0.32; 95% CI, -0.54 to -0.05; P = .02), and White race was associated with worse outcomes in PROMIS score (ß = 3.791; 95% CI, 0.616 to 6.965; P = .02) and RMDQ (ß = 2.878; 95% CI, 0.506 to 5.250; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance: This randomized clinical trial found no statistically significant difference in change in PROMIS pain score in real electroacupuncture vs sham electroacupuncture. There was a statistically significant treatment effect for the secondary outcome of RMDQ compared with sham electroacupuncture. Effective coping skills and non-White race were associated with response to electroacupuncture. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02890810.
Assuntos
Eletroacupuntura/normas , Dor Lombar/terapia , Manejo da Dor/normas , Placebos/normas , Adulto , Idoso , California , Método Duplo-Cego , Eletroacupuntura/métodos , Eletroacupuntura/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Manejo da Dor/estatística & dados numéricos , Medição da Dor/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Pain medication plays an important role in the treatment of acute and chronic pain conditions, but some drugs, opioids in particular, have been overprescribed or prescribed without adequate safeguards, leading to an alarming rise in medication-related overdose deaths. The NIH Helping to End Addiction Long-term (HEAL) Initiative is a trans-agency effort to provide scientific solutions to stem the opioid crisis. One component of the initiative is to support biomarker discovery and rigorous validation in collaboration with industry leaders to accelerate high-quality clinical research into neurotherapeutics and pain. The use of objective biomarkers and clinical trial end points throughout the drug discovery and development process is crucial to help define pathophysiological subsets of pain, evaluate target engagement of new drugs and predict the analgesic efficacy of new drugs. In 2018, the NIH-led Discovery and Validation of Biomarkers to Develop Non-Addictive Therapeutics for Pain workshop convened scientific leaders from academia, industry, government and patient advocacy groups to discuss progress, challenges, gaps and ideas to facilitate the development of biomarkers and end points for pain. The outcomes of this workshop are outlined in this Consensus Statement.
Assuntos
Dor Crônica/sangue , Dor Crônica/diagnóstico por imagem , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/tendências , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Manejo da Dor/tendências , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Dor Crônica/genética , Dor Crônica/terapia , Educação/métodos , Educação/tendências , Humanos , Neuroimagem/métodos , Epidemia de Opioides/prevenção & controle , Epidemia de Opioides/tendências , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/sangue , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/genética , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The concept that specific acupuncture points have salubrious effects on distant target organ systems is a salient feature of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In this study, we used a multiple-session experiment to test whether electroacupuncture stimulation at two TCM vision-related acupoints, UB 60 and GB 37, located on the leg, could produce fMRI signal changes in the occipital regions of the brain, and the specificity of this effect when compared with stimulation at an adjacent non-acupoint (NAP). Six normal, acupuncture naive subjects completed the study. Each subject participated in six identical scanning sessions. Voxelwise group analysis showed that electroacupuncture stimulation at both vision-related acupoints and the NAP produced modest, comparable fMRI signal decreases in the occipital cortex, including the bilateral cuneus, calcarine fissure and surrounding areas, lingual gyrus, and lateral occipital gyrus. Further analysis of fMRI signal changes in occipital cortex showed no significant difference among the three points, UB 60, GB 37, and NAP. Our results thus do not support the view that acupuncture stimulation at vision-related acupoints induces specific fMRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes in the occipital cortex. We speculate that cross modal inhibition, produced by needling-evoked somatosensory stimulation, may account for our finding of BOLD signal decreases in the occipital cortex. Given the complexity of acupuncture systems and brain activity, additional work is required to determine whether functional neuroanatomical correlates of acupoint specificity can be validated by means of brain imaging tools.
Assuntos
Pontos de Acupuntura , Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Eletroacupuntura/métodos , Visão Ocular/fisiologia , Córtex Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Vias Aferentes/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Regulação para Baixo/fisiologia , Estimulação Elétrica , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Inibição Neural/fisiologia , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/fisiologia , Córtex Somatossensorial/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Temporal summation (TS) refers to the increased perception of pain with repetitive noxious stimuli. While thermal TS is generally considered a behavioral correlate of spinal windup, noxious heat pulses also trigger additional sensory processes which were modeled in this study. METHODS: Nineteen healthy volunteers (9 females, mean age 29.2, SD 10.5) underwent two identical TS experiments, spaced a week apart. The TS paradigm consisted of 10 identical heat pulses with individualized temperatures at the thenar eminence (0.5Hz). We extracted 3 features from continuous TS response curves: Lag, time to first feel pain; Slope, the rate of pain increase between the first and most painful heat pulse; and Delta, the maximum drop in pain after peak pain is reached. We then examined the within-individual stability of these features, followed by the Pearson's correlations among these features and between the features and negative affect. RESULTS: All 3 features were stable over 1 week. Lag and Delta were negatively correlated (r = -0.5, p = 0.042). Slope did not correlate with Lag or Delta, but strongly correlated with a traditional TS measure, first pulse pain and peak pain difference (r = 0.91, p < 0.0001). Negative affects such as trait and state anxiety were negatively correlated with baseline (r = -0.49, p = 0.031) and peak stimulating temperature (r = -0.48, p = 0.039), respectively, suggesting an association between anxiety and greater pain sensitivity. CONCLUSION: We were able to decouple spinal windup from other perceptual processes generated by phasic thermal TS paradigms and demonstrate temporal stability of these curve features. These curve features may help better characterize the complex sensory response to noxious heat pulses and serve as biomarkers to profile patients with chronic pain.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the most common chronic pain condition and is often resistant to conventional treatments. Acupuncture is a popular alternative for treating CLBP but its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Evidence suggests that pain regulatory mechanisms (particularly the ascending and secondarily the descending pain modulatory pathways) and psychological mechanisms (e.g., expectations, pain catastrophizing and self-efficacy) may be involved in the pathogenesis of CLBP and its response to treatments. We will examine these mechanisms in the treatment of CLBP by electroacupuncture (EA). METHODS: We present the aims and methods of a placebo-controlled, participant-blinded and assessor-blinded mechanistic study. Adult patients with CLBP will be randomized to receiving 16 sessions of real (active) or sham (placebo) EA over the course of 8 weeks. The primary pain regulatory measure for which the study was powered is temporal summation (TS), which approximates ascending pain facilitation. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM), representing a descending pain modulatory pathway, will be our secondary pain regulatory measure. The primary psychological measure is expectations of benefit, and the secondary psychological measures are pain catastrophizing and self-efficacy in managing pain. Main clinical outcomes are back pain bothersomeness on a 0-100 visual analog scale (primary), Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (secondary), and relevant items from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Information System (secondary). We hypothesize that compared to sham, real EA will lead to greater reduction in TS after 8 treatment sessions (4 weeks); and that reduction in TS (and secondarily, increase in CPM) after 8 treatment sessions will mediate reduction in back pain bothersomeness from baseline to week 10 (clinical response) to EA. We also hypothesize that the three psychological factors are moderators of clinical response. With 100 treatment completers, the study is designed to have 80% power to detect a medium-sized between-group effect (d = 0.5) on temporal summation. DISCUSSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first appropriately powered, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating mechanisms of EA in the treatment of CLBP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02503475 . Registered on 15 July 15 2015. Retrospectively registered.
Assuntos
Dor Crônica/terapia , Eletroacupuntura/métodos , Dor Lombar/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , California , Catastrofização , Dor Crônica/diagnóstico , Dor Crônica/fisiopatologia , Dor Crônica/psicologia , Avaliação da Deficiência , Eletroacupuntura/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Dor Lombar/diagnóstico , Dor Lombar/fisiopatologia , Dor Lombar/psicologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição da Dor , Percepção da Dor , Placebos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Autoeficácia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Central facilitation and modulation of incoming nociceptive signals play an important role in the perception of pain. Disruption in central pain processing is present in many chronic pain conditions and can influence responses to specific therapies. Thus, the ability to precisely describe the state of central pain processing has profound clinical significance in both prognosis and prediction. Because it is not practical to record neuronal firings directly in the human spinal cord, surrogate behavior tests become an important tool to assess the state of central pain processing. Dynamic QST is one such test, and can probe both the ascending facilitation and descending modulation of incoming nociceptive signals via TS and CPM, respectively. Due to the large between-individual variability in the sensitivity to noxious signals, standardized TS and CPM tests may not yield any meaningful data in up to 50% of the population due to floor or ceiling effects. We present methodologies to individualize TS and CPM so we can capture these measures in a broader range of individuals than previously possible. We have used these methods successfully in several studies at the lab, and data from one ongoing study will be presented to demonstrate feasibility and potential applications of the methods.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiologia , Dor Crônica/fisiopatologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Percepção da Dor/fisiologia , Humanos , Limiar da Dor/fisiologia , Somação de Potenciais Pós-SinápticosRESUMO
Research into acupuncture has had ripple effects beyond the field of acupuncture. This paper identifies five exemplars to illustrate that there is tangible evidence of the way insights gleaned from acupuncture research have informed biomedical research, practice, or policy. The first exemplar documents how early research into acupuncture analgesia has expanded into neuroimaging research, broadening physiologic understanding and treatment of chronic pain. The second describes how the acupuncture needle has become a tool to enhance biomedical knowledge of connective tissue. The third exemplar, which illustrates use of a modified acupuncture needle as a sham device, focuses on emergent understanding of placebo effects and, in turn, on insights into therapeutic encounters in treatments unrelated to acupuncture. The fourth exemplar documents that two medical devices now in widespread use were inspired by acupuncture: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators for pain control and antinausea wrist bands. The final exemplar describes how pragmatic clinical trial designs applied in acupuncture research have informed current general interest in comparative effectiveness research. In conclusion, these exemplars of unanticipated outcomes of acupuncture research comprise an additional rationale for continued support of basic and clinical research evaluating acupuncture and other under-researched therapies.
Assuntos
Terapia por Acupuntura , Acupuntura , Pesquisa Biomédica , Analgesia por Acupuntura , Dor Crônica , Pesquisa Comparativa da Efetividade , Humanos , Manejo da Dor , Efeito Placebo , Projetos de Pesquisa , Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa TranscutâneaRESUMO
In the field of acupuncture research there is an implicit yet unexplored assumption that the evidence on manual and electrical stimulation techniques, derived from basic science studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, is generally interchangeable. Such interchangeability would justify a bidirectional approach to acupuncture research, where basic science studies and clinical trials each inform the other. This article examines the validity of this fundamental assumption by critically reviewing the literature and comparing manual to electrical acupuncture in basic science studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses. The evidence from this study does not support the assumption that these techniques are interchangeable. This article also identifies endemic methodologic limitations that have impaired progress in the field. For example, basic science studies have not matched the frequency and duration of manual needle stimulation to the frequency and duration of electrical stimulation. Further, most clinical trials purporting to compare the two types of stimulation have instead tested electroacupuncture as an adjunct to manual acupuncture. The current findings reveal fundamental gaps in the understanding of the mechanisms and relative effectiveness of manual versus electrical acupuncture. Finally, future research directions are suggested to better differentiate electrical from manual simulation, and implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Assuntos
Terapia por Acupuntura , Eletroacupuntura , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is an experimental approach for probing endogenous analgesia by which one painful stimulus (the conditioning stimulus) may inhibit the perceived pain of a subsequent stimulus (the test stimulus). Animal studies suggest that CPM is mediated by a spino-bulbo-spinal loop using objective measures such as neuronal firing. In humans, pain ratings are often used as the end point. Because pain self-reports are subject to cognitive influences, we tested whether cognitive factors would impact on CPM results in healthy humans. METHODS: We conducted a within-subject, crossover study of healthy adults to determine the extent to which CPM is affected by 1) threatening and reassuring evaluation and 2) imagery alone of a cold conditioning stimulus. We used a heat stimulus individualized to 5/10 on a visual analog scale as the testing stimulus and computed the magnitude of CPM by subtracting the postconditioning rating from the baseline pain rating of the heat stimulus. RESULTS: We found that although evaluation can increase the pain rating of the conditioning stimulus, it did not significantly alter the magnitude of CPM. We also found that imagery of cold pain alone did not result in statistically significant CPM effect. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that CPM is primarily dependent on sensory input, and that the cortical processes of evaluation and imagery have little impact on CPM. These findings lend support for CPM as a useful tool for probing endogenous analgesia through subcortical mechanisms.