A new megastimane sesquiterpenoid from the leaves of Cinnamomum cassia.

A new megastimane sesquiterpenoid, cassianol A (1), and five known analogues (2-6) were isolated from the leaves extract of Cinnamomum cassia. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. All the isolates were isolated from C. cassia for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-6 were evaluated against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages.

Interlaboratory analysis of teicoplanin plasma concentration assays among Chinese laboratories.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Teicoplanin is widely used for the treatment of infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Since there is a good correlation between trough levels and clinical outcome, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended to achieve better clinical curative effects. However, TDM of teicoplanin is not routine in China. So, a programme was initiated in 2017, including both HPLC method establishment and interlaboratory quality assessment, for the measurement of teicoplanin. METHODS: A main centre and a quality control centre were set up in the study. An HPLC-based method of teicoplanin determination in plasma was developed by the main centre. Analysis was performed using a Waters Symmetry C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase was NaH2 PO4 (0.01 mol/L) and acetonitrile (75:25 v/v; pH 3.3), with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a detection wavelength of 215 nm. Piperacillin sodium was selected as an internal standard (IS). Twenty-six additional TDM centres were then recruited to adopt this method. Then, all the centres were asked to take part in a quality control assessment evaluated by the quality control centre. RESULTS: For all TDM centres, linearity of teicoplanin concentration ranges was between 3.125 and 100 µg/mL. Intraday and interday accuracies ranged from 87.1% to 118.4%. Intraday and interday precision ranged from 0.3% to 13.8%. Therapeutic drug monitoring centres all passed inter-room quality assessment. All samples tested met the acceptance criteria. Then, 542 samples were collected. Patients with sub-optimal (≤10 mg/L) plasma teicoplanin concentrations constituted 42% of the total study population. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a simple, rapid and accurate HPLC method for determining teicoplanin levels was successfully applied to therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical practice for twenty-seven TDM centres in China. The results demonstrated excellent interlaboratory agreement for teicoplanin testing and provide support for clinical laboratory quality management and results inter-accreditation.

Regioisomeric Tandem Triblock Shape Amphiphiles Based on Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes.

We report the design, synthesis and self-assembly of a series of tandem triblock shape amphiphile regioisomers composed of one rod-like fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FPOSS) cage tethered with two spherical tert-butyl-POSS (tBPOSS) cages in para-, meta-, and ortho-configurations. Precision syntheses are achieved through sequential "click" reactions and the compounds are thoroughly characterized by combined techniques of NMR, FT-IR and MALDI-TOF MS spectroscopy. Only the ortho-isomer forms an ordered lamellae structure induced by the crystallization of perfluoroalkyl-chains and the other two remain amorphous due to frustrated packing by unfavorable regio-configuration. The distinct assembly behaviors of these three regioisomers reflect the delicate influence of a minute structural difference on precision macromolecular assembly.

Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in neonatal goats: molecular cloning, expression, localization, and methylation signature.

Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. It plays critical roles in fetal development and neonatal growth and is especially important for brain development in mammals. In the present study, we profiled the expression pattern and methylation signature of the DIO3 gene in goats. The complete coding sequence of caprine DIO3 encoded a protein of 301 amino acids and harbored an internal selenocysteine-encoding TGA codon. The DIO3 messenger RNA (mRNA) was predominantly expressed in the neonatal goat liver (P < 0.01), while expression in other tissues was quite low, with the lowest levels in the lung. In in situ hybridization, the DIO3 mRNA was predominantly localized in the liver and the lowest content was detected in the lung. The DIO3 transcript was widely localized in neurons and the neuropil. Methylation profiling of the DIO3 CpG island showed a significant difference between the 5' region (CpGs_1∼24) and the 3' region (CpG_25∼51) of the coding region. Furthermore, no significant difference in methylation status was observed among the six tested tissues with levels in the range of 29.11-33.12 %. The CpG islands in the intergenic-differentially methylated region (IG-DMR) showed significantly different methylated levels among tissues, and the highest methylated level was observed in lung (CpG island 1, 69.34 %) and longissimus dorsi (LD) (CpG island 2, 52.62 %) tissues. Our study lays a foundation for understanding DIO3 function and the diseases caused by altered methylation profiles of the DIO3 gene.

Metabolites from the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. FJ-1 of Ceriops tagal.

To investigate the chemical constituents of the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. FJ-1 of Ceriops tagal, the chemical constituents were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Their antibacterial activity was tested by paper disco diffusion method. Two compounds were isolated and identified as 7-hydroxy-deoxytalaroflavone (1), and deoxytalaroflavone (2). Compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 1 and 2 showed weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Genetic phylogeography and maternal lineages of 18 Chinese black goat breeds.

To understand the origin and genetic phylogeography of Chinese black goats, variations of mitochondrial DNA were characterised with 394 goats from 18 breeds, including 91 new individuals from regions poorly studied until now. Comparison of a 481-bp segment revealed a total of 192 haplotypes with 141 variable sites. The haplotype and nucleotide diversities ranged from 0.782 ± 0.079 to 1.000 ± 0.020 and from 0.009 ± 0.001 to 0.045 ± 0.006, respectively, indicating a relatively high genetic diversity in Chinese black goats. Phylogenetic analyses identified five haplogroups (A, B1, B2, C and D). The dominant haplogroups A, B1 and B2 were distributed in most of breeds, while the haplogroups C and D were only presented in the breeds located in north or northwest of China. Analysis of molecular variance and multidimensional scaling plot of F ST analyses indicated no obvious geographic structure among breeds. Furthermore, the migration rates revealed that a wide range of gene flow or gene exchange occurred among breeds, which may result in the weak geographic structure of Chinese black goats. Population expansion analysis based on mismatch distribution indicated that two expansion events in Chinese black goats occurred at 10 and 28 mutational time units. Finally, our findings indicate the multiple maternal origins of Chinese black goats and more gene flow (female-mediated) which occurred during their domestic and breeding histories.

Comparison of antibody persistency through one year between one-dose and two-dose regimens of Ad5-nCoV vaccine for COVID-19.

This post-hoc analysis compared the receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific and pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 strain elicited by one or two doses (56-d interval) of Ad5-nCoV vaccine regimen (NCT04341389 and NCT04566770). Both trials had low-dose and high-dose groups. Propensity score matching was used to adjust the baseline between one- and two-dose regimens. To predict the decrease in antibody titers 1 y after vaccination, half-lives of RBD-binding antibodies and pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies were computed. We obtained 34 and 29 pairs of participants in the low- and high-dose groups based on the propensity score matching. The two-dose regimen of Ad5-nCoV increased the peaking level of neutralizing antibodies compared to the one-dose regimen at day 28, but the responses of the neutralizing antibodies were not consistent with those of the RBD antibodies. Half-lives of the RBD-binding antibodies in the two-dose Ad5-nCoV regimen (202-209 days) were longer than those in the one-dose regimen (136-137 d); half-lives of the pseudovirus neutralizing antibody in the one-dose Ad5-nCoV regimen (177 d) were longer than those in the two-dose regimen (116-131 d). The predicted positive rates of RBD-binding antibodies in the one-dose regimen (34.1%-38.3%) would be lower than those in the two-dose Ad5-nCoV regimen (67.0%-84.0%), while the positive rates of pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies in the one-dose regimen (65.4%-66.7%) would be higher than those in the two-dose regimen (48.3%-58.0%). The two-dose Ad5-nCoV regimen with a 56-d interval had no effect on the persistence of neutralizing antibodies but slowed decay trend of RBD-binding antibodies.

Safety of butylphthalide and edaravone in patients with ischemic stroke: a multicenter real-world study.

BACKGROUND: Butylphthalide (NBP) and edaravone (EDV) injection are common acute ischemic stroke medications in China, but there is a lack of large real-world safety studies on them. This study aimed to determine the incidence of adverse events, detect relevant safety signals, and assess the risk factors associated with these medications in real-world populations. METHODS: In this study, data of acute ischemic stroke patients were extracted from the electronic medical record database of six tertiary hospitals between January 2019 and August 2021. Baseline confounders were eliminated using propensity score matching. The drugs' safety was estimated by comparing the results of 24 laboratory tests standards on liver function, kidney function, lipid level, and coagulation function. The drugs' relative risk was estimated by logistic regression. A third group with patients who did not receive NBP or EDV was constructed as a reference. Prescription sequence symmetry analysis was used to evaluate the associations between adverse events and NBP and EDV, respectively. RESULTS: 81,292 patients were included in this study. After propensity score matching, the NBP, EDV, and third groups with 727 patients in each group. Among the 15 test items, the incidence of adverse events was lower in the NBP group than in the EDV group, and the differences were statistically significant. The multivariate logistic regression equation revealed that NBP injection was not a promoting factor for abnormal laboratory test results, whereas EDV had statistically significant effects on aspartate transaminase, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Prescription sequence symmetry analysis showed that NBP had a weak correlation with abnormal platelet count. EDV had a positive signal associated with abnormal results in gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, prothrombin time, and platelet count. CONCLUSIONS: In a large real-world population, NBP has a lower incidence of adverse events and a better safety profile than EDV or other usual medications.

Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous immunisation with Ad5-nCOV in healthy adults aged 60 years and older primed with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): a phase 4, randomised, observer-blind, non-inferiority trial.

Background: People over 60 have been found to develop less protection after two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines than younger people. Heterologous immunisation could potentially induce more robust immune responses compared to homologous immunisation. We aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a heterologous immunisation with an adenovirus type 5-vectored vaccine (Ad5-nCOV, Convidecia) among elderly who were primed with an inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) previously. Methods: We did a randomised, observer-blinded, non-inferiority trial in healthy adults aged 60 years and older in Lianshui County (Jiangsu, China) between August 26, 2021 and May 15, 2022. 199 eligible participants who had received two doses of CoronaVac in the past 3-6 months were randomised (1:1) to receive a third dose of Convidecia (group A, n = 99) or CoronaVac (group B, n = 100), while 100 participants primed with one dose of CoronaVac in the past 1-2 months were randomised equally to receive a second dose of Convidecia (group C, n = 50) or CoronaVac (group D, n = 50). Participants and investigators were masked to the vaccine received. Primary outcomes were the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralising antibodies against live SARS-CoV-2 virus 14 days after boosting and 28-day adverse reactions. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.govNCT04952727. Findings: A heterologous third dose of Convidecia resulted in a 6.2-fold (GMTs: 286.4 vs 48.2), 6.3-fold (45.9 vs 7.3) and 7.5-fold (32.9 vs 4.4) increase in neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (BA.1.1) 14 days post boosting, respectively, compared with the homologous boost. The heterologous booster with Convidecia induced significantly higher neutralsing activities, with up to 91% inhibition in binding of Spike to ACE2 for BA.4 and BA.5 variants, compared with 35% inhibition induced by three doses of CoronaVac. For participants primed with one dose of CoronaVac, a heterologous dose of Convidecia induced higher neutralising antibodies against wild-type than two doses of CoronaVac (GMTs: 70.9 vs 9.3, p < 0.0001), but not for that against variants of concern (GMTs against delta: 5.0 vs 4.0, p = 0.4876; GMTs against omicron: 4.8 vs 3.7, p = 0.4707). Adverse reactions were reported by 8 (8.1%) participants in group A and 4 (4.0%) in group B (p ＞ 0.05), and 8 (16.0%) in group C and 1 (2.0%) in group D (p = 0.031). Interpretation: In elderly individuals primed with two doses of CoronaVac, the heterologous immunisation with Convidecia induced strong antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and variants of concern, which could be an alternative regimen for enhancing protection in this vulnerable population. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China, Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program, and Jiangsu Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars Program.

Batch-to-batch consistency trial of an adenovirus type-5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine in adults aged 18 years and above.

BACKGROUND: The demonstration of batch-to-batch consistency is indispensable for quality control of vaccines. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial to evaluate the immunogenicity consistency of a single shot of Ad5-nCoV in healthy adults who had not previously received any COVID-19 vaccine. All eligible participants were randomly assigned equally to receive one of the three consecutive batches of Ad5-nCoV (5 × 1010 viral particles/vial, 0.5 mL). The primary endpoint was geometric mean titers (GMTs) of serum SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG on day 28 post-vaccination. RESULTS: One thousand fifty participants were enrolled, with 350 (33%) participants per group. On day 28 post-vaccination, GMTs in three groups were 78.3 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL (95% CI 70.3-87.3), 82.9 BAU/mL (73.9-92.9), and 78.8 BAU/mL (70.2-88.4), respectively. The two-sided 95% CIs for the GMT ratios between each pair of batches were all between 0.67 and 1.5. The highest incidence of solicited adverse reactions within 7 days post-vaccination was reported by batch 3 recipients (23.1% versus 15.1% in batch 1 recipients and 14.6% in bath 2 recipients; p = 0.0039). None of the serious adverse events were related to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Immunogenicity consistency between consecutive batches of Ad5-nCoV was well established in adults. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05313646).

[Study on arsenic speciation changes in crude and processed traditional Chinese medicines by HPLC-ICP-MS].

A HPLC-ICP-MS method for simultaneous determination of As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) was established, and the contents of As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA in a TCM with high total arsenic content (Cordyceps) and 5 crude and processed TCMs (Radix Astragali, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Radix Rehmanniae) were determined and analyzed. The method validation indicated that the correlative coefficients (r) for all speciations were bigger than 0.9984; the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were from 0.8 to 1.0 microg x L(-1); the reproducibility and stability were satisfactory with all RSDs less than 10%; the spiked recoveries ranged from 82.40% to 119.5%. The results of samples analysis showed that the inorganic arsenic (As(III) and As(V)) was the dominating speciation in the tested TCMs; MMA and DMA were not found in all plant resourced TCMs, but MMA was found in Cordyceps; all the tested TCMs indicated a content increasing of inorganic arsenic after processing.

Thyroid ultrasound image classification using a convolutional neural network.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound (US) is widely used in the clinical diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Artificial intelligence-powered US is becoming an important issue in the research community. This study aimed to develop an improved deep learning model-based algorithm to classify benign and malignant thyroid nodules (TNs) using thyroid US images. METHODS: In total, 592 patients with 600 TNs were included in the internal training, validation, and testing data set; 187 patients with 200 TNs were recruited for the external test data set. We developed a Visual Geometry Group (VGG)-16T model, based on the VGG-16 architecture, but with additional batch normalization (BN) and dropout layers in addition to the fully connected layers. We conducted a 10-fold cross-validation to analyze the performance of the VGG-16T model using a data set of gray-scale US images from 5 different brands of US machines. RESULTS: For the internal data set, the VGG-16T model had 87.43% sensitivity, 85.43% specificity, and 86.43% accuracy. For the external data set, the VGG-16T model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.829 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.770-0.879], a radiologist with 15 years' working experience achieved an AUC of 0.705 (95% CI: 0.659-0.801), a radiologist with 10 years' experience achieved an AUC of 0.725 (95% CI: 0.653-0.797), and a radiologist with 5 years' experience achieved an AUC of 0.660 (95% CI: 0.584-0.736). CONCLUSIONS: The VGG-16T model had high specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy in differentiating between malignant and benign TNs. Its diagnostic performance was superior to that of experienced radiologists. Thus, the proposed improved deep-learning model can assist radiologists to diagnose thyroid cancer.

Nine new dichapetalin-type triterpenoids from the twigs of Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl.

Nine previously undescribed dichapetalin-type triterpenoids (1-9), along with 12 reported compounds (10-21), were isolated from the twigs of Dichapetalum gelonioides. Their chemical structures were mainly elucidated by comprehensive analysis of HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was further determined based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, a part of compounds were evaluated the effects of inhibitory NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages.

Effects of Prior Influenza Exposure on Immunogenicity of Influenza Vaccine.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the effects of prior influenza exposure on vaccine-elicited humor immune responses to circulating influenza variants. METHOD: We randomly selected 360 participants in previous clinical trials stratified by age. Blood samples were collected and tested by hemagglutination-inhibition tests during the 2015-2016 influenza seasons in China. The antigenic map was plotted and antigenic distance was calculated. RESULTS: Subjects with H1-priming had higher cross-reactive antibodies titers against A/JiangsuTinghu/11019/2015(H3N2) compared with subjects with B-priming did (P adjusted = .038). Subjects with H1-priming also had higher cross-reactive antibodies titers against A/Jiangsu Qinhuai/11059/2015(H3N2) than subjects with both H1 and B priming (P adjusted = .036). Nevertheless, subjects with no H1 and B-priming had higher cross-reactive antibodies titers against A/Jiangsu Qinhuai/11059/2015(H3N2) than subjects with both H1 and B priming (P adjusted = .012). Antigenic distance was well matched with serological results. Moeover, age-specific differences in human postvaccination responses against the identical circulating strain was noted. In addition, children had the most cross-reactive response to both H3N2 and B-yamagata subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that prior exposure to H1 or B influenza virus may influence cross-reactivity of H3-specific postvaccination responses and consequently could influence the vaccine effectiveness. Our findings also support that there are age-specific differences in human postvaccination responses.

RNA-seq reveals the salt tolerance of Ipomoea pes-caprae, a wild relative of sweet potato.

Wild relatives of crops are often rich in genetic resources and provide great possibilities for crop improvement. Ipomoea pes-caprae is one of the wild relatives of sweet potato and has high salt tolerance. Transcriptomes in the treatment and control groups at various times were sequenced to identify salt tolerance genes and salt response pathways. A total of 40,525 genes were obtained, of which 2478 and 3334 were differentially expressed in the roots and leaves of I. pes-caprae under salt stress, respectively. Identification of candidate genes revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway of plants and plant hormone signal transduction participates in the salt signal of I. pes-caprae under salt stress. Homology to ABI2 (HAB2) and Clade A protein phosphatases type 2C (HAI1), which encode two protein phosphatases 2C (PP2C) in the abscisic acid (ABA) signal pathway, were continuously up-regulated upon salt stress, indicating their key role in the salt signal transduction pathway of I. pes-caprae. The expression of EIN3-binding F-box protein 1 (EBF1) in the ethylene signaling pathway was also up-regulated, revealing that the salt tolerance of I. pes-caprae was related to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study provides insights into the mechanism of salt-tolerant plants and the mining of salt-tolerant genes in sweet potato for the innovation of germplasm resources.

DPY30 regulates cervical squamous cell carcinoma by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

INTRODUCTION: Set1/MLL complexes are the main histone H3K4 methyltransferases and are crucial regulators of tumor pathogenesis. DPY30 is a fairly uncharacterized protein in the Set1/MLL complex, but it has been reported to regulate tumor growth. However, the exact mechanism by which DPY30 mediates the progression of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of DPY30 in CSCC at a molecular level. METHODS: We obtained normal cervical and cervical cancer tissue samples from patients. We used immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect DPY30 expression in CSCC tissues. In addition, we used the human cervical cancer cell line to evaluate expression levels of DPY30 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in vitro. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical and real-time PCR analyses showed that DPY30 expression was upregulated in tissue samples from patients with CSCC and that DPY30 levels were associated with EMT markers such as E-cadherin. Furthermore, knock-down of DPY30 by siRNA resulted in a decrease in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CSCC cells. We also found that DPY30-induced EMT is mediated by the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that elevated DPY30 levels may contribute to EMT by activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in the progression of CSCC.

A novel method for sewage sludge composting using bamboo charcoal as a separating material.

Traditional composting processes must be conducted with a bulking agent to ensure adequate air space for aeration. The bulking agent and composting materials are always completely mixed. A novel layered structure was introduced in sewage sludge composting, in which no bulking agent was used and bamboo charcoal was used as a separating material. Three lab-scale composting reactors (A: sawdust and sludge; B: bamboo charcoal and sludge; and C: sawdust, bamboo charcoal, and sludge) were continuously operated for 29 days. Several physicochemical parameters were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of layered composting with bamboo charcoal. The results indicated that the maximum temperatures during the thermophilic stage in treatments A, B, and C were 51.4, 50.9, and 51 °C, respectively. Layered composting with bamboo charcoal decreased the pH of the thermophilic stage from 8.98 in A to 8.75 in C, and delayed the peaks by about 120 h. The degradation rates of dissolve organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) were 75 and 71.5% in treatment B, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of control group A (60 and 59.1%, respectively). The total NH3 emissions of treatment C (2127.8 mg) were significantly lower than those of A (2522.8 mg). Our results suggested that layered composting using bamboo charcoal as a separating material could be an alternative strategy to the traditional composting method. Moreover, layered composting combined with sawdust could effectively reduce NH3 emissions and N loss.

[Identification and Nitrogen Removal Characteristics of the Heterotrophic Nitrification and Aerobic Denitrification Bacterial Strain DK1].

Nitrogen removal by a newly discovered Pseudomons sp. strain, DK1, isolated from activated sludge was investigated. Using glucose as a carbon source and a n(C)/n(N) ratio of five, batch experiments showed that the aerobic denitrification removal rate was 4.09 mg·(L·h)-1 and 4.43 mg·(L·h)-1 with NaNO3 or NaNO2, respectively. Completely nitrogen removal was achieved when using these two nitrogen sources. DK1 was also found to heterotrophically remove NH4+ -N at a rate of 2.32 mg·(L·h)-1 and to carry out anoxic denitrification of a range of concentrations of NO2- -N (from about 100 to 300 mg·L-1) within a maximum of 36 hours of inoculation. In the presence of both NO3- -N and NO2- -N, DK1 was found to preferentially denitrify NO3- -N. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) capacity of the DK1 strain was observed when using ammonium and nitrate or ammonium and nitrite and the corresponding nitrogen removal rates reached as high as 95.06% and 94.69% within 30 hours of inoculation, respectively. Ammonium with both nitrate and nitrite resulted in a 100% nitrogen removal within the same time frame. The ability to achieve SND and to denitrify both NO3- -N and NO2- -N makes the DK1 strain potentially useful for future application in nitrogenous wastewater treatment.

Enterovirus 71: a whole virion inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine.

INTRODUCTION: Enterovirus A71 (EV71) is the predominant causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is often associated with severe cases and even deaths. EV71-associated epidemics have emerged as a serious threat to public health, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. AREAS COVERED: We searched PubMed using the terms 'enterovirus 71', 'hand, foot, and mouth disease', and 'vaccine', with no date or language restrictions for all publications before April 27, 2016. Among various vaccine candidates, the alum-adjuvant inactivated EV71 vaccines are most promising. Three alum-adjuvant inactivated EV71 vaccines developed by mainland China showed high efficacy, good immunogenicity persistence and acceptable safety profiles in clinical trials. Recently, two of these EV71 vaccines have been approved for marketing in China and the other one is undergoing the review process of licensure. In this manuscript, we summarized previous study results as well as discussed the regulatory affairs and post-market surveillances issues. Expert commentary: The marketing of EV71 vaccines is a milestone in the controlling of HFMD. International clinical trials are needed to further assess the efficacy and cross-immunogenicity. Establishing a sensitive pathogen monitoring system would be essential to monitor the variation of genotypes and control HFMD epidemics.