Who Can I Ask? Who Would I Tell? An Egocentric Network Analysis Among a Sample of Women At-Risk to Explore Anticipated Advice Seeking and Disclosure Around Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) health campaigns invite women to talk with their provider, partner, and peers about PrEP, though they do not offer specific guidance about who and how to engage. This study uses egocentric network methods in a sample of women at risk for HIV to understand what characteristics of women (egos), their networks, and network members (alters) were associated with anticipated PrEP advice-seeking and anticipated PrEP disclosure. Multivariable generalized linear mixed models revealed that women often consider close, supportive, and trusted network members as PrEP discussants while ego-level, network-level, and cross-level interactions depict the complexity of anticipated network activation. Findings highlight the importance of considering women at risk for HIV in a broader social context. Anticipated advice-seeking and disclosure related to PrEP were associated but distinct forms of network activation, which highlights the need to develop specific recommendations about who and how women should engage with their networks around PrEP.

The group-based law enforcement mistrust scale: psychometric properties of an adapted scale and implications for public health and harm reduction research.

BACKGROUND: Negative encounters with law enforcement-direct and vicarious-fuel mistrust. When considered as part of the 'risk environment' in public health and harm reduction research, law enforcement mistrust may have broad implications. For example, fearing arrest may prevent someone from calling 911 when witnessing an overdose or lead to syringe-sharing and community spread of HIV. For people in the US who identify as Black or African American, these effects may compound, given the ways in which communities of color have been overpoliced. The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychometrics of an adapted scale of law enforcement mistrust-the Group-Based Law Enforcement Mistrust Scale (GBLEMS)-and evaluate its associations with racial and ethnic identity and experiences with law enforcement. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey took place in a small city in the Western United States where only 3% of the population is Black or African American. The sample included Black or African American and Hispanic and Latina women at risk of HIV, and members of their social networks, yielding a diverse sample across racial, ethnic, and gender identities (N = 219). The GBLEMS is a 12-item scale adapted from the Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale (GBMMS; Thompson et al. 2004). The current analysis evaluated the psychometric properties of the GBLEMS (reliability, exploratory factor analysis) and its associations with demographics, other race-based constructs, and experiences with law enforcement. RESULTS: The GBLEMS demonstrated strong reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92) and exploratory factor analysis indicated that items loaded onto two factors-mistrust and disparities in treatment. There was also support for the scale's construct validity. As hypothesized, GBLEMS scores were higher among respondents who identify as Black or African American, and among those who reported other experiences of racial discrimination, medical mistrust, and negative encounters with law enforcement. CONCLUSIONS: This study yielded support for the reliability and validity of the GBLEMS as a multi-item, two-factor scale measuring group-based law enforcement mistrust. When framing public health and harm reduction research in terms of the risk environment, law enforcement mistrust may be important to measure as part of a comprehensive approach that addresses persistent racial disparities.

Association between social determinants of health and pediatric traumatic brain injury outcomes.

Introduction: Social determinants of health (SDH) are factors that may impact outcomes following pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between race and functional outcomes in a diverse pediatric population. We further explored how this association may be modified by SDH factors, including insurance status, social vulnerability, and child opportunity. Methods: A cohort study (N = 401) of children aged 0-18 [median = 9.22 years (IQR: 3.56-13.59)] presenting to the Emergency Department at Level I and II Trauma Centers with mild to severe head injuries. Geocoded variables were used to evaluate SDH. The sample was described overall and by racial/ethnic group, which were adjusted for confounders using inverse propensity treatment weights (IPTW). Weighted and unweighted Firth logistic regression models (mortality) and generalized linear regression models (GOS-E scores) were reported without and then with potential effect modifiers. Results: The sample is majority male (65.84%); race/ethnicity are as follows: White (52.37%), Black/African Americans (35.91%), and Hispanic (11.72%). Black (31.25%) and Hispanic (27.66%) patients had higher rates of severe TBI. 35.89% of White patients were categorized as more socially vulnerable compared to 62.68% Black and 70.21% Hispanic patients. A total 63.64% of White patients were from higher opportunity neighborhoods, compared to 25.87% of Black and 51.06% of Hispanic patients. A total 50.95% of White patients, 25.87% of Black patients, and 17.02% of Hispanic patients were privately insured. There were no differences found between racial and ethnic groups on mortality or GOS-E scores. Discussion: Patients from minority backgrounds had more severe injuries, many resulting from pedestrian vs. motor vehicle accidents. Additionally, patients from minority backgrounds experience more social vulnerability and lower opportunity. Despite these discrepancies, we did not observe differences on rates of mortality or functional outcomes in either racial or ethnic groups. SDH were not found to impact outcomes. Further research is needed to determine how these complex social and environmental variables impact health outcomes.

Trends in pediatric firearm-related injuries and disparities in acute outcomes.

Background: Firearm-related injuries (FRI) are an increasing cause of death and injury in children. The etiology for this rise is multifactorial and includes socioeconomic factors. Despite its prevalence and documented increase over COVID-19, there is a paucity of research on disparities and the influence of social determinants of health (SDH) in pediatric FRI. This study aims to explore the epidemiology of this vulnerable population in Atlanta, trends over time and relevant dates such as COVID-19 and a state firearm law, and disparities in clinical outcomes. Methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with FRI (0-20 years-old, x̄=9.8, Median = 11) presenting to our hospital EDs from January 2014 to April 2023 (N = 701) and eligible for the Trauma Registry. This period includes two major events, namely the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020), and passage of state law Constitutional Carry Act (SB 319) (April 2022), allowing for permit-less concealed firearm carry. Single series interrupted time series (ITS) models were run and clinical outcome differences between race and insurance groups were calculated unadjusted and adjusted for confounders using inverse propensity treatment weights (IPTW). The primary outcome was mortality; secondary are admission and discharge. Results: Majority of FRI involved patients who were male (76.7%), Black (74.9%), publicly insured (82.6%), ≤12 years-old (61.8%), and injured by unintentional shootings (45.6%) or assault (43.7%). During COVID-19, there was a sustained increase in FRI rate by 0.42 patients per 1,000 trauma visits per month (95% CI 0.02-0.82, p = 0.042); post-SB 319 it was 2.3 patients per 1,000 trauma visits per month (95% CI 0.23-4.31, p = 0.029). Publicly insured patients had 58% lower odds of mortality than privately insured patients (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18-0.99, p = 0.047). When controlled for race and mechanism of injury, among other confounding factors, this association was not significant (p = 0.652). Conclusion: Pediatric FRI are increasing over time, with disproportionate burdens on Black patients, at our hospitals. Disparities in mortality based on insurance necessitate further study. As social and economic repercussions of COVID-19 are still present, and state firearm law SB 319 is still in effect, assessment of ongoing trends is warranted to inform preventative strategies.

Toward better outcome measurement for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder.

LAY ABSTRACT: Insomnia, trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, is common in autistic children. In a previous report, we described the results of focus groups with parents of autistic children toward the development of the Pediatric Autism Insomnia Rating Scale. In this article, we report on the steps taken to complete the Pediatric Autism Insomnia Rating Scale. With help from the Simons Foundation registry, we collected information from parents on 1185 children with autism spectrum disorder to test the new measure. These results were evaluated using standard statistical methods such as factor analysis. To confirm the validity of the new measure, we enrolled a separate sample of 134 autistic children for a detailed assessment by video conference. This step showed that the Pediatric Autism Insomnia Rating Scale is clearly measuring symptoms of insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder and not related problems such as hyperactivity, repetitive behavior, or anxiety. We also showed that the total score on the Pediatric Autism Insomnia Rating Scale is stable when repeated over a brief period of time. This is important because a measure that is not stable over a brief period of time would not be suitable as an outcome measure. In summary, the Pediatric Autism Insomnia Rating Scale is a brief and valid measure of insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder that provides reliable scores.

Viral and host factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 disease severity in Georgia, USA.

While SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have shown strong efficacy, their suboptimal uptake combined with the continued emergence of new viral variants raises concerns about the ongoing and future public health impact of COVID-19. We investigated viral and host factors, including vaccination status, that were associated with SARS-CoV-2 disease severity in a setting with low vaccination rates. We analyzed clinical and demographic data from 1,957 individuals in the state of Georgia, USA, coupled with viral genome sequencing from 1,185 samples. We found no difference in disease severity between individuals infected with Delta and Omicron variants among the participants in this study, after controlling for other factors, and we found no specific mutations associated with disease severity. Compared to those who were unvaccinated, vaccinated individuals experienced less severe SARS-CoV-2 disease, and the effect was similar for both variants. Vaccination within 270 days before infection was associated with decreased odds of moderate and severe outcomes, with the strongest association observed at 91-270 days post-vaccination. Older age and underlying health conditions, especially immunosuppression and renal disease, were associated with increased disease severity. Overall, this study provides insights into the impact of vaccination status, variants/mutations, and clinical factors on disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection when vaccination rates are low. Understanding these associations will help refine and reinforce messaging around the crucial importance of vaccination in mitigating the severity of SARS-CoV-2 disease.

Correlates of Medical Mistrust Among Minority Women at Risk for HIV and Their Networks.

BACKGROUND: Medical mistrust is a barrier to engaging in HIV prevention and treatment, including testing and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Research often focuses on how race and experiences of discrimination relate to medical mistrust, overlooking the role that other characteristics may play (e.g., history of physical abuse, diagnosis of mental illness). Furthermore, studies are often restricted to samples of men who have sex with men and findings may not generalize to other at-risk groups. AIMS: The current study explores a range of demographic, cognitive, behavioral, and social network correlates of medical mistrust. METHOD: This study employed an egocentric network design among a racially diverse sample of at-risk women and women in their social networks (n = 165). RESULTS: Results from multivariable linear regressions stratified by race (Black vs. others) indicate that medical mistrust is associated with both individual-level and network-level characteristics. Across both groups, age and experiences of racial discrimination were associated with higher medical mistrust. Having a regular sex partner and having a higher proportion of network members who are family was significantly associated with medical mistrust among non-Black women. DISCUSSION: Individual-level and network-level variables were significantly associated with medical mistrust. Therefore, interventions that attempt to mitigate medical mistrust as a barrier to HIV prevention and treatment should consider how mistrust may be related to characteristics of individuals and broader contexts. CONCLUSION: Health interventions may benefit from conceiving of medical mistrust as a complex, rational response to cumulative discriminatory life experiences and a reflection of the networks within which individuals are embedded.

Role of Social Networks and Social Norms in Future PrEP Use in a Racially Diverse Sample of At-Risk Women and Members of Their Social Networks.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in reducing the risk of HIV infection, uptake remains low among many who are most vulnerable to HIV, such as Black and Latinx women. Interventions that target social networks to encourage at-risk women to initiate PrEP are underused. DESIGN: This study used an egocentric network design and sampled Black/African American and Latinx women at risk of HIV as well as people from their social networks (N = 211) in a small, western city. METHODS: Multivariable generalized linear mixed effects regression models investigated individual-level and network-level characteristics associated with likely future PrEP use. RESULTS: PrEP awareness was low, but once informed, 36% considered themselves likely to take it in the future. Perceived risk of HIV, perceived barriers to HIV testing, and participation in a 12-step program increased odds of anticipated PrEP use. A higher proportion of friends in one's network decreased odds of future PrEP use, whereas a higher proportion of network members who tested regularly for HIV increased odds of future PrEP use. A marginally significant interaction was detected between proportion of friends in one's network and proportion of the network perceived to test for HIV regularly (ie, testing norms). When HIV testing norms were low, a higher proportion of friends in the network decreased odds of likely PrEP use. However, this effect was reversed in contexts with strong testing norms. CONCLUSION: Women who are interested in PrEP may be embedded within social and normative contexts that can foster or inhibit PrEP uptake.

Potential of a suite of robot/computer-assisted motivating systems for personalized, home-based, stroke rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: There is a need to improve semi-autonomous stroke therapy in home environments often characterized by low supervision of clinical experts and low extrinsic motivation. Our distributed device approach to this problem consists of an integrated suite of low-cost robotic/computer-assistive technologies driven by a novel universal access software framework called UniTherapy. Our design strategy for personalizing the therapy, providing extrinsic motivation and outcome assessment is presented and evaluated. METHODS: Three studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of the suite. A conventional force-reflecting joystick, a modified joystick therapy platform (TheraJoy), and a steering wheel platform (TheraDrive) were tested separately with the UniTherapy software. Stroke subjects with hemiparesis and able-bodied subjects completed tracking activities with the devices in different positions. We quantify motor performance across subject groups and across device platforms and muscle activation across devices at two positions in the arm workspace. RESULTS: Trends in the assessment metrics were consistent across devices with able-bodied and high functioning strokes subjects being significantly more accurate and quicker in their motor performance than low functioning subjects. Muscle activation patterns were different for shoulder and elbow across different devices and locations. CONCLUSION: The Robot/CAMR suite has potential for stroke rehabilitation. By manipulating hardware and software variables, we can create personalized therapy environments that engage patients, address their therapy need, and track their progress. A larger longitudinal study is still needed to evaluate these systems in under-supervised environments such as the home.

Frustration in Infancy: Implications for Emotion Regulation, Physiological Processes, and Temperament.

A study sample of 162 six-month-old children was selected from a larger sample of 346 infants on the basis of parents' report of their infants' temperament and a laboratory assessment of temperament. Infants were classified as easily frustrated and less easily frustrated and compared on a number of emotion regulation, physiology, and temperament measures. Results indicated that male and female infants were equally likely to be classified as frustrated and less easily frustrated; however, male infants were less able to regulate physiologically. Easily frustrated infants used different emotion regulation strategies and were observed to be less attentive and more active than less easily frustrated infants when observed in the laboratory. These infants were also characterized by their parents as more active, less attentive, and more distressed to novelty. Infants classified as easily frustrated were more reactive physiologically and less able to regulate physiological reactivity than their less easily frustrated counterparts. It is hypothesized that this cluster of characteristics may constitute a unique temperamental type that may have implications for other types of behavioral functioning. Limitations of the study are that observations are based on a single brief assessment of the infant, modest effect sizes were found, and the study is cross-sectional.

The genetic epidemiology of obesity: a case study.

Obesity (OMIM #601665) is a disease where excessive stores of body fat impact negatively on health. The first law of thermodynamics dictates that energy cannot be created or destroyed so if energy is taken into the body, but not transformed to ATP for metabolic work or dissipated as heat, it will be stored as fat. Therefore, the ultimate cause of obesity is a long-term positive energy imbalance [energy intake (EI) exceeds energy expenditure (EE)]. Despite this simple explanation, there is no single reason why EI may exceed EE meaning that the proximate causes of obesity are multi-factorial in origin involving a complex interplay of genetic, behavioural, and environmental influences on metabolism, diet, and activity.

The exploitation of "Exploitation" in the tenofovir prep trial in Cameroon: Lessons learned from media coverage of an HIV prevention trial.

media coverage influences how clinical trials are perceived internationally and in communities where trials occur, affecting recruitment, retention, and political support for research. We conducted a discourse analysis of news coverage from 2004-2005 of a trial in Cameroon on oral PrEP for HIV prevention, to identify messages, communication techniques, and sources of messages that were amplified via media. We identified two parallel discourses: one on ethical concerns about the Cameroon trial, and a second, more general "science exploitation" discourse concerned with the potential for trials with vulnerable participant populations to be conducted unethically, benefiting only wealthy populations. Researchers should overtly address exploitation as an integral, ongoing component of research, particularly where historical or cultural conditions set the stage for controversy to emerge.

Progress toward universal interface technologies for telerehabilitation.

One of the overriding needs in the field of telerehabilitation is for user-centered interfaces that provide individuals with differing abilities with access to effective remote communication. This paper provides a foundation for developing and evaluating interfaces that move towards the aim of universal accessibility, and reports on progress for four types of interfaces: multimedia conferencing technologies involving persons with different roles and disabilities participating in goal-directed tasks; physical devices for therapy and assessment; communication/control for computer-assisted teletherapy; and an intelligent telerehabilitation assistant that supports the dynamic rehabilitative process.