Analyzing the Impermeable Structure and Myriad of Antiviral Therapies for SARS-CoV-2.

A total number of 1,524,161 active cases, 92,941 deaths, and 213 countries have been affected worldwide by COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as of 11th April 2020. Much can be attributed to the virus' structural protein, S protein, which determines its host range and tissue tropism and aids its rapid spread. This review aims to summarize numerous researches carried out with respect to the complex and resistant structure of SARS-CoV-2 in addition to the researches performed on various antivirals on the basis of drug repurposing, to aid in better understanding for future researches, clinical trials, and treatment protocols.

An unusual presentation of penile fracture with complete transection of urethra: a case report.

Penile fracture is one such urologic emergency that occurs when the penis is struck bluntly during sexual activity, and in less than 5-10% of cases, the concurrent urethral damage is evident, but complete transection is very rare. A 37-year-old male presented with a history of 'snap' sound and immediate detumescence of penis during intercourse, when he fell and hit the pubic bone of his partner. There was acute retention of urine, an attempt to pass a catheter failed and the patient underwent supra-pubic catheterization. On examination, there was classical 'eggplant deformity' of the penis with blood at the tip of the meatus. MRI showed a tunical tear on both sides at the penoscrotal junction with indistinct urethra and extensive hematoma in the proximal penile shaft. Surgical management was successfully done by anastomotic urethroplasty and cavernosal repair.

A Rare Presentation of Duodenal Diverticulum Causing Obstructive Jaundice: Lemmel's Syndrome.

Lemmel syndrome is an uncommon pancreaticobiliary consequence of duodenal diverticula. We herein present a case of an 80-year-old male who presented with upper abdominal discomfort. Based on lab values and relevant clinical history, a diagnosis of obstructive jaundice was made. A contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen revealed gross dilatation of intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic bile duct, cystic duct, common bile duct, major and minor pancreatic duct. A contrast-filled outpouching was seen from the medial wall of the second part of the duodenum with duodenal diverticulum and papilla within it. The abrupt termination of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct adjacent to the thickened wall of the diverticulum was the cause of the patient's pancreaticobiliary obstruction. In the absence of cholelithiasis or tumor, the duodenal diverticulum that manifests as obstructive jaundice is known as Lemmel syndrome. Prompt identification of Lemmel syndrome can avoid dangerous complications and unnecessary investigations. Gallstones, cholangitis, and bile duct stones are more common in patients with duodenal diverticula. Treatment depends on patient presentation and may involve conservative management, surgical procedures in the form of excision of the diverticulum, or even endoscopic sphincterotomy or stenting.

Benign Mesenteric Lesion Presenting with Features of a Malignant Mass.

Encapsulated fat necrosis (EFN), most commonly, is an asymptomatic entity and is often found incidentally in images. However, in the abdomen, it may present as an acute abdomen. Mesenteric fat necrosis is part of a larger disease spectrum called collectively mesenteric sclerosis. It results in forming of a mass that can be confused with other pathologies such as liposarcoma, carcinoma of the cecum, and other more benign conditions such as appendagitis of the epiplon. We present the case of an 82-year-old male who presented with an asymptomatic right lower quadrant mass with concerning computed tomography findings with no previous abdominal surgery or trauma history. Diagnosing EFN is crucial as it can mimic bowel cancer and immune-related mesenteric pathology such as sclerosing mesenteritis, the management of which is far more extreme and aggressive than EFN.