Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Strength, Functional Capacity, and Quality of Life Among Older Patients With Asthma.

Context: Asthma incidence in the older people also increases as the number of individuals over the age of 65 increases in society. The goals of asthma management include restoring expected levels of physical activity and preserving muscle mass as well as preventing symptoms and improving pulmonary function. A limited number of studies have explored the effects of superimposed neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on the quadriceps muscle for older patients with asthma. Objective: The study intended to investigate the effects of adding superimposed NMES to a conventional physiotherapy and rehabilitation (PTR) program for older patients with asthma. Design: The research team performed a blinded, randomized controlled trial. Setting: The study took place at the Kadikoy Municipality Social Life Center. Participants: Participants were 24 people with mild, persistent, stable asthma diagnosis. Interventions: The research team randomly divided participants into two groups: (1) an intervention group, the NMES + PTR group with 12 participants and a control group, the PTR group with 12 participants. All participants took part in a PTR program, which consisted of a conventional exercise program. Additionally, the NMES + PTR group received NMES applied to quadriceps muscle with a superimposed technique. Outcome Measures: At baseline, at four weeks, and postintervention, the research team assessed participants': (1) endurance of the quadriceps using the Sit to Stand Test (SST); (2) the muscle's strength using surface electromyography (sEMG) and a myometer; (3) functional exercise capacity using the Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT), (4) quality of life (QoL) using the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQOL); (5) dyspnea using the Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale; and (6) pulmonary functions using spirometry. Results: Postintervention, the NMES + PTR group's scores for the sit-to-stand test (P = .001), the right quadricep's sEMG active (P = .00), the right sEMG resistance (P = .00), the right myometer (P = .00), the left quadricep's sEMG active (P = .00), the left sEMG resistance (P = .00), the left myometer (P = .00), the 6MWT (P = .00), and the AQOL (P = .001) were significantly higher and on the MMRC (P = .00) were significantly lower than those of the PTR group. Conclusions: The addition of superimposed NMES to a recommended PTR program was an effective method of improving the quadricep muscle's endurance and strength, functional exercise capacity, and health-related QoL as well as decreasing dyspnea for older patients with mild persistent asthma.

Thyroid Function During and After COVID-19 Infection: A Review.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can lead to multiorgan dysfunction through pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Infection also affects the thyroid gland directly via cytopathological effects of the virus or indirectly through cytokines, complement systems and coagulation mechanisms. The thyroid gland regulates innate and adaptive immune systems by genomic and nongenomic pathways. During or after SARS-CoV-2 infection, Graves' disease and subacute thyroiditis might be triggered resulting in hyperthyroidism; alternatively, the effect of the virus on the hypophyseal.hypothalamic axis might cause central hypothyroidism. Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can present with hypoxia, which requires the use of dexamethasone. This can depress basal serum concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. Thyroid function should be monitored when using dexamethasone in patients with COVID-19. This article briefly reviews the direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the thyroid gland and function.

Characteristics of Diabetic Ageing Patients in Nursing Homes: One Center Experience in Turkey.

INTRODUCTION: Due to its widespread distribution and effects, type 2 diabetes is a frequently researched topic. However, the amount of information about type 2 diabetes in nursing homes residents is inadequate. The aim of this study is to elucidate on the frequency, treatments, comorbidities, and deaths of nursing home residents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Type 2 diabetes was evaluated in 612 people accepted to nursing homes as residents between January 2005 and January 2013. Medical records, prescriptions, laboratory results, and comorbidities were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: Approximately 26% (159) patients of the cohort had either preexisting type 2 diabetes during registration to nursing home or was diagnosed with it during the 8-year follow-up. The prevalence of DM was 25% in males and 26% in females. Average age was 75.7 ± 10.6 in diabetics and 76.7 ± 11.6 in non-diabetics. Hemoglobin, creatinine, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and CRP values were not found to be different between the groups. Hypertension was diagnosed in 75% of diabetics versus 59% of non-diabetics, hyperlipidemia in 21% versus 7% (P < .01); however, atrial fibrillation was more common in non-diabetics (P = .022). There was no difference for survival rate between diabetic and non-diabetic groups (P = .743). CONCLUSION: Approximately 1 out of 4 nursing home residents were found to have diabetes, with females being more affected then males. The survival rates both at the diabetic and non-diabetic patients were detected similar. Glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure values which can all impact survival should be closely watched from early on in the disease progress and their values should be optimized.

Foot self-care in diabetes mellitus: Evaluation of patient awareness.

AIMS: To assess diabetic patients' knowledge and practices regarding foot care. METHODS: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study in 1030 patients between November 2017 and February 2018.The descriptive survey instrument was developed by the investigators. Survey content and format were based on prior surveys and guidelines. The survey sought socio-demographic characteristics of the patients and the level of knowledge about diabetic foot care practice. RESULTS: 29.5% of patients had bad foot care, 49.6% of patients had moderate foot care and 20.8% of patients had good foot care. There were no significant differences between patient groups in regard to age, gender, foot infection history and having undergone amputation surgery. We found that patients who good at foot care had higher education status (p<0.001), were more likely live in a city (p<0.001), had higher income (p<0.001), had been trained about foot care (p<0.001) and were more likely to have type I DM (p=0.015). Disease duration was longer in those who had good foot care compared to the other groups (p=0.010). CONCLUSIONS: The mean knowledge and practice scores of our patients were moderate, indicating that much is to be done for the education of patients on this matter. We also found that knowledge about the importance of this practice, education status and disease duration had significant influence on the practice of foot-care in patients with DM.

The spectrum of diseases causing fever of unknown origin in Turkey: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this trial was to determine the spectrum of diseases with fever of unknown origin (FUO) in Turkey. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study of 154 patients with FUO in twelve Turkish tertiary-care hospitals was conducted. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 42+/-17 years (range 17-75). Fifty-three (34.4%) had infectious diseases (ID), 47 (30.5%) had non-infectious inflammatory diseases (NIID), 22 (14.3%) had malignant diseases (MD), and eight (5.2%) had miscellaneous diseases (Mi). In 24 (15.6%) of the cases, the reason for high fever could not be determined despite intensive efforts. The most common ID etiologies were tuberculosis (13.6%) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (3.2%). Adult Still's disease was the most common NIID (13.6%) and hematological malignancy was the most common MD (7.8%). In patients with NIID, the mean duration of reaching a definite diagnosis (37+/-23 days) was significantly longer compared to the patients with ID (25+/-12 days) (p=0.007). In patients with MD, the mean duration of fever (51+/-35 days) was longer compared to patients with ID (37+/-38 days) (p=0.052). CONCLUSIONS: Although infection remains the most common cause of FUO, with the highest percentage for tuberculosis, non-infectious etiologies seem to have increased when compared with previous studies.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves myocardial diastolic function in diabetic patients.

Myocardial diastolic dysfunction is the relaxation abnormality of ventricles that limits the diastolic filling and generally precedes diastolic heart failure. Diastolic dysfunction is a common finding in diabetes. Diabetic patients receive hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for non-healing lower extremity ulcers, and exposure to HBO therapy is known to influence cardiovascular functions. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of HBO therapy on myocardial diastolic function in diabetic patients. Thirty diabetic patients (18 male and 12 female, 59.9 +/- 10 years old), who were planning to undergo HBO therapy, were consecutively enrolled. Myocardial diastolic function was evaluated by pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler echocardiography before the first HBO therapy and after the tenth HBO therapy session. HBO therapy improved the relaxation capability of left ventricular myocardium, which was reflected by reduction in E wave deceleration time of mitral valve inflow (286.1 +/- 65.8 msec vs 214.3 +/- 32.1 msec, p < 0.05). HBO therapy also affected favorably the diastolic filling dynamics of right ventricle, which was partially reflected by the changes in E wave peak velocity of tricuspid valve inflow (0.48 +/- 0.07 m/sec vs 0.46 +/- 0.09 m/sec, p < 0.05). Tissue Doppler parameters of mitral lateral annulus, which are better correlated with ventricular relaxation, tended to be improved after HBO therapy, but the degree of improvement was not statistically significant. In conclusion, we suggest that HBO therapy may improve the myocardial diastolic function of diabetic patients when applied repetitively.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy decreases QT dispersion in diabetic patients.

Diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with the malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. The QT dispersion is the difference between the longest and shortest QT interval calculated from the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. The QT dispersion is suggested as an index of myocardial electrical activity. An increase in QT dispersion is associated with the malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Diabetic patients receive hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for non-healing lower extremity ulcers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HBO therapy on QT dispersion in diabetic patients. Thirty diabetic patients (18 male and 12 female, 59.9 +/- 10 years), who were planning to undergo ten sessions of HBO therapy in two weeks for non-healing lower extremity ulcers, were consecutively enrolled into the study. The 12-lead resting electrocardiography recordings were taken before the first HBO therapy and after the 10th HBO-therapy session. QT intervals were measured on electrocardiogram. QT intervals were corrected for heart rate by using Bazett's formula (corrected QT [QTc] = QT/ radical R - R [seconds]). QTc dispersion was significantly decreased from 59.8 +/- 17.4 msec to 52.2 +/- 15.5 msec after ten sessions of HBO therapy (p < 0.05). However, maximum QTc, minimum QTc and mean QTc did not change significantly after HBO therapy. We have concluded that HBO therapy may reduce the risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in diabetic patients when applied repetitively.

Analyses of subjects with hypokalemic metabolic alkolosis, Gitelman's and Bartter's syndrome.

The two most common forms of inherited normotensive hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis are Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes. Bartter's is mostly seen in children, while Gittelman's is mostly seen in adolescents and adults. We analyze three subjects of adult-onset Gitelman's and Bartter's syndrome. The patients applied to our hospital due to severe hypokalemia with little clinical expression (paresthesia, cramp, polyuria, polydipsia, and/or weakness). All had normal blood pressure, hypokalemia, hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism, and a decrease in the fractional chloride reabsorption. Key elements in differential diagnosis of chronic hypokalemia are blood pressure assessment, acid base equilibrium, serum calcium concentration, and 24-hour urine potassium and calcium excretion.

The relationship between severity of coronary artery disease and plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor.

OBJECTIVE: It has been known that ischemia or occlusion of coronary arteries in animal models increases the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); however, little is known about the relationship between coronary artery disease and VEGF in humans. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the relationships between the degree of coronary occlusion and plasma VEGF level as well as other risk factors, including age, weight, arterial blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with established coronary artery disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study group consisted of 77 patients. Of these, 38 patients had normal coronary angiography (control group; group C) and 39 had abnormal angiography (17 critical lesion; group CL, 22 noncritical lesion; non-CL group). RESULTS: Plasma VEGF level was 116.95+/-30.12 pg/ml in the control group, 212.47+/-75.28 pg/ml in group CL, and 138.89+/-45.18 pg/ml in the non-CL group. Plasma VEGF level of group C was found to be lower than that of group CL (P<.05), but the difference between groups C and non-CL was insignificant (P>.05). However, logistic regression analysis showed that VEGF level of group CL was significantly higher (P<.001). There was a negative correlation between VEGF and haemoglobin (r=-0.58, P<.01), and positive correlation between VEGF and age (r=0.29, P<.04). There was no relationship between plasma VEGF level and other cardiac risk parameters. Group CL had a higher level of total and LDL-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: Increased plasma VEGF levels in patients with coronary artery disease may point that the coronary lesion is critical, and VEGF increase in patients with established coronary artery disease may be used as an indicator of the need for revascularization.

[Epidemiological features of Candida infections detected in intensive care units and risk factors affecting mortality]. / Yogun bakim ünitelerinde saptanan Candida enfeksiyonlarinin epidemiyolojik özellikleri ve mortaliteye etki eden risk faktörleri.

The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological features of nosocomial Candida infections in intensive care units and to detect the risk factors which increase the mortality rate. A total of 940 patients hospitalized in ICUs of Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, between January 01 and December 31, 2006 were prospectively enrolled into this study. Candida spp. were isolated from various clinical specimens (blood, urine, respiratory tract, wound) in 48 patients. Of these patients, 50% were male and 50% were female, and the mean age was 63.66 +/- 22.72 (age range: 8-92) years. The mean duration of hospital stay was 36.25 +/- 44.51 (min: 1, max: 90) days. Thirty five Candida infection attacks were observed in 29 of 48 patients. C. albicans was isolated in 18 infections and non-albicans Candida spp. in 17 infections. Nosocomial infection rate due to Candida spp. was 3.22 per 1000 patient-days. The most common Candida infections were bloodstream (42.9%) and urinary tract infections (37.1%). At the time of diagnosis, 89.6% of patients were being hospitalized for more than ten days and 69% of the patients were using three or more wide spectrum antibiotics. Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases were the most frequently detected co-morbid diseases. The overall mortality rate was 55.2%. Predictors of adverse outcome were diabetes mellitus (p= 0.016), need for mechanical ventilation (p= 0.010) and infection with non-albicans Candida spp. (p= 0.002). In conclusion, Candida infections in the intensive care patients are associated with high mortality. Mortality due to Candida infections could be reduced by defining the risk factors and starting preemptive antifungal treatment to patients who are under risk.

Influence of multidrug resistant organisms on the outcome of diabetic foot infection.

OBJECTIVES: We described the clinical outcomes of the diabetic patients who had foot infections with multidrug resistant organisms. METHODS: We included the patients with diabetic foot infections (DFI) from 19 centers, between May 2011 and December 2015. Infection was defined according to IDSA DFI guidelines. Patients with severe infection, complicated moderate infection were hospitalized. The patients were followed-up for 6 months after discharge. RESULTS: In total, 791 patients with DFI were included, 531(67%) were male, median age was 62 (19-90). Severe infection was diagnosed in 85 (11%) patients. Osteomyelitis was diagnosed in 291(36.8%) patients. 536 microorganisms were isolated, the most common microorganisms were S. aureus (20%), P. aeruginosa (19%) and E. coli (12%). Methicillin resistance (MR) rate among Staphylococcus aureus isolates was 31%. Multidrug resistant bacteria were detected in 21% of P. aeruginosa isolates. ESBL (+) Gram negative bacteria (GNB) was detected in 38% of E. coli and Klebsiella isolates. Sixty three patients (8%) were re-hospitalized. Of the 791 patiens, 127 (16%) had major amputation, and 24 (3%) patients died. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors for fatality were; dialysis (OR: 8.3, CI: 1.82-38.15, p=0.006), isolation of Klebsiella spp. (OR:7.7, CI: 1.24-47.96, p=0.028), and chronic heart failure (OR: 3, CI: 1.01-9.04, p=0.05). MR Staphylococcus was detected in 21% of the rehospitalized patients, as the most common microorganism (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Among rehospitalized patients, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus infections was detected as the most common agent, and Klebsiella spp. infections were found to be significantly associated with fatality.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: analysis of 244 cases.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease (KFD) was first described in Japan in 1972. The disease frequently mimics tuberculous lymphadenitis, malign lymphoma, and many other benign and malignant conditions. To our knowledge, there is no previous study comparing the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients from different geographical parts of the world. We searched literature records beginning from 1991 and analyzed epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data of 244 patients (including cases diagnosed in our institution) reported in 181 publications. Of the 244 cases, 33% were male and 77% were female. Mean age was 25 (1-64) and 70% was younger than 30. Most of the cases were reported from Taiwan (36%), USA (6.6%), and Spain (6.3%). Fever (35%), fatigue (7%) and joint pain (7%) were the most frequent symptoms, while lymphadenomegaly (100%), erythematous rashes (10%), arthritis (5%), hepatosplenomegaly (3%), leucopenia (43%), high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (40%), and anemia (23%) being the most common findings. KFD was associated with SLE (32 cases), non-infectious inflammatory diseases (24 cases), and viral infections (17 cases). SLE was more frequent in cases from Asia than Europe (28 and 9%, respectively). The disease was self-limiting in 156 (64%) and corticosteroid treatment was necessary in 16 (16%) of the cases. The mortality rate was 2.1%. Early diagnosis is crucial as the clinical and laboratory presentation generally imitates situations needing lengthy and costly diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Additionally, association with SLE needs further investigation.

Prevalence, associated factors and impact on mortality of chronic kidney disease in nursing home residents: A single-center experience.

AIM: We carried out the present study to determine the prevalence, associated comorbidities and impact on mortality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in nursing home residents. METHODS: This was an 8-year prospective single-center, longitudinal cohort study consisting of 612 patients living in a nursing home from 2005-2013. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from a prediction equation, the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, based on the serum creatinine concentration, age, race, sex and body size. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the residents were collected. RESULTS: CKD, defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function, present for >3 months, with implications for health, was present in 197 (39.9%) residents. Specifically, 109 (21.5%) residents had an estimated GFR of 45-59 mL/min, and 64 (12.6%) had an estimated GFR of 30-44 mL/min. Multivariate logistic regression identified older age (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99), female sex (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.99-4.49) and hypertension (OR 1.55, 95%, CI 1.00-2.40) as the only independent predictors of CKD. After a follow up of 8 years, 208 (41.1%) of the 506 residents died. Of these residents, 104 (52.8%) had CKD and 104 (33.4%) did not have CKD. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that residents with CKD had a significantly higher mortality than those without CKD. CONCLUSION: CKD is prevalent in nursing home residents. A decline in renal function is associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Early recognition of CKD might improve drug dosage, renal management and outcomes in this particular group of patients.

A remarkable age-related increase in SIRT1 protein expression against oxidative stress in elderly: SIRT1 gene variants and longevity in human.

Aging is defined as the accumulation of progressive organ dysfunction. Controlling the rate of aging by clarifying the complex pathways has a significant clinical importance. Nowadays, sirtuins have become famous molecules for slowing aging and decreasing age-related disorders. In the present study, we analyzed the SIRT1 gene polymorphisms (rs7895833 A>G, rs7069102 C>G and rs2273773 C>T) and its relation with levels of SIRT1, eNOS, PON-1, cholesterol, TAS, TOS, and OSI to demonstrate the association between genetic variation in SIRT1 and phenotype at different ages in humans. We observed a significant increase in the SIRT1 level in older people and found a significant positive correlation between SIRT1 level and age in the overall studied population. The oldest people carrying AG genotypes for rs7895833 have the highest SIRT1 level suggesting an association between rs7895833 SNP and lifespan longevity. Older people have lower PON-1 levels than those of adults and children which may explain the high levels of SIRT1 protein as a compensatory mechanism for oxidative stress in the elderly. The eNOS protein level was significantly decreased in older people as compared to adults. There was no significant difference in the eNOS level between older people and children. The current study is the first to demonstrate age-related changes in SIRT1 levels in humans and it is important for a much better molecular understanding of the role of the longevity gene SIRT1 and its protein product in aging. It is also the first study presenting the association between SIRT1 expression in older people and rs7895833 in SIRT1 gene.

Therapeutical potential of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with type 2 diabetic critical limb ischemia.

AIM: The aim was to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in critical limb ischemia (CLI) of type 2 diabetic patients. METHOD: Forty diabetic patients with CLI were enrolled and randomized to treatment and control groups. In the treatment group, the patients received subcutaneous injections of recombinant human G-CSF (30 MU/day) for 5 days to mobilize stem cells. PBMNCs were collected and transplanted by multiple intramuscular injections of 1 ml in 1-1.5-cm depth into ischemic limbs. RESULTS: At the end of 12 weeks of follow-up, the baseline and end point results in transplant group were as follows: Fontaine score improved from 3.8±03 to 3±0.5 (P=.0001), ankle brachial pressure index increased from 0.68±0.24 to 0.87±024 (P=.001), transcutaneous oxygen increased from 33±14 mmHg to 44±10 mmHg (P=.0001), and 6-min walking distance improved from 280±82 m to 338±98 m (P=.0001). Pain score decreased from 8.2±1.3 to 5.63±1.6 (P=.001), and the number of patients with limb ulcers was reduced from 9/20 (45%) to 3/20 (15%) (P=.031). In the control group, Fontaine score, 6-min walking distance, and pain score were improved; ankle brachial pressure index and transcutaneous oxygen pressure were not improved. The number of patients with limb ulcers did not change in the control group. There are improvement in amputation rates, collateral vessel development, and number of limb ulcers healed. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the autologous transplantation of G-CSF that mobilized PBMNCs in CLI diabetic patients is safe and effective in patient compliant reduction and improved perfusion.

Increased iron and oxidative stress are separately related to cognitive decline in elderly.

AIM: The aim of this study is to examine the relation between body iron, oxidative stress and cognitive function in elderly. METHODS: Eighty-seven elderly residents from nursing homes were the subjects of our study. Cognitive status was screened by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Of the 87 eligible subjects, 46 patients who obtained 24 or fewer points on the MMSE scale were considered as subjects with cognitive dysfunction. The control group consisted of 41 subjects who obtained more than 24 points on the MMSE. Routine biochemical analyses, parameters of iron metabolism, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined in all subjects. RESULTS: There were statistically significant increases in serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin and MDA levels; whereas there was a statistically significant decrease in serum GSH-Px enzyme activity and serum sodium levels in subjects with cognitive dysfunction. A significant negative correlation was found between serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin and MMSE score. There was a negative correlation between MMSE score and serum MDA; however, a positive significant correlation was found between MMSE score and both GSH-Px enzyme activity and serum sodium. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence of increased markers of iron deposition and oxidative stress in patients with cognitive dysfunction. It seems likely that these markers negatively affect the MMSE score. Interestingly, we did not find any correlation between the markers of iron deposition and oxidative stress. Future studies will be required to demonstrate whether diminishing iron and oxidative stress will enhance MMSE score and thereby ameliorate cognitive impairment.

Albumin, hemoglobin, body mass index, cognitive and functional performance in elderly persons living in nursing homes.

The aim of this study is to produce the relation between cognitive and functional performance and some biochemical parameters in elderly population. So, we searched for the correlation between the activities of daily living (ADL), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and body weight, age, hemoglobin, albumin, serum sodium level of 180 elderly people in five nursing homes. Face-to-face interviews and questionnaires were applied to evaluate ADL. To evaluate the cognitive function we used the MMSE. The average age of 180 people contacted was 71.5+/-5.1 (+/-S.D.), ranging 65-91 years; 112 of them were women (62.2%), 68 were men (37.8%). Of these elderly people, 25% had no medically diagnosed illnesses, whereas 17 of them (9.4%) were bedridden. There was a positive correlation between ADL and hemoglobin, albumin, body weight, cognitive function parameters and a negative one with age and serum sodium. There was a positive correlation between cognitive functions and hemoglobin, body weight, ADL and a negative one with serum sodium. Hemoglobin concentrations indicating anemia were observed in 30% of subjects, 3.9% of them had hyponatremia and 26.7% displayed a hypernatremia. There was a positive correlation between cognitive and physical function scores and hemoglobin, albumin levels in elderly patients. These results suggest that restoration of hemoglobin and albumin levels could improve cognitive and physical functional status in the elderly population.

Relationship between anaemia and cognitive functions in elderly people.

BACKGROUND: The primary goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of anaemia on the cognitive functions and daily living activities in elderly people. METHODS: This sectional study was performed using 180 elderly people. Face-to-face interviews and questionnaires were conducted to evaluate daily activities. To evaluate cognitive functions we used the Folstein's Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: The mean age of the anaemic group and the nonanaemic group were 76.0+/-11.7 and 72.5+/-15.2 years, respectively. The average haemoglobin level among the anaemic population was 10.4 g/dL compared with 13.6 g/dL among the nonanaemic population; a statistically significant difference. There was more impairment in functional status (Katz ADL) (6.8+/-4.3 vs 9.3+/-3.7) and cognition (MMSE) (17.9+/-6.4 vs 21.7+/-6.7) in anaemic than nonanaemic groups, respectively. Albumin and body mass index were lower and the percentage of two or more comorbidities was higher in anaemic group compared to the nonanaemic group, which was a statistically significant variation. The anaemic group was more dependent in terms of bathing, dressing, toileting and transferring. CONCLUSION: In the elderly anaemic group, the dependency for daily activities that require physical effort was higher compared to the nonanaemic group. The MMSE score in the elderly anaemic group was lower than subjects who had normal haemoglobin levels. We conclude that anaemia may impair cognitive functions and some daily living activities in the elderly.

Risk assessment study of the pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients.

In this research, we studied the incidence of pressure ulcer and risk factors and screening of the patients for pressure ulcers at intensive care unit on the first day of admission in 142 patients. All patients were evaluated according to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel during the ICU period strictly. Pressure ulcer risk evaluation was performed according to Norton Scale. Nutritional state was evaluated according to nutritional risk screening 2002. Age, hospitalization period, mean arterial pressure, pressure ulcer degree, hemoglobin and albumin levels, body mass index, APACHE-II scores and comorbidities were evaluated. In the following parameters, first value represents PU (+) cases, and second value represents PU (-) cases. On the admittance: 14 (9.8%) patients had PU (prevalence). NRS-2002: 5.4+/-1.9 and 4.3+/-2.1 (p<0.05), Norton score: 8.4+/-4.7 and 13.9+/-4.6 (p<0.05), albumin 2.7+/-0.7 g/dl and 3.2+/-0.8 g/dl (p<0.05). MAP and hemoglobin levels were not different (p>0.05). Mean pressure ulcer degree was 2.15. On the discharge: first values represent new developed PU (+) patients and second values represent PU (-) cases. 25 (17.6%) patients had PU. Incidence was 7.8%. NRS-2002: 6.4 and 3.6 (p<0.05), Norton score: 7.1 and 14.4 (p<0.05), albumin 2.2 g/dl and 3.0 g/dl (p<0.05). MAP 55.15+/-24.10 mm Hg and 79.76+/-18.12 mm Hg (p<0.05), APACHE-II score 22.3+/-4.2 and 18.2+/-6.2 (p<0.05). Hospitalization period: 18.3+/-10.3 days and 6.6+/-4.3 days (p<0.05) respectively. BMI and hemoglobin levels were not different (p>0.05). Two or more co morbidity, neurophyschiatric disorders, infections and medications were more prevalent in PU (+) group (p<0.05). Results of this study show us the PU incidence of ICU patients may be low if we perform PU screening all patients at the admission and put into practice NPUAP strictly. Age, low Norton score, hospitalization period, high APACHE-II score, hypotension, malnutrition and hypoalbuminemia were significant in patients with PU; however, BMI and hemoglobin were not significant. The studies focusing on the relation between the effect of optimization of these parameters from the first day of admittance and pressure ulcer are required.

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion is a common consequence of neurologic and pulmonary infections as well as drug intake and many other clinical situations. This report describes SIADH that developed in an elderly woman with single dermatomal herpes varicella zoster ophthalmicus without evidence of varicella zoster encephalitis or dissemination. A 76-year-old woman was admitted to our department for evaluation of left facial pain, confusion and disorientation. Further investigation revealed hyponatremia 112 mEq/L, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality, normal renal function, normal adrenal and thyroid hormones, and high plasma vasopressin 40 pg/mL. These results indicate that the hyponatremia in this case was due to SIADH and that SIADH was caused by an increased release of vasopressin probably because of the antiviral drug (acyclovir) or infection of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in a single dermatome.