Numerical model study on stability of a micro-tidal inlet at Muttukadu along the east coast of Bay of Bengal.

The complexity of micro-tidal inlets arises from the combined action of littoral drift and tidal range on their stability. Consequently, understanding and evaluating their stability poses a significant challenge. This study aims to shed some insight on the assessment of inlet stability by employing Delft 3D model. The stability of the inlet between the ocean and estuary relies on the balance between the longshore transport rate and the spring tidal prism. Disrupting this equilibrium results in the closure of the inlets. The movement of sediments in the surf zone is primarily driven by longshore velocity, which acts as the driving force for littoral drift, which is estimated using Delft 3D wave model. The longshore transport rate is estimated by employing empirical relationships and numerical codes based on the obtained driving force. Subsequently, the stability of the inlet is assessed based on these estimations. The spring tidal prism refers to the discharge of water flowing into the ocean from inlets and estuaries. Flow velocity is determined using Delft 3D flow model. The input data for nearshore circulation resulting from waves and currents is primarily collected through field measurements and data collected from Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS). For the current study, Muttukadu (12°47'13″N, 80°15'01″E) inlet, Kovalam along the East Coast of the Indian Peninsula is investigated by assessing its seasonal variations. This study contributes to the management of marine biological ecology, the expansion of small-scale artisanal fishing, the promotion of water sports-related tourism, the advancement of fishing harbor development, and the execution of coastal engineering projects.

Plant biomass extracted eco-friendly natural surfactant enhanced bio-electrokinetic remediation of crude oil contaminated soil.

The current work investigates bioremediation (BIO) and electrokinetic (EK) remediation of crude oil hydrocarbons utilizing the biomass-electrokinetic (BIO-EK) approaches. The use of natural surfactants derived from plant biomass may improve remediation capacity by enhancing the solubility of organic pollutants. Sapindus mukorossi, a natural surfactant producer, was extracted from plant biomass in this study. The crude oil biodegradation efficiency was reported to be 98 %. In nature, FTIR confirms that plant biomass is lipopeptide. GCMS revealed that the crude oil (C7 - C23) was efficiently bio-degraded from lower to higher molecular weight. The application of natural surfactants in electokinetic remediation increased the plant biomass degradation of crude oil polluted soil by 98% compared to electrokinetic 55% in 2 days. Natural surfactant improves hydrocarbon solubilization and accelerates hydrocarbon electro migration to the anodic compartment, as confirmed by the presence of greater total organic content than the electrokinetic. This study proves that BIO-EK compared with a natural surfactant derived from plant biomass may be utilized to improve in situ bioremediation of crude oil polluted soils.

Comprehensive study on the differential extraction and comparison of bioactive health potential of the Broccoli (Brassica oleracea).

Introduction: Broccoli is a cruciferous vegetable that has been shown to have numerous potential therapeutic benefits because of its bioactive compounds. Methods: In this study, we compared the bioactive efficacy of cooked and uncooked (fresh) stems and florets of broccoli extracted with three different solvents: acetonitrile, methanol, and aqueous extracts. The extraction yield and antioxidant and antibacterial potential of different broccoli extracts were examined. Results: Fresh and boiled floret stem extracts increased the extraction yield. The extraction yields were higher for the methanol and acetonitrile extracts than for the aqueous extracts. The antioxidant efficacy of the different extracts was studied using ABTS, DPPH, and metal ion reduction assays. The acetonitrile and aqueous extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the methanolic extracts in different antioxidant assays. In addition, increased antioxidant activity was observed in fresh florets and boiled broccoli stems. TPC and TFC contents were higher in the methanolic extracts than in the aqueous extracts. Similar to antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory activities were found to be higher in the acetonitrile and aqueous extracts, particularly in boiled stems and fresh florets. Broccoli extracts have been shown to be active against Bacillus subtilis and moderately effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Acetonitrile and aqueous extraction of broccoli might be an ideal choice for extraction methods, which show increased extraction yield and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Utilization of phytomolecules from natural sources is a promising alternative approach to synthetic drug development.

Evaluation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)-derived anthraquinone on the induction of apoptosis and suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in breast cancer cells.

Introduction: Breast cancer results from tissue degradation caused by environmental and genetic factors that affect cells in the body. Matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-2 and MMP-9, are considered potential putative markers for tumor diagnosis in clinical validation due to their easy detection in body fluids. In addition, recent reports have suggested multiple roles for MMPs, rather than simply degeneration of the extracellular matrix, which comprises mobilizing growth factors and processing surface molecules. Methods: In this study, the chemotherapeutic effects of anthraquinone (AQ) extracted from edible mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. ex Fr.) cells was examined in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic potential and oxidative stress induced by purified anthraquinone were assessed in MCF-7 cells using MTT and ROS estimation assays. Gelatin Zymography, and DNA fragmentation assays were performed to examine MMP expression and apoptotic induction in the MCF-7 cells treated with AQ. The genes crucial for mutations were examined, and the mutated RNA knockout plausibility was analyzed using the CRISPR spcas9 genome editing software. Results: MCF-7 cells were attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by the administration of AQ purified from P. ostreatus compared with the standard anticancer drug paclitaxel. AQ supplementation decreased oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment in MCF-7 cells. Treatment with AQ and AQ with paclitaxel consistently decreased the expression of crucial marker genes such as MMP2 and MMP9. The mutated genes MMP2, MMP7, and MMP9 were assessed and observed to reveal four putative gene knockdown potentials for breast cancer treatment. Conclusions: The synergistic application of AQ and paclitaxel exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Extensive studies are imperative to better understand the action of bioactive mixes on the edible oyster fungus P. ostreatus. The gene knockout potential detected by CRISPR SpCas9 will aid in elite research into anticancer treatments.

Evaluation of stability of (1R,2 S)-(-)-2-methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol hydrochloride in plasma and urine samples-inoculated with Escherichia coli using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

The preservation of drug stability in biological evidence during the processes of collection and storage poses a substantial obstacle to the progress of forensic investigations. In conjunction with other constituents, the microorganisms present in the samples play a vital role in this investigation. The present investigation employed the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique to assess the stability of (1R,2 S)-(-)-2-methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol hydrochloride in plasma and urine samples that were inoculated with Escherichia coli. These samples were subjected to storage conditions of 37 °C for 48 h and - 20 °C for a duration of 6 months. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of MPPH against E. coli were determined using microdilution method. The stability of MPPH in plasma and urine samples inoculated with E. coli was investigated using HPLC method. The results showed the MIC and MBC of MPPH were 87.5 ± 25 ppm and 175 ± 50 ppm, respectively. While MPPH remained stable in plasma for 48 h at 37 °C, it showed a notable decrease of about 11% in stability when stored in urine for the same period and temperature. From the beginning of the first month, a decrease in the stability of the compound appeared in all samples that were stored at - 20 °C, and the decrease reached 7% for plasma samples and about 11% for urine samples. The decrease in the stability reached its peak in the sixth month, reaching more than 30% and 70% of plasma and urine samples preserved at - 20 °C. This work concluded that E. coli can negatively affect the stability of MPPH in plasma and urine samples. This may lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the analysis of biological samples in criminal cases.

Iron-tannic acid nano-coating: A promising treatment approach for enhancing Lactococcus lactis antibiotic resistance.

The objective of this study was to explore a novel methodology for the synthesis of nanocoated probiotics following their collection and cultivation under optimized conditions, in light of their significant contribution to human health. Probiotics are instrumental in sustaining immune health by modulating the gastrointestinal microbiota and facilitating digestion. However, the equilibrium they maintain can be adversely affected by antibiotic treatments. It is critical to investigate the vulnerability of probiotics to antibiotics, considering the potential implications. This research aimed to assess whether nanoparticle coating could augment the probiotics' resistance to antibiotic influence. A strain of Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) was isolated, cultured, and comprehensively characterized utilizing state-of-the-art methodologies, including the VITEK® 2 compact system, VITEK® MS, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The nanoparticle coating was performed using iron (III) chloride hexahydrate and tannic acid, followed by an evaluation of the probiotics' resistance to a range of antibiotics. The analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated a partial nanoparticle coating of the probiotics, which was further supported by UV/Vis spectroscopy findings, suggesting enhanced resistance to standard antibiotics. The results revealed that this strain possesses a unique protein profile and is genetically similar to strains identified in various other countries. Moreover, nano-encapsulation notably increased the strain's resistance to a spectrum of standard antibiotics, including Benzylpenicillin, Teicoplanin, Oxacillin, Vancomycin, Tetracycline, Rifampicin, Erythromycin, and Clindamycin. These findings imply that nanoparticle-coated probiotics may effectively counteract the detrimental effects of extended antibiotic therapy, thus preserving their viability and beneficial influence on gastrointestinal health.

Morphological modification of silver nanoparticles against multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria and cytotoxicity effect in A549 lung cancer cells through in vitro approaches.

In the present study, the individual cultures of Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) were treated with morphologically modified silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and were found to display zones of inhibition of ~ 8 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, and 22 mm (P. mirabilis) and 6 mm, 14 mm, 20 mm, and 24 mm (K. pneumoniae) at concentrations of 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/mL, 75 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, turbidity tests were performed based on O. D. values, which exhibited 92% and 90% growth inhibitions at 100 µg/mL concentration for P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Furthermore, the IC50 concentration of Ag NPs was established for A549 lung cancer cells and found to be at 500 µg/mL. Evidently, the morphological variation of Ag NPs treated A549 lung cancer cells was exhibited with differential morphology studied by phase-contrast microscopy. The results demonstrated that the synthesized Ag NPs was not only efficient against gram-positive bacteria but also against gram-negative bacteria and A549 cancer cells, suggesting that the potential of these biosynthesized Ag NPs is a future drug discovery source for inhibiting bacteria and cancer cells.

Facile Synthesis of Benzimidazoles via Oxidative Cyclization of Acyclic Monoterpene Aldehyde with Diamines: Studies on Antimicrobial and in Vivo Evaluation of Zebrafish.

Citral (1a), a bioactive component of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) could be isolated and semi-synthetic analogs synthesized with improved therapeutic properties. Herein we first report describes citral (1a) as a primary material for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives between various o-phenylenediamines (2a-l) in the presence of Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as a commercially available environmentally benign base, ethanol as a green solvent and the yield of all benzimidazole derivatives (3a-l) was between 68-76 %; The semi-synthetically prepared benzimidazole derivatives (3a-l) were assessed for their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. The benzimidazole compounds (3a-b, and 3g-j) exhibit good anti-microbial activity. In addition, in silico study was carried out to determine the specific binding affinity of the diamine halogen substituted benzimidazole derivatives to the specific target proteins. In silico analysis revealed a high correlation between docking results and experimental results. Finally, benzimidazole demonstrated significant antibacterial and antifungal activity. Zebrafish embryos were subjected to In vivo toxicological test found that all of the benzimidazole compounds (3a-l) were non-toxic and had low embryotoxicity after 96 h, with an LC50 of 36.425 µg, which could facilitate the design of novel antimicrobial agents using a cost-effective method.

Impact of THIONIL® on reducing water and soil micro-pollutant and enhancement of growth, survival, anti-vibrio, immunity and health indices of Litopenaeus vannamei in pond trial.

There is an urgent requirement for the improvement of the white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei; health-related indices; and immunity due to emerging diseases. Recently, probiotics have been playing an important role in L. vannamei health management. Therefore, the current pond trial was to evaluate the probiotic proficiency of commercial probiotic products of THIONIL (THIO) on the enhancement of the water, soil, growth, digestibility, survival, immune-related indices, and susceptibility of L. vannamei to infection. The study was carried out in the major shrimp culturing regions of Kavali, Nellore (Andhra Pradesh), and Ponneri (Tamil Nadu), India. Six groups (lacks/ha) of the experimental L. vannamei were allocated, including a control group (THIO 0%-untreated) and groups containing 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of THIO that were encapsulated with commercial feed (CP Aqua). Bioassays were performed on PLs/ shrimp at various days interval of 0, 5, 25, 50, 100, and 123th to assess productivity, anti-vibrio activity, and digestive enzyme for digestibility, histological and immunological indices, and cytotoxicity in Artemia nauplii. Significant differences were observed in the increased growth (35.71 ± 3.24 g/shrimp) and digestive parameters in 10% THIO-fed shrimp. Although in contrast to the control group, the other THIO-fed prawn groups also displayed appreciable development. The findings showed that, in comparison to the control, the gill, hepatopancreas, and stomach had reduced tissue damage with 10% THIO. Furthermore, Vibrio parahaemolyticus (0.008 × 104 cfu/g) and Vibrio harveyi (0.051 × 105 cfu/g) (vibriosis) were potentially resistant to the 10% THIO-fed group. In addition, THIO-fed prawns (10%) showed significant improvements in immune-related expresses (proPO, SOD, and SOA) in comparison to the control. In conclusion, the findings showed that the THIO treatment prawns significantly improved the quality of their water (pH, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and DO) and soil (Pb, Cr, Hg, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Ni), increased and demonstrated protection against vibrio infections.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Senna alexandrina grown in Saudi Arabia and their bioactivity against multidrug-resistant pathogens and cancer cells.

There is no doubt that the risk of drug-resistant pathogens and cancer diseases is on the rise. So, the goal of this study was to find out how effective silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) made by Senna alexandrina are at fighting these threats. In this work, S. alexandrina collected from Medina, Saudi Arabia was used and the biosynthesis method was applied to produce the Ag-NPs. The characterization of Ag-NPs was done using different analytical techniques, including UV spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, and XRD analysis. The MIC, MBC, and MTT protocols were applied to confirm the bioactivity of the Ag-NPs as antibacterial and anticancer bioagents. The findings reported indicating that the aqueous extract of S. alexandrina leaves, grown naturally in Saudi Arabia, is ideal for the production of bioactive Ag-NPs. The hydroxyl, aliphatic, alkene, N-H bend of primary amines, C-H bonds, and C-O bonds of alcohol were detected in this product. The small, sphere-shaped particles (4-7 nm) were the most prevalent among the bioactive Ag-NPs produced in this work. These nanoparticles inhibited some important multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDRPs) (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii/haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)), as well as their ability to inhibit breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). The MIC of Ag-NPs ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 mg/mL, while their MBC ranged from 0.06 to 2.5 mg/mL. Anticancer activity test showed that IC50 of the Ag-NPs against tested breast cancer cells was 61.9 ± 3.8 µg/mL. According to the current results, biosynthesis using S. alexandrina leaves grown naturally in Saudi Arabia was an ideal technique for producing bioactive Ag-NPs that could be used to combat a variety of MDRPs and cancer diseases.

ß-1,3-Glucan binding protein-based silver nanoparticles enhance the wound healing potential and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophilla.

Here we attempted to synthesize ß-1,3-glucan binding protein-based silver nanoparticles (Phß-GBP-AgNPs) and evaluate its wound healing and disease resistance prompting ability in Oreochromis mossambicus. Using a column chromatography technique, an immune molecule, Phß-GBP was purified from the haemolymph of rice field crab, Paratelphusa hydrodromus. Phß-GBP-AgNPs were synthesized and described through SDS-PAGE, UV-vis spectroscopy, HR-TEM, XRD and FTIR analysis. HR-TEM revealed that the synthesized Phß-GBP-AgNPs were spherical with a 20-40 nm size range and the particles were not aggregated. Wound and infection were experimentally generated in O. mossambicus and treated with Phß-GBP, chem-AgNPs and Phß-GBP-AgNPs for 20 days. The immune parameters (peroxidase, lysozyme and protease) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) were examined in the serum of experimental fish. Phß-GBP-AgNPs elevated the immune and antioxidant enzymes during the healing process and enhanced the wound healing percentage in fish than Phß-GBP and chem-AgNPs. The immune parameters and antioxidant enzymes were declined in the serum of fish (treated with Phß-GBP-AgNPs) after the mid-period of wound healing. Compared to others, relative percentage survival was increased in experimentally wounded and infected fish treated with Phß-GBP-AgNPs against Aeromonas hydrophila. Moreover, Phß-GBP-AgNPs exhibited less toxicity towards Artemia salina than chem-AgNPs during 24 h exposure period. As a result, Phß-GBP-AgNPs may act as an alternative to commercial antibiotics and be considered an effective immunostimulant in treating skin lesions in intensive farming.

Molecular interaction analysis of ß-1, 3 glucan binding protein with Bacillus licheniformis and evaluation of its immunostimulant property in Oreochromis mossambicus.

Analyzing the health benefits of any two immunostimulants (synbiotics) in combined form and information on their interactions gain more visibility in the usage of synbiotics in aquafarms. With this intention, the current work explores the immunostimulant effect and structural interaction of synbiotic (ß-1, 3 glucan binding protein from marine crab, Portunus pelagicus (Ppß-GBP) and Bacillus licheniformis) on Oreochromis mossambicus. The experimental diet was prepared with Ppß-GBP and B. licheniformis, and nourished to the fingerlings of O. mossambicus for 30 days. After the experimental trial, a higher growth rate and immune reactions (lysozyme, protease, myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activity) were noticed in the fish nourished with synbiotic (B. licheniformis and Ppß-GBP) enriched diet. Moreover, the synbiotic enriched diet elevated the antioxidant responses like glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activity in the experimental diet-nurtured fish. At the end of the feed trial, synbiotic diet nourished fish shows an increased survival rate during Aeromonas hydrophila infection, reflecting the disease resistance potential of experimental fish. Also, the interaction between Ppß-GBP and Bacillus licheniformis was analyzed through computational approaches. The results evidenced that, Ppß-GBP interacts with the B. licheniformis through sugar-based ligand, ß-glucan through a hydrogen bond with a good docking score. Thus, the synbiotic diet would be an effective immunostimulant to strengthen the fish immune system for better productivity.

Biosorption and adsorption isotherm of chromium (VI) ions in aqueous solution using soil bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

This study looked at the development of effective biosorbents to recover the most toxic elements from industrial water. B. amyloliquefaciens was isolated from marine soils showing extreme resistance to Chromium (Cr(VI)) ions. During the 60 min of contact time, 79.90% Cr(VI) was adsorbed from the aqueous solution. The impact of important factors such as biomass concentration, pH of the medium, and initial metal ions concentration on biosorption rate was also examined. The desorption study indicated that 1 M HCl (91.24%) was superior to 0.5 M HCl (74.81%), 1 M NaOH (64.96%), and distilled water (3.66%). Based on the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of the bio-absorbent was determined to be 48.44 mg/g. The absorption mechanism was identified as monolayer, and 1/n from the Freundlich model falls within 1, thus indicating favorable adsorption. Based on the findings of the present study, the soil bacterium B. amyloliquefaciens was found to be the best alternative and could be used to develop strategies for managing existing environmental pollution through biosorption.

Effective removal of heavy metals in industrial wastewater with novel bioactive catalyst enabling hybrid approach.

Recent years, heavy metal reduction of contaminated atmosphere using microbes is heightened worldwide. In this context, the current study was focused on heavy metal resistant actinomycete strains were screened from effluent mixed contaminated soil samples. Based on the phenotypic and molecular identification, the high metal resistant actinomycete strain was named as Nocardiopsis dassonvillei (MH900216). The highest bioflocculent and exopolysaccharide productions of Nocardiopsis dassonvillei (MH900216) was confirmed by various invitro experiments result. The heavy metal degrading substances was characterized and effectively confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Further, the heavy metal sorption ability of actinomycete substances bioflocculent was exhibited 85.20%, 89.40%, 75.60%, and 51.40% against Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg respectively. Altogether, the bioflocculent produced actinomycete Nocardiopsis dassonvillei (MH900216) as an excellent biological source for heavy metal reduction in waste water, and it is an alternative method for effective removal of heavy metals towards sustainable environmental management.

Fabrication of graphene oxide-p-phenylenediamine nanocomposites as fluorescent chemosensors for detection of metal ions.

In this work, graphene oxide-p-Phenylenediamine nanocomposites of two different ratios of Graphene oxide: p-Phenylenediamine (1:1 and 1:5) were prepared and characterized by using analytical, spectroscopic and microscopic studies (GO-pPD 11 and GO-pPD 15). These nanocomposites were employed as fluorescent chemosensors for sensing potential cations. Remarkably, graphene oxide-p-Phenylenediamine nanocomposites of ratio 1:1 (GO-pPD 15) was selective and sensitive to Ag+ ions, whereas the graphene oxide-p-Phenylenediamine nanocomposites of ratio 1:5 (GO-pPD 15) was selective to Ce3+ions. A possible mechanism as switch "off-on" is proposed built on the inhibition of the photo induced electron transfer process in both the fluorescent probes in detecting the metal ions. In addition, interference studies were performed with the help of competitive complexation analysis and no significant interference were found by other potentially competing cations. The pH studies revealed that both the chemosensors can be used at the physiological pH for the ion detection and also the detection time was within 2-3 min. Both the chemosensors show good reversibility and hence the sensors can be used for multiple times. The newer nanocomposites were then utilized in the real water sample analysis as to check its real level application purpose.

Laccase producing bacteria influenced the high decolorization of textile azo dyes with advanced study.

Recent year, bacterial laccases are increasing interest in the field of industry and environmental applications especially decolorization of azo dyes. In industry, the dyes are present in stable nature including chemicals and lights. Due to these defects, the novel approaches are needed to removal of dyes before discharging into the environment. Among the various technologies, biological treatment methods and their strategies are very important, because of the decolorization and detoxification. Consecutively, biological mediated dyes removal are emerged with high potential especially microbes. Microbial laccases creates up new opportunities for their commercial applications. In this study, laccases were produced from Bacillus cereus (B. Cereus) and Pseudomonas parafulva (P. parafulva) by sub merged fermentation. For immobilization, the produced laccases were subjected to purify using 80% saturated ammonium sulphate and followed by dialysis. Then, crude laccases were immobilized through copper-alginate entrapment method. The maximum immobilized enzyme activity of the immobilized laccases were shown pH 8 at 50 °C and pH 7 at 40 °C for B. Cereus and P. parafulva respectively. In contrast, the normal enzyme activity was pH 10 at 40 °C and pH 8 at 40 °C were indicated for Bacillus cereus and P. parafulva respectively. Next, the free and immobilized laccases were performed the decolorization of three azo dyes T-blue, yellow GR and orange 3R, and exhibited that the 91.69 and 89.21% of Orange 3R were completely decolorized by both the B. Cereus and P. parafulva laccases when compared with free laccases enzymes. The confirmation of decolorization was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy, which clearly confirm the changes of peaks when compared with normal laccases. Finally, we have concluded that the B. Cereus and P. parafulva laccases are very important in azo dye decolorization and these used in future biological treatment of dyeing effluents.

Enlightening the characteristics of bioflocculant of endophytic actinomycetes from marine algae and its biosorption of heavy metal removal.

The removal of toxic heavy metal ions from contaminated environments is a great challenge and requires an alternative rapid, efficient, economical bioremediation approach. Henceforth, bioflocculant producing endophytic actinobacterial sp. was isolated from heavy metal contaminated marine environments for heavy metal biosorption process. After molecular characterization, the isolated actinomycete starin was Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 3 (KT235642). It was indicated that the maximum flocculating activity of 80.90% with glucose, and yield is 4.52 g L1. The optimum flocculating activity was reached at pH 7 in the presence of CaCl2 ions. Further, the bioflocculent produced Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 3 (KT235642) was characterized by fourier transform infrared analysis spectra (FTIR) and displayed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino groups and characteristic of more polysaccharide and protein. The heavy metal sorption by bioflocculant Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 3 (KT235642) was effectively removed 55.90% Cd, 85.90% Cr, 74.7% Pb, and 51.90% Hg. Therefore, this study was proved that the bioflocculant derived from endophytic actinobacteria, Nocardiopsis sp. GRG 3 (KT235642) as a effective alternative method for decreasing the heavy metals towards sustainable environmental management.

Adsorption of nickel ions from electroplating effluent by graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide.

Heavy metal pollution in the water bodies causes a serious threat to all living beings. Extended exposure of heavy metals such as nickel (Ni) ions causes cancer. Henceforth, the current study investigated the removal of Ni ions from the electroplating effluent using nanocomposites namely, Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) in the presence of various factors such as contact time, pH, agitation speed and sorbent dosage. Further, it was determined the rate kinetic model and adsorption equilibrium isotherms. The study also focused on comparing the removal efficiency of two nanocomposites. The maximum sorption efficiency were found to be 90.8% and 84.4% at optimized pH (8), contact time (180-1440 m), RPM (250-300) and adsorbent dosage (0.2 mg/L) for GO and rGO respectively. Furthermore, toxicity of treated and untreated effluent were tested against Phosphobacter and Azospirillium using GO and rGO and found that the treated effluent was non-toxic. The contribution of this study to agriculture in using recycled effluent for crop cultivation was being verified by seed germination of Lablab purpureus seeds watered with treated and untreated effluent. Finally we concluded that the results of treated water can be used for cultivation as there was healthy growth of plants.

Antibiofilm and anticancer potential of ß-glucan-binding protein-encrusted zinc oxide nanoparticles.

ß-Glucan-binding protein (ßGBP) is important for the rational expansion of molecular biology. Here, zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) was synthesized using ßGBP from the crab Scylla serrata (Ss-ßGBP-ZnONP). Ss-ßGBP-ZnONP was observed as a 100 kDa band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel and characterized with UV-vis spectroscopy at 350 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis displayed values consistent with those for zincite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups, including amide, alcohol, alkane, alkyl halide, and alkene groups. The zeta potential (-5.36 mV) of these particles indicated their stability, and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of 50 nm nanocones. Ss-ßGBP-ZnONPs were tested at 100 µg/mL against the gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis and gram-negative Pseudomanas aeruginosa using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the bacterial viability assay was also performed. The growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells was inhibited following treatment with 75 µg/mL Ss-ßGBP-ZnONPs. Thus, Ss-ßGBP-ZnONPs have the ability to control the growth of pathogenic bacteria and inhibit the viability of MCF7 breast cancer cell lines.

Isolation of ß-glucan from Eleusine coracana and its antibiofilm, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and biocompatible activities.

Eleusine coracana (Finger millet) has high nutritional value with numerous health benefits and is of low cost. Isolation of beta-glucan (ßG) from E. coracana (Ec-ßG) has gained increasing research attention. UV-vis spectroscopy used to measure the surface plasmon resonance at 361 nm to confirm the presence of polysaccharides (glucan molecules) in Ec-ßG. X-ray diffraction analysis of Ec-ßG displayed a crystalline nature and confirmed the presence of the ßG molecule. Further, the bioactive compounds of Ec-ßG were screened using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of Ec-ßG against both Gram-positive (Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei) bacteria were assessed through minimum inhibitory concentrations <70 µg/ml of Ec-ßG. In addition, the antibiofilm activity and bacterial viability of Ec-ßG at 100 µg/ml was confirmed by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, Ec-ßG inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase at an IC50 -value of 1.23 and 1.42 µg/ml, respectively. Superoxide anion scavenging activity at IC50-1.4 µg/ml and DPPH radical scavenging activity at IC50-1.2 µg/ml showed that Ec-ßG had potential antioxidant property. The in vitro hemolysis assay for biocompatibility of Ec-ßG at 200 µg/ml showed 0.06 ± 0.09%. Therefore, Ec-ßG has the potential to act as a suggestive agent for antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activity.