T-cell recruitment from the thymus to the spleen in tumor-bearing mice. II. Functional characteristics of recruited T-cells.

The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on characteristics of splenic T-cells in tumor-bearing mice (TBM) was studied from the viewpoint of PGE2-mediated cell-recruitment system from the thymus to the spleen. The splenic T-cells of TBM enhanced tumor growth. In the TBM, the total number of thymocytes decreased, and the number of splenic T-cells concurrently increased. In adult thymectomized tumor bearers, these tumor growth-enhancing T-cells were absent in the spleen, and the number of splenic T-cells remained unchanged. Such suppressor T-cells in the spleens of TBM may relate to recruitment of immature T-cells from the thymus. The levels of PGE2 in the plasma were depressed in the TBM. Replenishment by exogenous PGE2 prevented both an increase in splenic T-cell population and an augmented generation of T-cells that had an enhancing effect on tumor growth. Our findings show that a low level of PGE2 induced the T-cell recruitment from the thymus to the spleen and that such recruited cells led to an acceleration of tumor growth.

In vivo differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. 1. Serum factor in immunized athymic (nu/nu) mice could differentiate CTL precursor.

Mature cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were hardly detected by 51Cr-release assay in the spleen of C3H/He mice after an intravenous injection of spleen cells of C57BL/6 (B6) mice. B6-specific CTL generation was augmented by transfer of sera obtained from C3H/He mice inoculated subcutaneously with EL-4 cells of B6 origin, P815 cells of DBA/2 origin or MH134 cells of C3H/HeN origin or these injected intraperitoneally with sheep or chicken erythrocytes. Such a factor can be produced also by athymic (nu/nu) mice. Such an augmentation of cytotoxicity was detected also in the regional lymph nodes after subcutaneous injection of allogeneic spleen cells. This factor may be different from augmenting factors reported already.

Inferior temporal sulcus as a site of corticotomy: magnetic resonance imaging analysis of individual sulcus patterns.

OBJECTIVE: Transcortical approaches to the inferior horn often result in quadrant hemianopsia attributable to the injury to the optic radiation. The inferior temporal sulcus (ITS) has received little attention as an entrance point for the transsulcal approach. We used the method of detecting the ITS with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and investigated the sulcus pattern of ITS, its incidence rate, and the availability of the ITS to the corticotomy for selective amygdalohippocampectomy. METHODS: The sulcus patterns of the ITS of 100 temporal lobes in 50 healthy individuals were classified according to the number of interruptions by gyral bridges, and the localization of the ITS was characterized in relation to the outer surface by means of the surface anatomy scan of MRI. RESULTS: Most of the ITS was interrupted by one to three gyral bridges (0 bridges, 8%; one bridge, 27%: two bridges, 37%; three bridges, 20%; more than four bridges or no apparent ITS, 8%). When the ITS was present, it was located 15 mm above the orbitotragus line at a point 20 mm anterior to the tragus. The number of gyral bridges was significantly larger in the left temporal lobes than in the right temporal lobes, regardless of the sex of the subject. CONCLUSION: The ITS was clearly identified in 72% of the temporal lobes by the oblique sagittal view of MRI scans; thus, in such cases, the ITS was considered to be a candidate for an entrance point of a small temporal corticotomy. The preoperative observation of the ITS in relation to the orbitotragus line by means of MRI may improve the planning of the transsulcal approaches to deeply seated mesial temporal lesions, such as hippocampal sclerosis.

Aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery: report of eleven cases--surgical approaches and procedures.

Eleven cases of an aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery are reported. All 11 aneurysms were saccular, and 3 were either giant or large. The aneurysms arose from the P1 segment in three patients, the P1-P2 junction in three patients, the P2 segment in three patients, and from the P3 segment in two patients. In all, 10 patients underwent surgery. All P1 and P1-P2 junction aneurysms were treated with the pterional approach. Three P2 and two P3 aneurysms were managed by the subtemporal approach. Two small aneurysms in the series were treated by coating the aneurysmal dome, two by clipping the afferent artery, and all other saccular type aneurysms were treated by clipping the aneurysmal neck. Seven patients had either an excellent or good outcome; two had poor results; and one patient died. The operative approaches and procedures are also discussed in relation to the anatomy of posterior cerebral artery aneurysms.

The enhanced antitumor-activity of DNA topoisomerase ii-trapping drugs by natural human tumor-necrosis-factor against human glioma cell-lines in-vitro.

We investigated the antitumor activity of human natural tumor necrosis factor (n-TNF) either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs on human glioma cell lines in vitro. Although the cytotoxic effect of n-TNF alone did not exceed 30%, n-TNF, in combination with topoisomerase II-trapping drugs, such as actinomycin D (ACD) and daunomycin (DAM), demonstrated a striking synergistic enhancement of the cytotoxicity, and reached a level of more than 80%, against all the tested cell lines. Thus this new combination therapy is considered to be a promising candidate in developing a new treatment approach to glioma patients.

Spinal epidural vascular malformation presenting in association with a spontaneously resolved acute epidural hematoma. Case report.

A 16-year-old boy developed acute neck pain and severe quadriparesis after mild rotatory movement of his neck. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cervical epidural hematoma that resolved spontaneously within a few days. Vertebral angiography demonstrated a small vascular malformation in the upper cervical epidural space. The vascular mass on the dural surface was totally resected and confirmed to be an arteriovenous malformation. This case represents the importance of including routine angiography in designing therapeutic strategy for cases of spinal epidural hematoma with spontaneous resolution.

Posteroventral pallidotomy for midbrain tremor after a pontine hemorrhage. Case report.

This 49-year-old man gradually developed a disabling action tremor in the proximal right upper extremity 8 months after suffering a pontine tegmental hemorrhage. The intraoperative microrecording in the nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM) of the left thalamus revealed tremor-synchronous grouped discharges with a vigorous (2.7 Hz) action tremor predominantly in the shoulder and upper arm. High frequency electrical stimulation in the VIM did not affect the tremor. A posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) was performed and resulted in the successful alleviation of all tremor activity. Posteroventral pallidotomy is known to alleviate parkinsonian tremors, especially those occurring in the contralateral lower extremity, trunk, and proximal segment of the contralateral upper extremity. The authors consider the pallidoreticular pathway to be an important tremor-mediating pathway for the proximal segment of the upper extremities and believe it can be controlled more effectively by PVP than by VIM thalamotomy, as demonstrated by the PVP-induced resolution of the midbrain tremor observed in this case.

Meningiomas and hemorrhagic diathesis.

The physical act of operating on 13 patients with meningiomas was studied for its effect on the fibrinolytic system. Fibrinolytic abnormalities, mainly due to an increase of plasma fibrinolytic activity, appeared in three patients prior to, during, or after surgery. These patients demonstrated hemorrhagic diathesis in the operative wounds which was associated with a consumptive coagulopathy, namely, an increase of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product concentration and a decrease of fibrinogen concentration in plasma. Antiplasmin agents (gabexate and tranexamic acid) were effective in minimizing loss of blood during and after the operation. Abnormal hyperfibrinolysis seems to play a role in hemostatic difficulties in patients undergoing surgery for meningioma.

Magnetic resonance appearance of multiple intracranial epidermoid cysts: intrathecal seeding of the cysts? Case report.

A 44-year-old man presented to the hospital with multiple intracranial epidermoid cysts. The clinical manifestations of his disease included chronic headaches and one seizurelike episode. Findings determined by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, surgery, and histological analysis indicated intrathecal and intraventricular seeding of the cysts. Spontaneous (nontraumatic) seeding of multiple daughter cysts from intracranial epidermoid cysts is still very rare and their multiple appearances on MR imaging should be distinguished from the simple scattering of oily contents due to cyst rupture.

Primary choroid plexus carcinoma producing carbohydrate antigen 19-9.

An autopsy case of primary choroid plexus adenocarcinoma arising in a 40-year-old female, who was associated with a high serum level of a carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), is herein presented. After a subtotal removal of a tumor in the left lateral ventricle, the serum level of CA19-9 decreased rapidly, and immunohistochemical examinations of tumor tissue specimens obtained at surgery revealed intense reactivity for CA19-9. The present case may be the first example in which a primary choroid plexus carcinoma was shown to produce CA19-9.

Intramedullary ganglioglioma of spinal cord--case report.

Gangliogliomas occur least commonly in the spinal cord. A case of ganglioglioma of C8-Th1 spinal cord in a 24-year-old male is reported. Magnetic resonance imagings are an important element of diagnosis and treatment.

Effects of human recombinant interferon-gamma on immunological parameters in brain tumor patients--report of two cases.

Two patients with brain tumors were treated with human recombinant interferon-gamma (ReIFN-gamma) in a clinical phase II study, and its effects on their white blood cell counts, T cell subsets, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and tuberculin skin reactions were investigated. Leukopenia developed shortly after the start of therapy and persisted until its discontinuation, after which the white blood cell counts recovered. T cell subsets were dramatically altered, with an increase in OKT4+ cells and a decrease in OKT8+ cells, within 4 hours after the administration of ReIFN-gamma. NK cell activity was suppressed at 4 hours after administration but was slightly enhanced at 12 hours after administration. The tuberculin skin reaction was also enhanced during the therapy. ReIFN-gamma may be effective in augmenting host defenses against brain tumor.

[A case of MELAS presenting complex partial status epilepticus].

We reported a 37-year-old man who presented complex partial status epilepticus as the initial symptom of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). He showed fluctuating consciousness disturbance, left homonymous hemianopsia, and paroxysmal conjugated eye deviation to the left. The lactic acid level was elevated in blood and CSF, and ragged-red fibers were observed in the biopsied muscle. MRI demonstrated T2-prolonged lesions in the right occipito-parieto-temporal lobes. Since a mutation of mitochondrial DNA (A3243G) was identified, he was diagnosed as having MELAS. On an ictal record, high amplitude, rhythmic sharp waves were observed at right parieto-temporo-occipital region. High amplitude slow waves were also observed on the right hemisphere, especially in the right frontal lobe. These ictal discharges gradually decreased at their amplitude and in frequency, and then ictal EEG turned to the interictal EEG. During an ictal period, conjugated eye deviation to the left side and consciousness loss were observed. These seizures were observed once every several minutes. During the interictal period, sharp waves and sharp-wave complexes were observed frequently at right parietal and posterior temporal lobes. The venous injection of diazepam (10 mg) normalized EEG quickly. When consciousness loss, especially fluctuating, was observed in the patients of MELAS, complex partial status epilepticus should be considered.

[A penetrating cranio-facial injury due to a nail-gun accident].

We report a case of a penetrating cranio-facial injury due to a nail-gun accident. An 18-year-old worker was admitted to our hospital as an emergency patient. He was working using a nail-gun when a nail ricocheted off a wall and pierced the right side of his face. Skull X-rays and a CT scan showed that a 9 cm nail had pierced his right frontal lobe through the right maxillary bone via the orbital space. The patient was alert without any neurologically abnormal findings. A small stab wound was recognized on his face. The nail was removed six hours after the injury through a sublabial approach and a fronto-temporal craniotomy. The nail was very tightly fixed in the maxillary bone and skull base bones, and a screw driver normally used in orthopedic surgery proved to be very useful for removing the nail. The patient returned home 14 days later without any neurological deficits. The technical problems associated with such a nail-gun injury in the face and skull are also discussed.

Germ cell tumor in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial region: clinical features and treatment.

Twenty-one patients with germ cell tumors (17 germinomas and 4 teratomas) involving the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial (HN) region were reviewed retrospectively. Eleven patients were males and 10 females, and their ages ranged from 7 to 45 years (average 18.5 years). Diabetes insipidus was the initial and the most prominent symptom in most germinomas; in teratomas the most prominent symptom was visual disturbance. Fifteen patients with germinomas were treated by radiotherapy, and 4 with teratomas were treated by surgical resection alone. Two recent germinoma patients with extensive CSF dissemination were treated with systemic chemotherapy consisting of anticancer platinum drugs and etoposide, which resulted in a complete disappearance of the tumors. Patients with germinoma treated after the introduction of CT scanning had a greatly improved mortality rate, and their actual survival rate was 87.5% over 10 years. On the basis of this review, the authors consider that diagnosis at an early stage of the disease and chemotherapy, which can be an effective therapeutic alternative to radiation therapy, may improve not only the mortality rate but also the quality of life of patients with HN germ cell tumors.

T cell recruitment from the thymus to the spleen in tumor-bearing mice. I. Analysis of recruited cells by surface markers.

After inoculation of tumor cells (methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma), the number of Thy 1+ cells and PNA (peanut agglutinin) binding cells, which were shown to be different subpopulations were increased in the spleen of thymus-intact mice, in contrast this increase was not observed in adult thymectomized mice. In experiments performed concurrently with splenic cell analysis, we found that the plasma PGE2 levels declined in parallel with the tumor growth. Prevention of such a decline of plasma PGE2 level by replenishment with exogenous PGE2 inhibited the splenic cell increase in tumor bearers. In the tumor-bearing mice, cell traffic systems from the thymus to the periphery was ascertained by injecting fluorescein diacetate (FDA) into the thymus and observing fluorescein positive cells in the periphery. We suggest that increased recruitment of thymic cells to the periphery may be mediated by PGE2 in the presence of a tumor.

Tremor induced by toluene misuse successfully treated by a Vim thalamotomy.

A 22 year old man developed a vigorous tremor of 5 Hz in his right hand, after a 7 year history of toluene misuse. T2 Weighted MRI depicted marked decreases in the signal intensity of the basal ganglia, red nucleus, and thalamus on both sides. The stereotactic coagulation of the left nucleus ventrointermedius (Vim) of the thalamus abolished the tremors in his right hand. This patient clearly exhibited the pathological involvement of rubral lesions in generation of a toluene induced tremor on MRI. Toluene induced tremor is an irreversible symptom which persists even after stopping toluene misuse, therefore in medically intractable cases, it should be positively treated by a Vim thalamotomy.

Surgical control of akinesia in Parkinson's disease.

Posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) was carried out in 86 patients with Parkinson's disease, who presented marked bradykinesia, freezing of gait and postural defect associated with rigidity and tremor in 82 patients (bradykinesia type), and similar gait and postural problems with minimum signs of rigidity and tremor in 4 (pure akinesia type). The stereotactic coordinates of Leksell's device were calculated from MRI and conventional ventriculography. The final target was defined by microelectrode techniques in the basal ganglia. The microrecording study revealed a very high background activity in the internal pallidum in patients of the bradykinetic type, however, a much lower pallidal activity in patients of the pure akinesia type. Fifty-eight patients underwent unilateral PVP, and 28 underwent bilateral surgery. Following PVP, rigidity tremor and poor reciprocal movements were significantly improved especially in the contralateral extremities. The most dramatic findings were the reversal of akinetic symptoms and wearing-off phenomena. The patients were followed up for 3-30 months (mean = 8) after surgery. Of the 82 bradykinesia type patients, good result were obtained in 48 (58%), fair results in 26 (32%), and minor improvement or no change in 8 (10%). In all the 4 patients of the pure akinesia type, recurrence of the akinetic symptoms occurred after a temporal improvement lasting a few days to 3 month after surgery. There was worst dysarthria in 3 patients, hemiparesis in 1 and partial motor aphasia in 1. The visual field problem was not complicated in any patients. These findings suggest that akinetic symptoms in PD are implicated in overactive pallidal outputs with putative GABAergic modulator by excessively inhibiting pedunculopontine nucleus activity (midbrain locomotor and posture regions) as well as thalamic activity. Partial interruption of the pallidal efferents eliminates the akinetic symptoms by disinhibitory effects on the target structures. The pathology of PD of the pure akinesia type is supposedly in the brainstem and should be excluded from indication of pallidotomy.

Computed tomography and angiography in MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes); report of 3 cases.

Among mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes, Pavlakis et al. 1983) is recognized as a distinct syndrome characterized by generalized convulsions and recurrent stroke-like episodes. The neuroradiological findings of three patients with MELAS are reported here. Retrospective review shows that MELAS should be included in the differential diagnosis of infarct-like lesions of the cerebrum.