RESUMO
SUMMARY: The purpose of this review article is to prove the damage that alcohol causes to the respiratory system. We will make a brief review of alcohols history in the course of the centuries till nowadays. The problem of addiction to alcohol (alcoholism) will be examined for several countries. Alcohol's metabolism is another topic to be discussed parallel to its pharmacological action. In addition, alcohol's impact on the respiratory system varies from damaging the mucociliary system to the regulation of breathing and from the sleep apnea syndrome to diffusion disorders. "Alcoholic lung disease" constitutes a syndrome despite the fact that the damage of the lung due to concurrent smoking and drug use is often indistinguishable.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Alcoolismo/complicações , Etanol , Pneumopatias/etiologia , Adulto , Experimentação Animal , Animais , Bíblia , Etanol/efeitos adversos , Etanol/história , Etanol/metabolismo , Etanol/farmacologia , Etanol/intoxicação , Etanol/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Grécia , Cobaias , História do Século XV , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Coelhos , Sistema Respiratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações , SíndromeRESUMO
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are complex genetic diseases that cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genetic variability interacting with environmental and ethnic factors is presumed to cause tobacco smoke susceptibility and to influence asthma severity. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) appear to have important roles in asthma and COPD pathogenesis. ADAM33 and MMP9 genetic alterations could possibly contribute to the establishment and progression of these multifactorial diseases, although their association with the clinical phenotypes has not yet been elucidated. However, the occurrence of these alterations does not always result in clear disease, implying that either they are an epiphenomenon or they are in proximity to the true causative alteration. This review summarises the most recent literature dealing with the genetic variations of metalloproteinases and outlines their potential pathogenetic outcome.
Assuntos
Asma/genética , Sequência de Bases/genética , Metaloproteases/genética , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/genética , Proteínas ADAM/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Humanos , FenótipoRESUMO
Aseptic (avascular) necrosis of the femoral head in adults has been associated with a variety of disease entities. It is also recognized as a potential complication of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Inhaled corticosteroids are the first line anti-inflammatory agents for the long term treatment of asthma. However, long term treatment of asthma with inhaled corticosteroids has been accompanied by concern about both systemic and topical side effects. The most worrying potential systemic effects are adrenal insufficiency, growth suppression, glaucoma and osteoporosis. Fluticasone proprionate may be prescribed at higher doses to relieve respiratory symptoms in the belief that it generates fewer side effects than other inhaled steroids. Studies have shown that fluticasone is safer than beclomethasone or budesonide, with limited oral absorption and extensive hepatic first pass metabolism leading to a lower systemic bioavailability. However growth retardation and asymptomatic adrenal suppression in children receiving high-dose fluticasone have been reported. We report a rare case of avascular osteonecrosis of the femoral head associated with the use of long term inhaled fluticasone propionate along with the intranasal application of triamcinolone acetonide.