The paired basic amino acid-cleaving enzyme 4 (PACE4) is involved in the maturation of insulin receptor isoform B: an opportunity to reduce the specific insulin receptor-dependent effects of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2).

Gaining the full activity of the insulin receptor (IR) requires the proteolytic cleavage of its proform by intra-Golgi furin-like activity. In mammalian cells, IR is expressed as two isoforms (IRB and IRA) that are responsible for insulin action. However, only IRA transmits the growth-promoting and mitogenic effects of insulin-like growth factor 2. Here we demonstrate that the two IR isoforms are similarly cleaved by furin, but when this furin-dependent maturation is inefficient, IR proforms move to the cell surface where the proprotein convertase PACE4 selectively supports IRB maturation. Therefore, in situations of impaired furin activity, the proteolytic maturation of IRB is greater than that of IRA, and accordingly, the amount of phosphorylated IRB is also greater than that of IRA. We highlight the ability of a particular proprotein convertase inhibitor to effectively reduce the maturation of IRA and its associated mitogenic signaling without altering the signals emanating from IRB. In conclusion, the selective PACE4-dependent maturation of IRB occurs when furin activity is reduced; accordingly, the pharmacological inhibition of furin reduces IRA maturation and its mitogenic potential without altering the insulin effects.

Palmitoylation of TNF alpha is involved in the regulation of TNF receptor 1 signalling.

The pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is synthesised as a transmembrane protein that is subject to palmitoylation. In this study, the roles of this acylation on TNF-mediated biological effects were investigated. We found that the lipid raft partitioning of TNF is regulated by its palmitoylation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this palmitoylation process interferes with the cleavage/degradation of TNF intracellular fragments but is not involved in the regulation of its ectodomain shedding. Moreover, we found that the palmitoylation of TNF hinders the binding of soluble TNF to TNFR1 and regulates the integration/retention of TNFR1 into lipid rafts. Finally, we demonstrate that the transmembrane forms of wild-type and palmitoylation-defective TNF interact differently with TNFR1 and regulate NFκB activity, Erk1/2 phosphorylation and interleukin-6 synthesis differently, strongly suggesting that palmitoylation of TNF is involved in the regulation of TNFR1 signalling. An evidence for the physiological intervention of this regulation is provided by the fact that, in macrophages, the binding of endogenous soluble TNF to TNFR1 is enhanced by inhibition of palmitoylation. Therefore, our data introduce the new concept that palmitoylation of TNF is one of the means by which TNF-producing cells regulate their sensitivity to soluble TNF.