Carbon monoxide poisoning cases presenting with non-specific symptoms.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless and odourless gas appearing as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. Many domestic or occupational poisonings are caused by CO exposure. Malfunctioning heating systems, improperly ventilated motor vehicles, generators, grills, stoves and residential fires may be listed in the common sources of CO exposure. The aim of this study was to emphasize the significance of early diagnosis of CO poisoning with non-invasive measurement of CO levels of the patients with non-specific symptoms using a pulse oximeter device in the triage. Our study was a cross-sectional study. Patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) due to non-specific symptoms and had a Canadian Triage and Acuity scale level of 4 or 5 were included in the study; 106 (5.9%) of 1788 patients admitted during the study period were diagnosed with CO poisoning. Patients with CO poisoning and the other patients had statistically significant differences in terms of presenting symptoms, namely, headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. More CO poisoning cases were admitted in the fall and winter compared to the spring and summer. The number of CO poisoning victims can be decreased if preventive measures like CO monitoring systems and well-designed ventilation systems are generalized at homes and workplaces. Measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin levels of patients presenting to ED due to non-specific symptoms like headache and dizziness during cold seasons and winter months using a pulse CO-oximeter should be a part of the routine of emergency medicine triage.

N-Acetyl cysteine and erdosteine treatment in acetaminophen-induced liver damage.

OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed to investigate the efficacy of erdosteine usage in acetaminophen-induced liver damage and to compare it with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in the treatment and prevention of liver toxicity due to overdose of acetaminophen. METHODS: The rats were separated into the following six groups of seven rats each: control group; acetaminophen (1 g/kg, orally); acetaminophen (1 g/kg, orally) + erdosteine (150 mg/kg/day, orally); acetaminophen (1 g/kg, orally) + NAC (140 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 70 mg/kg, orally); NAC (140 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 70 mg/kg, orally); erdosteine (150 mg/kg/kg, orally), subsequently. In all the groups, potential liver injuries were evaluated using biochemical and hematological analyses, oxidant-antioxidant parameters and histopathological parameters. RESULTS: In acetaminophen-treated group, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total oxidant status (TOS) in the blood, prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were significantly increased when compared with controls. However, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased in group treated with acetaminophen, when compared with control group. Levels of AST, ALT and TOS, PT and INR were decreased in groups treated with NAC and erdosteine after acetaminophen administration, but the levels of TAC and GSH were increased. Histopathological improvements were observed in the groups treated with NAC and erdosteine after acetaminophen administration. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that, in the prevention of liver damage induced by acetaminophen intoxication, an early treatment with a single dose of erdosteine was beneficial instead of NAC administration.

Evaluation of smoking habits among Turkish family physicians.

Smoking is still a major public health problem in Turkey. It was aimed to investigate smoking prevalence and habits among Turkish family physicians. Cross-sectional study among physicians working in primary care settings was established. A self-administered study survey was applied. The surveys of 1233 family physicians were analyzed. The study included 704 (57.1%) male and 529 (42.9%) female physicians. Mean age (SD) was 38.94 (7.01) years. The proportions of the current, the former and never smokers among family physicians were 34.1%, 14.7% and 51.3%, respectively. Mean age (SD) of smoking initiation was 21.73 (5.04) years. Mean duration (SD) of smoking use was 14.61 (7.29) years. Proportion of current smoker in male physicians was quite higher than in female counterparts (36.9% vs. 30.4%; p < 0.001). Mean age (SD) of smoking initiation in female was 21.42 (4.59) years, but in male was 22.33 (4.98) years (p = 0.36). In female physicians, mean age (SD) for quitting cigarette smoking was found higher than in male (35.85 (6.35) years vs. 33.09 (6.45) years; p = 0.004). No significant difference between nicotine dependence (mean score (SD) of 3.76 (2.48) vs. 3.65 (2.82); p > 0.05) and mean (SD) unit of cigarette a day (18.34(6.03) vs. 17.17 ± 6.79; p > 0.05) between genders was observed. The number of male physicians who started smoking before faculty was higher than female counterparts (15.5% vs. 8.6%; p = 0.023). In conclusion, the smoking prevalence among Turkish family physicians is considerably high.

Factors affecting exhaled carbon monoxide levels in coffeehouses in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey.

The aim of this study was to evaluate indoor air quality and factors affecting expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels in a coffeehouse environment. This cross-sectional study was conducted at 16 randomly selected coffeehouses in Duzce, Turkey, during November 2007 to March 2008. A total of 547 people, average age 46.72 ± 17.03 (19-82) years, participated. The selected coffeehouses were divided into four groups: (1) smoking, (2) nonsmoking, (3) old-style and (iv) new-style coffeehouses. Prior to entering the coffeehouse, exhaled CO levels in smokers (mean 21.17 ± 6.73 parts per million [ppm]) were significantly higher than those for nonsmokers (6.51 ± 4.56 ppm; p < 0.001). Measurements taken after 2 hours in the coffeehouse also showed significantly higher CO concentrations for smokers (22.72 ± 5.31 ppm), compared to nonsmokers (6.51 ± 4.56 ppm; p < 0.001). It was determined that CO levels inside coffee shops were above the WHO guidelines. Exhaled CO levels in nonsmokers are influenced by the ambient CO levels as a result of the use of cigarettes in coffeehouses in addition to the structure of coffeehouses.

Effects of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: An uncontrolled, open-label, observational study.

BACKGROUND: Central serous chorioretinopathy is an idiopathic disorder that leads to serous neurosensory retinal detachment. The disorder is usually self-limited and resolves spontaneously; however, sometimes neurosensory retinal detachment persists. This form of the disorder is called chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CCSC). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on visual acuity with full-dose verteporfin for CCSC. METHODS: The eyes of patients with CCSC were included in the study. Ophthalmic examination including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography was performed before treatment and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. PDT with full-dose verteporfin (6 µ/m(2) of body surface area) was applied only to areas of active leakage. BCVA was converted to a log of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) equivalent for statistical analysis. Central foveal thickness and BCVA between baseline and follow-up were compared. RESULTS: Seventeen eyes of 16 patients (13 males, 3 females; mean [SD] age, 39.75 [7.51] years; mean duration of follow-up, 13.06 [1.82] months) were used in the study. The mean (SEM) logMAR BCVA was 0.26 (0.07) at baseline and 0.04 (0.02) at 12 months. Mean logMAR BCVA values at baseline (0.259) and after treatment (0.112, 0.053, 0.047, 0.041, and 0.041 at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively) differed significantly (P = 0.006, P = 0.005, P = 0.005, P = 0.005, and P = 0.005). There was a significant difference in the mean central foveal thickness at the final visit (169 µm) compared with the baseline value (383 µm; P < 0.001). BCVA decreased in one eye (20/20 vs 20/25) and persisted during follow-up; in the other 16 eyes, BCVA either increased (n = 10) or remained stable (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS: In this small, open-label study, patients with CCSC treated with a single course of PDT with full-dose verteporfin had significant improvement from baseline in BCVA and resolution of subretinal fluid accumulation and active leakage. Treatment was generally well tolerated, but one patient had worsening in BCVA.

The prevalence and the characteristics of tuberculosis patients undergoing chronic dialysis treatment: experience of a dialysis center in southeast Turkey.

Tuberculosis remains a significant health problem for patients receiving chronic dialysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of tuberculosis among patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing chronic hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Between 1999 and 2006, we diagnosed 21 active tuberculosis patients among a total of 674-dialysis patient in our dialysis center (582 patients on hemodialysis and 92 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis program). Fourteen patients developed extrapulmonary tuberculosis (generally tuberculous lymphadenitis, n = 8) and seven patients developed pulmonary tuberculosis. All patients who developed tuberculosis after starting dialysis had low creatinine clearances and, in general, anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Three of patients greater than 40 years died. In conclusion, tuberculous lymphadenitis was the most frequent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in our dialysis population. If no cause is found despite extensive investigations in an end stage renal failure case with fever, loss of weight, and/or atypical lymphadenopathy, the physician should consider the possibility of tuberculosis. Finally, it was considered that ESRF is associated with depressed immune system and elevated risk of tuberculosis; thus, in this population, clinicians must evaluate patients carefully.

[Epidemiological characteristics of electrical injuries of patients applied to the emergency department]. / Elektrik çarpmasi sonucu acil servise basvuran hastalarin epidemiyolojik özellikleri.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we planned to determine the factors affecting the mortality, and morbidity of electrical injuries. METHODS: Medical records of 165 patients (126 males; 39 females; mean age 21.1 years; range 2.5 to 62 years), who were admitted to the Emergency Department of Dicle University School of Medicine for electrical injuries, between January 2003 and April 2004, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Among these patients, 60 (36.4%) were children, under 12 years old; 95 (57.6%) were adolescents and adults, and 10 (6%) were aged. Of the victims of electrical accidents, 29 (17.6%) were illiterate and 36 (21.8 %) were educated. Ninety-seven (58.8 %) patients were either graduates or still students of elementary, secondary or high school. The cause of exposure to electricity was accident in 99 (60%), and carelessness and parents' negligence in 66 (40%). Sixty-nine (41.8%) patients were exposed to high voltage, and 96 (58.2 %) to low voltage. Because of electrical injury 16 patients had first degree, 96 patients had second degree, and 86 patients had third degree burns. The most frequent complications were contractures of extremities (10.9%) and compartment syndrome (3.6%). Mortality rate was 9.1% (n=15). Eighty percent of the deaths were due to exposure to high voltage. A positive correlation was demonstrated between mortality and complications (p<0.001). Escarotomy was performed in 10 patients, fasciotomy in 16, and amputation in 9. Two of 5 patients who had intraabdominal hemorrhage underwent surgery. CONCLUSION: A serious education of the society with respect to conscious use of electricity is the most efficient method to decrease electrical accidents.

Acute poisoning cases admitted to a university hospital emergency department in Diyarbakir, Turkey.

AIM: This study was conducted to determine the biological effects of acute poisoning, the nature of agents involved and the pattern of poisoning in Diyarbakir City, in the Southeast Anatolian region of Turkey, during 2000. METHOD: Hospital records of all admissions to the Emergency Department (ED) of Dicle University Hospital following acute poisoning were revised and all data from January to December 2000 were analysed. The present study included 44 (25.9%) male (M) and 126 (74.1%) female (F), a total of 170 patients. The M/F ratio was 1.0/3.5. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 23.3+/-6.3 years; 63 (37.1%) of them were under 20 years of age and 147 (86.5%) were under 30 years of age. Most intoxication cases occurred during the summer season (93 of 170 patients). On a monthly basis, admissions during April, May and July were most common (24, 26 and 30 patients, respectively). Sixty-two (36.5%) cases involved accidental poisoning while 108 (63.5%) involved deliberate poisoning. In suicide attempts, intoxications were more common in females (77 cases, 71.3%, P < 0.05), and in unmarried persons (74 cases, 68.5%, P < 0.05). There were only two deaths (1.2%) among the 170 admissions of acute poisonings. One of the deaths was due to pesticide poisoning and the other was due to medical drug abuse. Tachycardia (59, 34.7%), vomiting (55, 32.4%) and loss of consciousness (42, 24.7%) were frequently observed, whereas hypersecretion (15, 8.8%), bradycardia (5, 2.9%), convulsion (8, 4.7%) and hypertension (2, 1.2%) were less frequent. Among pesticide poisoning cases the incidence of convulsion (6, 10.2%), miosis (6, 10.2%), and hypersecretion (12, 20.3%) were significantly higher when compared to other cases (P=0.018, P <0.0001 and P <0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: In the Southeast Anatolian region of Turkey, pesticide intoxication is common especially among young, unmarried females and most of these intoxications are intentional self-poisonings. The annual rate of poisoning-related ED visits and mortality were found to be within expected ranges; psychoactive agents being the most common cause.

An epidemic caused by measles virus type D6 in Turkey.

In this study, the extent of measles outbreak was investigated in the Idil and Cizre counties of Sirnak Province. New cases determined in patients who applied to primary care clinics and those detected during home visits were evaluated. In 2001, a total of 2,143 cases reported in Sirnak Province were signified as a probable outbreak. Three hundred and thirty-three patients in Cizre and 219 patients in Idil applied to the primary care clinics. Of the cases, in Cizre 8.4% (n=28) and in Idil 6.4% (n=14) were infants aged nine months and younger who had not yet been vaccinated. Totally, 17 new cases (8 in Cizre and 9 in Idil) in the exanthema phase were determined during home visits and these were considered as outbreak cases. Virus isolation was achieved in 12 cases. All isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for genotyping and classified as D6 group. In conclusion, measles epidemics are still seen in our country. Therefore, measles outbreaks necessitate intensive intervention by physicians who are employed in primary health care services.

Factors affecting mortality and epidemiological data in patients hospitalised with burns in Diyarbakir, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Burns continue to be responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In this study we aimed to determine the factors affecting mortality and epidemiological data by examining the records of burned patients. METHOD: The hospital records of 980 patients who were hospitalised in the Burns Unit at Dicle University Hospital (DUH) between June 1994 and July 1999 were examined for factors affecting mortality. Factors evaluated included gender, age, burn type, degree and extent of burn, prognosis and length of hospitalisation (LH). We investigated the relationship (if any) between the demographic data, degree and extent of burns and mortality and morbidity rates. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 325 males (33.2%) and 655 females (66.8%). Of the patients 738 (75.3%) were children (age under 15 years), 217 (22.1%) were younger adults (age 15-50 years), and 25 (2.6%) were older adults (age over 50 years). The mean age was 11.2 +/- 14.01 years (range 15 days-95 years). Of the burns 618 (63.1%) were scalds, 199 (20.3%) burns from a flame and 163 (16.6%) electrical burns. The mean extent of burn was 24.3 +/- 14.5% (range 1-95%). Seven hundred and eighty-seven (80.3%) of the study group made a full recovery, 131 (13.4%) were discharged from hospital after partial recovery, and 62 (6.3%) died. The mean LH was 11.33 +/- 8.8 days (range 1-67 days). There was a positive correlation between burn extent and mortality (r = 0.35, p < 0.0001) and between age and type of burn (r = 0.60, p < 0.0001). While scalds had the highest frequency among children, flame and electrical burns were most common in the adult and older adult groups. There was also a positive correlation between degree and type of burn (r = 0.32, p = 0.0001), scalds tending to be more superficial while flame and electrical burns were generally more serious. Deaths of patients with extensive burns usually occurred in the first 5 days following injury due to acute renal failure and hypovolaemic shock, while deaths from moderate and minor burns usually occurred after 7 days and were due to wound infection and sepsis. CONCLUSION: We found positive correlations between age and type of burn, degree and type of burn, and the extent of burn and mortality. The overall mortality rate for our unit was 6.3%.

Acute intoxication cases admitted to the emergency department of a university hospital.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to describe the clinical and socio-demographic aspects of acute poisoning in 2010 in Duzce City, Northwest Anatolian Region of Turkey. METHODS: Acute poisoning was due to the intentional ingestion of drugs in young and adult people (≥16), who were treated at the Emergency Service of Duzce University Medical Hospital, Turkey from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010. In this retrospective and descriptive study, 95 patients were diagnosed with intoxications and 30 of them intentionally ingested drugs to commit suicide. Records of the patients diagnosed with intoxication were obtained from the Clinical Archive of the hospital. Their diagnoses were established according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Codes X60-X84 of this classification were used to classify self-infringed drug injuries and drug poisoning. RESULTS: In this series, 35 (36.8%) patients were male and 60 patients (63.2%) female. The male/female ratio was 1.0/1.7. The mean age of the patients was 33.1±14.2 years; 17 (17.9%) patients were below 20 years old and 9 (9.5%) were older than 50 years. Of these patients, 29 (30.5%) were single, 7 (7.4%) divorced or separated, and 59 (62.1%) married. Their mean time for admission to the emergency service after the incident was 208±180 (15-660) minutes. The mean time for admission to the emergency service for patients with food intoxication after the incident was 142±160 minutes, for those with drug intoxication 173±161 minutes, for those with carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication 315±209 minutes, and for those with undefined intoxication 289±166 minutes (P=0.005). Most of the intoxication cases occurred in winter (41.1%, 39 of 95 patients). Admissions to the emergency service were most common in December and April (21 and 16 of 95 patients, respectively). Sixty-five (68.4%) cases were involved in non-deliberate poisoning, whereas 30 (31.6%) were involved in deliberate poisoning. Twenty-six of the 95 patients with acute poisonings had mortality risk at admission, however only one died from CO intoxication in the emergency service (1.1%). Suicide attempts were more common in females than in males (21 of 30 patients, 70%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In Duzce City of Turkey, most intoxication cases occurred in winter, especially in December. They had non-deliberate poisoning, but deliberate poisoning in suicide attempts was more common in females than in males.

Transmission of hepatitis C by blood splash into conjunctiva in a nurse.

The risk of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important problem for the health care worker. HCV transmission by blood splashing into eyes is very rare. In a hemodialyses department, a 23-year-old female nurse splashed blood from a patient who was anti-HCV positive into her eyes. She washed her eyes with water immediately and reported to the infection control department. She had never used intravenous drugs nor received transfusions. At the time of exposure, there was no abnormality in her laboratory tests. Her anti-HCV and HCV-RNA tests produced negative results. She was followed up for anti-HCV and alanine aminotransferase activity. After 6 months, she presented with sore throat, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. She had icterus and hepatomegalia. In laboratory tests, alanine aminotransferase level was 504 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase level was 388 U/L, and anti-HCV and HCV-RNA tests produced positive findings. She was treated with interferon alfa-2a for a 1-year period. After treatment, an HCV-RNA test produced negative results and transaminase levels were normal. In conclusion, splashing blood from patients who are HCV positive into the face or eyes is a risk for health care workers. They should be educated to prevent a nosocomial acquisition of bloodborne infection and they should observe protective precautions.

Association of vitamin B12 with obesity, overweight, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, and body fat composition; primary care-based study.

AIM: To investigate correlation of vitamin B12 with obesity insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome. METHODS: The cross-sectional and primary care-based study was carried out. Anthropometric, blood pressure measurements and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) were recorded. Vitamin B12, folic acid, hemogram, insulin, ferritin, iron, total iron binding capacity and other biochemical tests were assayed. The subjects were grouped as obesity, overweight, control, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR). Correlation of vitamin B12 with body mass index (BMI), IR, age, and BIA was evaluated. RESULTS: The study enrolled 976 patients (obesity: 414, overweight: 212, and control: 351). The mean age in groups of obesity, overweight and control were 35.9 ± 8.7, 28.9 ± 6.3 and 33.1 ± 8.7, respectively (p = 0.142). Vitamin B12 level was significantly lower in patients with obesity and overweight than healthy individuals (178.9 ± 25.2; 219.8 ± 78.5, and 328.5 ± 120.5, p less than 0.001, respectively). Vitamin B12 level was lower in patients with MetS (+/-) and IR (+/-), but insignificant (p = 0.075 and 0.058, respectively). Significant and negative correlation was observed between vitamin B12 and BMI (r =-0.221, p=0.001). No significant difference was observed between obese male and female patients (247.8 ± 89.1 versus 235.5 ± 89.3 pg/mL, respectively, p=0.090). CONCLUSION: Low Vitamin B12 level was associated with obesity and overweight, but not with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and gender. Vitamin B12 was negatively correlated only with body mass index.

Naproxen-induced fixed drug eruption: a case report.

Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used for symptomatic relief of arthritis and other painful disorders, such as dysmenorrheal. Pruritus is the most common side effect of naproxen. Fixed drug eruption (FDE) due to naproxen is a rarely reported side-effect. No previous report has declared cross-reactivity between naproxen and other propionic acid derivatives. A 28-year-old man, presented with edematous and erythematous patchy lesion along with pruritus and inflammation on lip, have been suffering since 3 hours. It started after taking naproxen 550 mg for headache. On detailed inquiry, he defined similar symptom which recurred after whenever he took naproxen. Based on clinical and histopathological findings, it is evaluated as naproxen-induced FDE. We have tested cross-reactivity between naproxen and other propionic acid derivatives, and then we obtained negative result for oral provocation test with flurbiprofen. Here, we present a case of naproxen-induced FDE of 28-year-old man, by overviewing literatures.

Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and hematological parameters and cytokines in healthy and obese individuals.

BACKGROUND: The typical nutritional plan in Ramadan may have beneficial influences on the inflammatory state, as well as on metabolic and anthropometric parameters. We aimed to investigate the effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and hematological parameters and cytokines in healthy and obese individuals. METHODS: This study was performed during the Ramadan holy month (September and October 2007). The study group consisted of 10 obese males and the control group consisted of 10 males with a normal body mass index (BMI), who were admitted to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic of Dicle University Medical Faculty in Diyarbakir, Turkey, and who indicated that they were going to fast throughout the entire month of Ramadan. Individuals with any acute or chronic disease or medication during the study were excluded. Height, weight, BMI, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), urea, creatinine, insulin, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and cytokine levels were evaluated. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 27.4 ± 5.2 years. Of the study group, 7 fulfilled the criteria of metabolic syndrome. Significant weight reduction, significant decrease in BMI, and significant decrease of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were observed in study group; weight and BMI reduction were insignificant and no significant change was observed in FBG levels, but a significant increase was observed in HOMA-IR in the control group. Post-Ramadan systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, serum white blood cells (WBC) count, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, TG, and ALT levels were significantly lower in both groups compared to pre-Ramadan values. CONCLUSION: Ramadan fasting has beneficial influences on the inflammatory state, as well as metabolic and anthropometric parameters.

Comparison of the effects of N-acetyl cysteine and erdosteine in rats with renal injury caused by paracetamol intoxication.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic and preventive effects of N-acetyl cysteine and erdosteine on renal injury associated with paracetamol (acetaminophen) intoxication. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control; paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral); paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral) + erdosteine (150 mg/kg/day, oral); paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral) + N-acetyl cysteine (140 mg/kg bolus, followed by 70 mg/kg, oral); N-acetyl cysteine control (140 mg/kg bolus, followed by 70 mg/kg, oral); and erdosteine control (150 mg/kg/day, oral). Potential renal injury was assessed using biochemical analyses, radionuclide imaging, and histopathological parameters. RESULTS: In the paracetamol group, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were significantly increased compared with controls. Histopathological examination showed tubular vacuolization, tubular necrosis, and remarkable interstitial inflammation. The excretion function was observed to be insufficient on radionuclide imaging. However, in the groups treated with erdosteine or N-acetyl cysteine after paracetamol, biochemical analyses, radionuclide imaging, and histopathological parameters showed significantly less evidence of renal toxicity than that observed in the group receiving paracetamol alone. Less renal toxicity was detected in rats receiving N-acetyl cysteine than in those receiving erdosteine. CONCLUSION: Renal injury may develop after paracetamol overdose. Erdosteine and N-acetyl cysteine are both effective in the prevention of renal injury when given in the early phase of paracetamol nephrotoxicity. N-acetyl cysteine is more protective than erdosteine.

The evaluation incidence and risk factors of mortality among patients with end stage renal disease in southeast Turkey.

AIM: End stage renal disease (ESRD) presents with higher morbidity and mortality with respect to the general population. In recent study, the causes of mortality and associated risk factors in ESRD have been evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 1538 patients diagnosed with ESRD in 10-year period were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were divided as dead (group 1) and alive (group 2). The patients' demographic features, causes of death, comorbidity at hospitalization, hematological and biochemical analyses, creatinine clearance at the beginning of hospitalization, daily urine volume, blood gas results, CRP value as inflammatory marker, ejection fraction, interventricular septum diameter, left ventricle posterior wall end-diastolic diameter, and left atrium diameter determined with echocardiography were recorded. RESULTS: Mortality ratio of ESRD patients in a 10-year period was 14.1%. While the general mean age of all patients was 54.7 +/- 16.6 and male/female ratio was 781/757, these ratios were 66.3 +/- 21.8 and 114/103 in Group 1 and 52.8 +/- 21.7 and 667/654 in Group 2. One or more comorbid pathologies were present in 82.9% of Group 1. The most common cause of mortality was cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and the most common cause of comorbidity was infections. Older age, anemia, absence of residual renal function, hypoalbuminemia, inflammation, impaired Ca and P metabolism, and left ventricular hypertrophy were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2. CONCLUSION: CVD are the most important preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in all stages of chronic kidney disease. Taking precaution against CVD and the associated complications will provide a positive contribution in reducing morbidity and mortality among ESRD patients.

An evaluation of articles in international peer-reviewed publications in Turkish family medicine.

BACKGROUND: Scientific publication in Turkish family medicine (FM) has currently increased and a systematic assessment of the quantity and quality of the published research is the aim of this study. MATERIAL/METHODS: The data were obtained from the Institute for Scientific Information Citation Databases (SCI, SCI-Expanded, SSCI, and A&HSCI) and the period between 1975-2005 was searched. Key words such as "family practice", "family medicine", "primary care", "primary medical care", and "Turkey" were used and publications were classified according to the type of research, the number of authors, first authorship, the number of citations, and address. The classification was performed by two investigators and the inter-rater-reliability was found to be Cramer's V=0.79 (p<0.05). RESULTS: One hundred five publications were found. Publications were evident since the year 1991 and showed an increase with the year 2001. The median number of authors of the publications was five (range 1-8), and family physicians were generally the second authors (range: 1-7). The predominant types of publication was research articles (n=72, 69%), and the leading types of research were surveys (n=29, 28%) and case-control studies (n=24, 23%). The median citation number of publications per article was 0.89 (range: 0-13). CONCLUSIONS: A recent increase in publication in international peer-reviewed journals was observed. Mostly research articles were published, but randomized controlled trials were in the minority. More emphasis on developing a research capacity in family medicine might help to optimize research activities in Turkey.