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INTRODUCTION: Use of doxorubicin, an anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent has been associated with late-occurring cardiac toxicities. Detection of early-occurring cardiac effects of cancer chemotherapy is essential to prevent occurrence of adverse events including toxicity, myocardial dysfunction, and death. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and associated factors of myocardial injury in children on doxorubicin cancer chemotherapy. METHODS: Design: A cross-sectional study. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A hospital-based study conducted on children aged 1-month to 12.4-years who had a diagnosis of cancer and were admitted at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: The patients underwent Echocardiography (ECHO) before their scheduled chemotherapy infusion. Twenty-four (24) hours after the chemotherapy infusion the patients had an evaluation of the serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and a repeat ECHO. Myocardial injury was defined as cTnT level > 0.014 ng/ml or a Fractional Shortening (FS) of < 29% on ECHO. RESULTS: One hundred (100) children were included in the final analysis. Thirty-two percent (32%) of the study population had an elevated cTnT. A cumulative doxorubicin dose of > 175 mg/m2 was significantly associated with and elevated cTnT (OR, 10.76; 95% CI, 1.18-97.92; p = 0.035). Diagnosis of nephroblastoma was also associated with an elevated cTnT (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.23-7.26) but not statistically significant (p = 0.105). Nine percent (9%) of the participants had echocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury. CONCLUSION: When compared to echocardiography, elevated levels of cTnT showed a higher association with early-occurring chemotherapy-induced myocardial injury among children on cancer treatment at a tertiary teaching and referral hospital in Kenya.
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Antibióticos Antineoplásicos , Biomarcadores , Cardiotoxicidade , Doxorrubicina , Neoplasias , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Troponina T , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Feminino , Doxorrubicina/efeitos adversos , Criança , Quênia/epidemiologia , Troponina T/sangue , Pré-Escolar , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Lactente , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/sangue , Fatores de Risco , Biomarcadores/sangue , Prevalência , Fatores de Tempo , Regulação para Cima , Cardiopatias/induzido quimicamente , Cardiopatias/epidemiologia , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico , Cardiopatias/sangue , Fatores Etários , Medição de Risco , EcocardiografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: HIV is a major contributor to infant mortality. A significant gap remains between the uptake of infant and maternal antiretroviral regimens and only a minority of HIV-exposed infants receives prophylaxis and safe infant feeding. Losses to follow-up of HIV-exposed infants are associated with shortcomings of facility-based PMTCT models with weak community support of linkages. Use of mobile phones offers an opportunity for improving care and promoting retention assessed by timely attendance of scheduled appointments for the mother-baby pairs and achievement of an HIV-free generation. The objective of this study was to compare self-reported adherence to infant Nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis and retention in care assessed by timely attendance of scheduled appointments over 10 weeks in HIV exposed infants randomized to 2-weekly mobile phone calls (intervention) versus no phone calls (control). METHODS: In this open label randomized controlled study, one hundred and fifty HIV infected women drawn from 3 health facilities in Western Kenya and their infants were randomly assigned to receive either phone-based reminders on PMTCT messages or standard health care messages (no calls) within 24 h of delivery. Women in the intervention arm continued to receive fortnightly phone calls. At 6- and 10-weeks following randomization we collected data on infant adherence to Nevirapine, mode of infant feeding, early HIV testing and retention in care in both study arms. All analyses were intention to treat. RESULTS: At 6 weeks follow-up, 90.7% (n = 68) of participants receiving phone calls reported adherence to infant NVP prophylaxis, compared with 72% (n = 54) of participants in the control group (p = 0.005). Participants in the intervention arm were also significantly more likely to remain in care than participants in the control group [78.7% (n = 59) vs. 58.7% (n = 44), p = 0.009 at 6 weeks and 69.3% (n = 52) vs. 37.3% (n = 28), p < 0.001 at 10 weeks]. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that phone calls are potentially an important tool to improve adherence to infant NVP prophylaxis and retention in care for HIV-exposed infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PACTR202007654729602. Registered 6 June 2018 - Retrospectively registered, https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=3449.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV , Uso do Telefone Celular , Infecções por HIV , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Retenção nos Cuidados , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Criança , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lactente , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Quênia , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: HIV infected children experience a range of hematological complications which show marked improvement within 6 months of initiating anti-retroviral therapy. The Objectives of the study was to describe the changes in hematological indices of HIV-1 infected children following 6 months of treatment with first line antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) regimen. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted between September and November 2008. During this period medical records of children attending Comprehensive Care Clinic at Kenyatta National hospital were reviewed daily. HIV infected children aged 5-144 months were enrolled if they had received antiretroviral drugs for at least 6 months with available and complete laboratory results. RESULTS: Medical records of 337 children meeting enrollment criteria were included in the study. The median age was 63 months with equal male to female ratio. Following 6 months of HAART, prevalence of anemia (Hemoglobin (Hb) <10 g/dl) declined significantly from 35.9 to 16.6 % a nearly 50 % reduction in the risk of anemia RR = 0.56 [(95 % CI 0.44, 0.70) p < 0.001]. There was significant increase in Hb, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and platelets above the baseline measurements (p < 0.0001) and a significant decline in total white blood cell counts >11,000 cell/mm(3) but a none significant decrease in red blood cells (RBC). Pre-HAART, World Health Organization (WHO) stage 3 and 4 was associated with a ten-fold increased likelihood of anemia. Chronic malnutrition was associated with anemia but not wasting and immunologic staging of disease. CONCLUSION: Hematological abnormalities changed significantly within 6 months of antiretroviral therapy with significant increase in hemoglobin level, MCV, MCH and platelet and decrease in WBC and RBC.
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Body overgrowth may be generalized or may affect certain areas. We present a seven-year-old African male with progressive, asymmetric, postnatal overgrowth of the left side of his face and left upper limb. The impression of proteus syndrome (PS) was made based on established clinical diagnostic criteria presented in the literature. Our objective is to highlight the diagnosis based on clinical features, investigations, and a multidisciplinary approach to the management of proteus syndrome.
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Background: Diarrhoea is a major cause of child mortality. Although oral rehydration solution (ORS) is an efficacious intervention for correcting dehydration, inadequate monitoring may limit its effectiveness in routine settings. We evaluated the effect of using a caregiver-administered chart to monitor oral fluid therapy on hydration status among children with some dehydration. Methods: An open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted among children 2-59 months of age. ORS fluid monitoring charts were given to caregivers in the intervention arm to record the hourly intake of ORS. ORS was administered without charting in the control arm. The primary outcome was dehydration defined by the presence of clinical signs of some dehydration, severe dehydration or shock assessed 4 h after initiation of treatment. We also assessed the acceptability of the charts among caregivers. Results: We evaluated 252 patients for the primary endpoint. Among those who received the intervention, 7/122 (5.7%) were still dehydrated following 4 h of ORS administration vs 20/130 (15.4%) in the control group (risk ratio 0.37 [95% confidence interval 0.16-0.85]). Caregivers in the intervention arm reported positive experiences using the fluid charts. Conclusions: The use of fluid monitoring charts reduced the frequency of dehydration and was well accepted by caregivers, representing a promising innovation for the management of diarrhoea and dehydration in resource-limited settings.
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Cuidadores , Desidratação/terapia , Diários como Assunto , Hidratação/métodos , Soluções para Reidratação/administração & dosagem , Pré-Escolar , Desidratação/etiologia , Diarreia/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Quênia , Masculino , Razão de ChancesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa community-acquired non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of high morbidity and death among children under 5 years of age especially from resource poor settings. The emergence of multidrug resistance is a major challenge in treatment of life threatening invasive NTS infections in these settings. RESULTS: Overall 170 (51.2%) of children presented with bacteraemia alone, 28 (8.4%) with gastroenteritis and bacteraemia and 134 (40.4%) with gastroenteritis alone. NTS serotypes obtained from all the cases included S. Typhimurium (196; 59%), S. Enteritidis (94; 28.3%) and other serotypes in smaller numbers (42; 12.7%); distribution of these serotypes among cases with bacteremia or gastroenteritis was not significantly different. A significantly higher proportion of younger children (< 3 years of age) and those from the slums presented with invasive NTS compared to older children and those from upper socio-economic groups (p < 0.001). One hundred and forty-seven (44.3%) NTS were resistant to 3 or more antibiotics, and out of these 59% were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. There was no significant difference in antibiotic resistance between the two serotypes, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were the only antibiotics tested to which all the NTS were fully susceptible. Using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) there were 3 main patterns of S. Typhimurium and 2 main patterns of S. Enteritidis among cases of bacteraemia and gastroenteritis. CONCLUSION: Serotype distribution, antibiotic susceptibility and PFGE patterns of NTS causing bacteraemia and gastroenteritis did not differ significantly. The high prevalence of NTS strains resistant to most of the commonly used antimicrobials is of major public health concern.
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Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella/classificação , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Cefuroxima/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Resistência a Medicamentos , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/métodos , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Quênia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Prospectivos , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In Africa, multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal salmonellae (NTS) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and high mortality in children under 5 years of age, second in importance only to pneumococcal disease. The authors studied NTS isolates from paediatric admissions at two hospitals in Nairobi, Kenya, and followed the index cases to their homes, where rectal swabs and stools from parents and siblings, and from animals in close contact, were obtained. The majority of NTS obtained from cases were Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (106 out of 193; 54.9%) and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (64; 33.2%), a significant proportion (34.2%) of which were multiply resistant to three or more antibiotics, including ampicillin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol. Only 23.4% of NTS were fully susceptible to all 10 antibiotics tested. Of the 32 NTS obtained from contacts (nine adults and 23 children) at the homes of index cases, 21 (65.6%) isolates were similar by antibiotic-susceptibility profiles and plasmid content, and their XbaI- and SpeI-digested chromosomal DNA patterns were indistinguishable from those of the corresponding index cases. Only three out of 180 (1.7%) samples from environmental sources, including animals, soil, sewers and food, contained NTS matching those from corresponding index cases. The carriage of NTS in an asymptomatic population was represented by 6.9% of human contacts from 27 out of 127 homes sampled. This population of carriers may represent an important reservoir of NTS that would play a significant role in the epidemiology of community-acquired NTS bacteraemia in children.
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Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/transmissão , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Impressões Digitais de DNA , DNA Bacteriano/análise , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Saúde da Família , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Quênia/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular , Plasmídeos/análise , Reto/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/patologia , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella enterica/patogenicidade , Salmonella enteritidis/classificação , Salmonella enteritidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella enteritidis/patogenicidade , Salmonella typhimurium/classificação , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhimurium/patogenicidade , ZoonosesRESUMO
Over the last decade there has been a steady increase in the proportion of multidrug resistance among non-typhoidal salmonellae (NTS) isolated from adult patients with bacteraemia in Kenya. The prevalence of NTS multiply resistant to all commonly available drugs including ampicillin, streptomycin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol and tetracycline rose from 31% in 1994 to 42% at present, with concomitantly higher MICs of each drug. Resistance is encoded on large self-transferable 100-110 kb plasmids. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis of XbaI and SpeI digested chromosomal DNA revealed three main digest patterns for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and two main patterns for Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis. Although the genotypes of NTS remained fairly stable over the last decade, the large increase in MICs of all commonly used drugs and increased MICs of ciprofloxacin, poses a major challenge for treatment of invasive NTS infection.