RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Examination of major duodenal papilla (MDP) by standard forward-viewing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (S-EGD) is limited. Cap assisted esophagogastroduodenoscopy (CA-EGD) utilizes a cap fitted to the tip of the endoscope that can depress the mucosal folds and thus might improve visualization of MDP. The aim of this study was to compare CA-EGD to S-EGD for complete examination of the MDP. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled crossover study. Subjects scheduled for elective EGD were randomized to undergo S-EGD (group A) or CA-EGD (group B) before undergoing a second examination by the alternate method. Images of the MDP were evaluated by three blinded multicenter-experts. Our primary outcome measure was complete examination of the papilla. Secondary outcome measures were duration and overall diagnostic yield. RESULTS: A total of 101 patients were randomized and completed the study. Complete examination of MDP was achieved in 98 patients using CA-EGD compared to 24 patients using S-EGD (97 vs. 24%, P<0.001). Median duration from intubation of the esophagus until localization of the MDP was shorter with CA-EGD (46. vs. 96 s., P<0.001). In group A, 11 extra lesions and 12 additional incidental findings were detected by secondary CA-EGD, whereas neither were detected by secondary S-EGD in group B (22 vs. 0% and 24 vs. 0%, P<0.001 and P<0.001). CONCLUSION: CA-EGD enabled complete examination of MDP in almost all cases compared to a low success rate of S-EGD. CA-EGD detected a significant amount of lesions and incidental findings when added to S-EGD. CA-EGD is a safe and effective method for examination of MDP.
Assuntos
Ampola Hepatopancreática/diagnóstico por imagem , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal/instrumentação , Gastroenteropatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Achados Incidentais , Duração da Cirurgia , Adulto , Competência Clínica , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 infection have a pivotal role in protective immune response; however, their measurement requires specialized facilities. We evaluated the degree of correlation between NAbs and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total Ig antibodies detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay in asymptomatic and previously symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 patients. METHODS: A total of 1241 participants (previously symptomatic patients and asymptomatic individuals), who were screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR or serology, were enrolled in our study. Sera were analyzed for the presence of anti-spike-1(S1)-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total Ig antibodies, using Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, USA. A signal/cut-off value (S/CO) ≥ 1 was considered reactive. NAbs were measured in 103 random samples from groups using microneutralization assay, with titer ≥ 1:10 being considered positive. RESULTS: Asymptomatic (n = 229) and 261 previously symptomatic individuals with positive serology and negative RT-PCR were finally included. Significant higher anti-S1-IgG titers were seen in asymptomatic individuals (P < 0.0001). Conversely, anti-S1-total Ig titers were significantly higher in previously symptomatic (P < 0.0001). NAbs were detected in both groups, however, higher titers were seen in previously symptomatic patients. There is a correlation between NAbs and both IgG/total anti-S1-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (r = 0.47, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.49, P < 0.0001, respectively). IgG and total Ig could predict a neutralization titer of ≥ 1:160 at S/CO >4.44 and >65 with AUC 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection can produce comparable antibodies response to previously symptomatic individuals, however higher neutralization activity was seen in the previously symptomatic. Anti-S1-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total Ig antibodies showed a correlation with neutralization activity and can be used to estimate the presence of protective immunity.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Humanos , Imunoensaio , Imunoglobulina G , LuminescênciaRESUMO
Hypermethylation at the promoter region is an important epigenetic mechanism underlying the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and frequently occurs as an early event in the development of different types of cancer including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The aim of the present study is the detection of methylation status for some tumor suppressor genes including RASSF1A, MGMT, and HIC-1 in both cancerous and precancerous lesions of colorectal mucosa to evaluate the possibility of developing epigenetic biomarker for early detection of Egyptian CRC. Tissue biopsy was collected from 72 patients (36 CRC, 17 adenomatous polyps, and 19 ulcerative colitis), and in addition, adjacent normal-appearing tissues were collected as control. Promoter hypermethylation status for RSSAF1A, MGMT, and HIC-1 genes was detected after isolation of genomic DNA from the tissues samples using methylation-specific PCR technique. High frequency of methylation at MGMT, RASSFA, and HIC-1 was detected in CRC patients (25%, 47.2%, and 41.7% respectively). The highest methylation detected in adenomatous polyps patients was in MGMT gene (47.1%) followed by 35.3% for HIC-1 and only 5.9% for RASSF1A gene. HIC-1 gene exhibited highest frequency of methylation in ulcerative colitis patients (57.8%) whereas it was 26.3% for both RASSF1A and MGMT genes. A nonsignificant association was recorded between the methylation status in different genes examined with the clinicopathological factors except the association between methylation at RASSF1A gene with gender (p=0.005), and it was significant. In conclusion, aberrant hypermethylation at promoter region of RASSFA, MGMT, and HIC-1 genes is involved in Egyptian CRCs. Hypermethylation of MGMT and HIC-1 genes plays an important role in the initiation of disease especially ulcerative colitis-carcinoma pathway.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Metilação de DNA/genética , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Pólipos Adenomatosos/genética , Pólipos Adenomatosos/patologia , Colite Ulcerativa/genética , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Pólipos do Colo/genética , Pólipos do Colo/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hiccups are involuntary diaphragmatic muscle contractions with early glottis closure terminating inspiration. They are classified into two types: acute (<48 hours) and persistent (>48 hours). COVID-19 is the defining health crisis of our generation. Although there are common symptoms of the disease (e.g. fever, cough), several atypical presentations have appeared as the pandemic has evolved. Here, we present a patient with COVID-19 presenting with fever, sore throat, and persistent hiccups. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 48-year-old man presented to the hospital with a seven-day history of persistent hiccups, fever, and sore throat. Physical examination was unremarkable and abdominal ultrasound showed gaseous abdominal distension. Laboratory values were remarkable for elevated C-reactive protein, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Computed tomography of the chest showed bilateral subpleural areas of ground-glass attenuation and crazy-paving pattern. A COVID-19 test was positive, and hydroxychloroquine, oseltamivir, baclofen, and symptomatic treatment were initiated. The hiccups improved, and the patient was discharged home after ten days. CONCLUSION: Physicians should maintain a high level of suspicion and be aware of atypical presentations of COVID-19.
Assuntos
COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Soluço/etiologia , Baclofeno/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores/sangue , COVID-19/terapia , Teste para COVID-19 , Febre/etiologia , Soluço/terapia , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oseltamivir/uso terapêutico , Faringite/etiologia , Doenças Raras , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) represent a high-risk category during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic crisis, with frontline HCWs at emergency departments (EDs) may be at an even higher risk. Determining the spread of infection among HCWs may have implications for infection control policies in hospitals. This study aimed to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among asymptomatic HCWs of the ED of a large tertiary center in Cairo, Egypt. METHODS: The study was conducted from June 1st to June 14th, 2020. All the recommended national and international indications on infection control measures were followed. Two hundred and three HCWs were included in the study and tested by nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and rapid serological test (RST). Descriptive statistical analyses were used to summarize the data. RESULTS: Of the 203 HCWs, 29 (14.3 %) tested positive by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Thirty-seven (18.2 %) HCWs tested positive with RST: 20 with both IgM and IgG; 14 with IgM only, and 3 with IgG only. Age, gender, and/or occupation were not risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Point prevalence of COVID-19 in asymptomatic HCWs in ED of tertiary care facility is 14.3 % by RT-PCR. This illustrates the importance of screening all HCWs regardless of symptoms, and the need for strict measures in securing HCWs to reduce transmission from healthcare facilities to the community during the current pandemic.
Assuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Pandemias , Atenção Terciária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Doenças Assintomáticas , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Teste para COVID-19 , Egito/epidemiologia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/organização & administração , Feminino , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Incidência , Controle de Infecções/organização & administração , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Atenção Terciária à Saúde/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are a presumed high-risk population for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Identifying factors associated with seroprevalence can help establish better practices in healthcare settings. In this study, we evaluate prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among previously undiagnosed HCWs and describe profiling of antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2, including neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 386 HCWs in a university hospital in Egypt and 725 volunteers not affiliated to any healthcare facility (non-healthcare workers - NHCWs). Participants provided a nasopharyngeal swab and serum samples for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, respectively. HCWs who tested positive by either test were sequentially monitored. RESULTS: At baseline, point prevalence of viral carriage was 11.4% in HCWs (n = 44/386) and 11.9% in NHCWs (86/725). The cumulative prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs considering all studies was 25.6%, which was statistically lower than in NHCWs (41.0%). Prevalence was greatest among janitorial staff (45.9%) and the most affected departments were gastroenterology (31.1%), and emergency medicine (30.0%). Prior anosmia, fever or headache were associated with higher odds of positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regarding serial antibody measurements, RT-PCR-positive HCWs displayed IgG detection rates of 29.5%, 70% and 60% at visit 1, visit 2 and visit 3, respectively with slow decline of median IgG antibody titers, whereas, corresponding detection rates for total Ig antibodies were 50%, 90.3%, and 88.9%, respectively with increasing median titers. NAbs measured at each time point were positively correlated with total Ig levels, whereas IgG levels were positively correlated with NAbs at visit 1 and visit 3. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate lower cumulative prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs than general population and suggest that asymptomatic HCWs exhibit considerable IgG and total Ig antibodies response as well as NAbs for up to 120 days, with positive correlation in between.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Formação de Anticorpos , Pessoal de Saúde , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colorectal cancer is one of the common cancers of the gastrointestinal tract in Egypt. It is characterized by a relatively earlier onset compared to that in the western world. Studying genetic alterations involved in colorectal cancer progression may help in identifying molecular biomarkers that can be used for early detection. METHODOLOGY: We analyzed DNA isolated from 83 cases including 38 colorectal carcinomas, 23 polyps (16 of which were adenomatous) and 22 cases with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mutations at KLF6 tumor suppressor gene (exon 1-4) were examined by PCR-SSCP silver staining technique followed by direct sequencing. 10p15 LOH was analyzed using KLF6 M1, KLF6 M2 and KLF6 M4 markers by microsatellite assay. RESULTS: KLF6 mutations were found in 45%, 27% and 26% of colorectal carcinoma, ulcerative colitis and polyp cases, respectively. Most of the mutations detected were located at exon 2. The majority of mutations found in KLF6 were missense mutation and their type and locations were different from those previously described in the western population. The frequencies of LOH at the three markers examined were 29%, 36%, and 52% for colorectal carcinomas, IBD, and polyp cases, respectively. LOH was detected in mutant KLF6 as well as wild type. No significant association was found between genetic alterations examined with different clinicopathological factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our data highlights for the first time an association of KLF6 gene in colorectal cancer in an Egyptian population. Detecting mutational sites different from those in western population is a characteristic feature in our study which may be related to environmental and/or genetic factors that have to be further identified.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Egito , Feminino , Humanos , Fator 6 Semelhante a Kruppel , Perda de Heterozigosidade , Masculino , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Conformacional de Fita SimplesRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Frontlines healthcare workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are at increased risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2, but there are limited data on the prevalence of COVID-19 among HCWs in Egypt. This study aimed to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs providing gastroenterological services. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventy-four HCWs at the gastroenterological service of Al-Manial University Hospital, the main hospital of the largest tertiary university hospitals complex in Egypt (Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University) were tested using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal samples, and rapid serological IgM/IgG tests (RST). A questionnaire was used to collect demographic, occupational and clinical data. RESULTS: Of the 74 HCWs, 10 tested positive by RT-PCR (13.5%). In 9/74 (12.2%) HCWs, antibodies could be detected by RST: three with both IgM and IgG lines; six with IgM line only and none with IgG line only. Frequency of positive tests was more among subjects with minor symptoms compared to completely asymptomatic HCWs (50% vs 16.1%, respectively). Neither age, gender or occupation was a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Point prevalence of COVID-19 in gastroenterology HCWs is 13.5% by RT-PCR. Continued measures are warranted to assure HCWs safety and reduce transmission from healthcare settings to the community during COVID-19 pandemic. Presence of positive test results among asymptomatic HCWs illustrates the importance of screening all HCWs irrespective of symptoms.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Gastroenterologia , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Adulto , COVID-19 , Egito , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pandemias , Prevalência , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for a sizable proportion of chronic liver disease cases and represents the most common indication for liver transplantation. Precise diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis stage is considered a funnel-neck in proper management and follow-up of HCV-infected patients. Given the possible complications of liver biopsy, a non-invasive method for assessing hepatic fibrosis is needed. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of APRI and hyaluronic acid as non-invasive diagnostic assessment tools for post HCV liver fibrosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Systematic literature searching identified studies performed on Egyptian territory to evaluate APRI and hyaluronic acid as non-invasive tests of fibrosis and using liver biopsy as the reference standard. Meta-analysis was performed for areas with an adequate number of publications. Validation of meta- analysis on APRI was done on a subset of 150 treatment-naïve post-hepatitis C patients. RESULTS: Both APRI and hyaluronic acid have superior predictive power for hepatic cirrhosis (F4) than for significant fibrosis (F2-F3). The pooled estimate for sensitivities and specificities of APRI and hyaluronic acid to diagnose F4 were (84% and 82%) and (83% and 89%) respectively. In the subgroup of treatment naïve post-hepatitis C patients, APRI had higher diagnostic performance to diagnose liver cirrhosis with 93.8% sensitivity and 72.4% specificity (AUC; 0.908, 95%CI; 0.851-0.965, p-value; <0.001) compared to its accuracy to diagnose significant hepatic fibrosis with 65.1% sensitivity and 77.8% (AUC; 0.685, 95% CI; 0.59-0.78, p-value; 0.001). CONCLUSION: APRI score and hyaluronic acid levels are simple and reliable non-invasive markers to detect advanced fibrosis among post-hepatitis C patients.
Assuntos
Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Hepatite C Crônica/complicações , Ácido Hialurônico/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Contagem de Plaquetas , Biópsia , Humanos , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/virologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROCAssuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Imunidade Coletiva , Modelos Teóricos , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Mutations in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) are associated with different types of cancer, specifically colorectal cancer (CRC). However, few studies have been performed on precancerous lesions, such as ulcerative colitis (UC) lesions and adenomatous polyps (AP). The aim of this study was to identify mtDNA mutations in the cancerous and precancerous lesions of Egyptian patients. An analysis of the mutations found in six regions of the mtDNA genome (ND1, ND5, COI, tRNAser, D-loop 1, and 2) in 80 Egyptian patients (40 CRC, 20 UC, and 20 AP) was performed using polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformational polymorphism techniques and followed up by direct sequencing. The overall incidence of mutations was 25%, 25%, and 35% in CRC, UC, and AP cases, respectively. Although there was no common mutation pattern within each group, a large number of mutations were detected in the D-loop region in all of the groups. Some mutations (e.g., T414G) were detected repeatedly in precancerous (UC and AP) and cancerous lesions. Mutations detected in patients with CRC were predominantly found in the ND1 gene (40%). Our preliminary study suggests that Egyptian patients with CRC have a large number of mtDNA mutations, especially in the D-loop region, which have not been previously reported. Mutations in the mtDNA of precancerous lesions (i.e., AP and UC) may contribute to transformation events that lead to CRC.
Assuntos
Pólipos Adenomatosos/genética , Colite Ulcerativa/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Mutação/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Egito , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo Conformacional de Fita Simples/genética , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Ascitic fluid infections (AFIs) are the frequent complications of advanced liver disease. Bacterial translocation is considered a key step in the pathogenesis of gut-derived bacterial infections; mainly spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients. Bacterial DNA (bactDNA) in ascitic fluid and serum has been suggested as a surrogate marker for bacterial translocation. We attempted at the isolation and identification of bacteria in ascitic fluid in cirrhotic patients and the assessment of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in ascitic fluid and serum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty cirrhotic patients having ascites with no signs of infection were included. Ascitic fluid cultures were obtained from patients. Ascitic fluid and serum were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR for the universal amplification of a region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene to detect bactDNA. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated from 9 (18%) of the ascitic fluid samples, and were mainly Gram-positive bacteria. BactDNA was detected simultaneously in the ascitic fluid and serum of 17 (34%) patients and in the ascitic fluid of only 2 patients. In a single patient with positive ascitic fluid culture no bactDNA was detected in ascitic fluid or serum. By considering AFIs as a positive ascitic fluid culture and/or the presence of bactDNA in the ascitic fluid and/or serum, ascitic fluid culture could detect 9 out of 20 patients with AFIs (45%), PCR of ascitic fluid could detect 19 out of 20 (95%) while PCR of serum could detect 17 out of 20 (85%). In 10 patients with culture negative non-neutrocytic ascites (CNNNA) bactDNA could be detected in serum and ascitic fluid. CONCLUSION: AFI can be caused by Gram positive as well as Gram negative organisms. A substantial percentage of cases with CNNNA show bactDNA in serum and ascitic fluid. PCR of ascitic fluid should, therefore, be used in the diagnostic workup of suspected cases of ascitic fluid infections.
Assuntos
Ascite/complicações , Ascite/microbiologia , Líquido Ascítico/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Acinetobacter/isolamento & purificação , Acinetobacter/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Ascite/sangue , Bacillus anthracis/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus anthracis/fisiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/sangue , Translocação Bacteriana , Corynebacterium diphtheriae/isolamento & purificação , Corynebacterium diphtheriae/fisiologia , DNA Bacteriano/sangue , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peritonite/sangue , Peritonite/diagnóstico , Peritonite/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: Quality of life after liver donation must remain a primary outcome measure when we consider the utility of living donor liver transplants. In making clinical decisions on the use of transplantation for chronic liver diseases, consideration should be given to the key factors likely to affect subsequent health related quality of life. It would be beneficial for donors, if factors predicting good quality of life are identified. The aim of this study was to assess the health related quality of life changes experienced by donors following living related liver transplantation using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between August 2001 and December 2006, 125 adults received liver grafts from living donors at Dar Al-Fouad Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. The SF-36v2 questionnaire was applied to 30 donors after at least 6 months following donation and maximally 4 years after donation (mean±STD:3.28±1.56 years). Furthermore, 30 healthy volunteers were taken as a control group. RESULTS: None of the donors required re-surgery and no deaths were reported. Only 4 (13.3%) donors experienced minor complications, which did not affect their quality of life and had no long term effects. No significant difference was found between donors and control group when means of the Physical and Mental Component Summary were compared. The physical functioning domain was the only domain of health which showed a statistically significant difference between both groups. CONCLUSION: Health related quality of life of donors was not compromised after full recovery. All donors had good recovery and returned to regular activities within 2-4 months post donation.