RESUMO
Ptpn6 is a cytoplasmic phosphatase that functions to prevent autoimmune and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-dependent, caspase-1-independent inflammatory disease. Conditional deletion of Ptpn6 in neutrophils (Ptpn6∆PMN) is sufficient to initiate IL-1 receptor-dependent cutaneous inflammatory disease, but the source of IL-1 and the mechanisms behind IL-1 release remain unclear. Here, we investigate the mechanisms controlling IL-1α/ß release from neutrophils by inhibiting caspase-8-dependent apoptosis and Ripk1-Ripk3-Mlkl-regulated necroptosis. Loss of Ripk1 accelerated disease onset, whereas combined deletion of caspase-8 and either Ripk3 or Mlkl strongly protected Ptpn6∆PMN mice. Ptpn6∆PMN neutrophils displayed increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent Ripk1-independent IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor production, and were prone to cell death. Together, these data emphasize dual functions for Ptpn6 in the negative regulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation to control tumor necrosis factor and IL-1α/ß expression, and in maintaining Ripk1 function to prevent caspase-8- and Ripk3-Mlkl-dependent cell death and concomitant IL-1α/ß release.
Assuntos
Apoptose/imunologia , Caspase 8/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Proteínas Quinases/imunologia , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 6/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/imunologia , Animais , Caspase 8/genética , Células Cultivadas , Deleção de Genes , Inflamação/imunologia , Interleucina-1/imunologia , Interleucina-1alfa/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 6/genética , Receptores Tipo I de Interleucina-1/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 is involved in RIPK3-dependent and -independent signaling pathways leading to cell death and/or inflammation. Genetic ablation of ripk1 causes postnatal lethality, which was not prevented by deletion of ripk3, caspase-8, or fadd. However, animals that lack RIPK1, RIPK3, and either caspase-8 or FADD survived weaning and matured normally. RIPK1 functions in vitro to limit caspase-8-dependent, TNFR-induced apoptosis, and animals lacking RIPK1, RIPK3, and TNFR1 survive to adulthood. The role of RIPK3 in promoting lethality in ripk1(-/-) mice suggests that RIPK3 activation is inhibited by RIPK1 postbirth. Whereas TNFR-induced RIPK3-dependent necroptosis requires RIPK1, cells lacking RIPK1 were sensitized to necroptosis triggered by poly I:C or interferons. Disruption of TLR (TRIF) or type I interferon (IFNAR) signaling delayed lethality in ripk1(-/-)tnfr1(-/-) mice. These results clarify the complex roles for RIPK1 in postnatal life and provide insights into the regulation of FADD-caspase-8 and RIPK3-MLKL signaling by RIPK1.
Assuntos
Caspase 8/metabolismo , Genes Letais , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Apoptose , Caspase 8/genética , Morte Celular , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Interferons/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismoRESUMO
Human bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes result from the loss of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), and this loss has been attributed to cell death; however, the cell death triggers, and mechanisms remain unknown. During BMF, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) increase. These ligands are known to induce necroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death mediated by RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. We previously discovered that mice with a hematopoietic RIPK1 deficiency (Ripk1HEM KO) exhibit inflammation, HSPC loss, and BMF, which is partially ameliorated by a RIPK3 deficiency; however, whether RIPK3 exerts its effects through its function in mediating necroptosis or other forms of cell death remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that similar to a RIPK3 deficiency, an MLKL deficiency significantly extends survival and like Ripk3 deficiency partially restores hematopoiesis in Ripk1HEM KO mice revealing that both necroptosis and apoptosis contribute to BMF in these mice. Using mouse models, we show that the nucleic acid sensor Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) is up-regulated in mouse RIPK1-deficient bone marrow cells and that ZBP1's function in endogenous nucleic acid sensing is necessary for HSPC death and contributes to BMF. We also provide evidence that IFNγ mediates HSPC death in Ripk1HEM KO mice, as ablation of IFNγ but not TNFα receptor signaling significantly extends survival of these mice. Together, these data suggest that RIPK1 maintains hematopoietic homeostasis by preventing ZBP1 activation and induction of HSPC death.
Assuntos
Ácidos Nucleicos , Pancitopenia , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Apoptose/genética , Transtornos da Insuficiência da Medula Óssea , Morte Celular/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Necrose/metabolismo , Ácidos Nucleicos/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismoRESUMO
Resistance mechanisms have curbed the potential of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies. Understanding mechanisms that contribute to this resistance should reveal new targets for combinatorial therapy. Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) represents such a target. In recent work by Sun et al., inhibition of TBK1 restored the efficacy of such treatments by sensitizing tumors to RIPK1 kinase-dependent inflammatory cell death.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Humanos , Morte Celular , Imunoterapia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina QuinasesRESUMO
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) regulate gut immune homeostasis, and impaired epithelial responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IEC-specific ablation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO) caused Paneth cell apoptosis and impaired antimicrobial factor expression in the ileum, as well as colonocyte apoptosis and microbiota-driven chronic inflammation in the colon. Combined RelA, c-Rel, and RelB deficiency in IECs caused Paneth cell apoptosis but not colitis, suggesting that NEMO prevents colon inflammation by NF-κB-independent functions. Inhibition of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) kinase activity or combined deficiency of Fas-associated via death domain protein (FADD) and RIPK3 prevented epithelial cell death, Paneth cell loss, and colitis development in mice with epithelial NEMO deficiency. Therefore, NEMO prevents intestinal inflammation by inhibiting RIPK1 kinase activity-mediated IEC death, suggesting that RIPK1 inhibitors could be effective in the treatment of colitis in patients with NEMO mutations and possibly in IBD.
Assuntos
Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Celulas de Paneth/fisiologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Células Cultivadas , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/genética , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/metabolismo , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-rel/genética , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Fator de Transcrição RelA/genética , Fator de Transcrição RelB/genéticaRESUMO
Macrophages are a crucial component of the innate immune system in sensing pathogens and promoting local and systemic inflammation. RIPK1 and RIPK3 are homologous kinases, previously linked to activation of necroptotic death. In this study, we have described roles for these kinases as master regulators of pro-inflammatory gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide, independent of their well-documented cell death functions. In primary macrophages, this regulation was elicited in the absence of caspase-8 activity, required the adaptor molecule TRIF, and proceeded in a cell autonomous manner. RIPK1 and RIPK3 kinases promoted sustained activation of Erk, cFos, and NF-κB, which were required for inflammatory changes. Utilizing genetic and pharmacologic tools, we showed that RIPK1 and RIPK3 account for acute inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide in vivo; notably, this regulation did not require exogenous manipulation of caspases. These findings identified a new pharmacologically accessible pathway that may be relevant to inflammatory pathologies.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Inflamação/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Animais , Caspase 8/genética , Caspase 8/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Necrose , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Transdução de Sinais , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Processive elongation of RNA Polymerase II from a proximal promoter paused state is a rate-limiting event in human gene control. A small number of regulatory factors influence transcription elongation on a global scale. Prior research using small-molecule BET bromodomain inhibitors, such as JQ1, linked BRD4 to context-specific elongation at a limited number of genes associated with massive enhancer regions. Here, the mechanistic characterization of an optimized chemical degrader of BET bromodomain proteins, dBET6, led to the unexpected identification of BET proteins as master regulators of global transcription elongation. In contrast to the selective effect of bromodomain inhibition on transcription, BET degradation prompts a collapse of global elongation that phenocopies CDK9 inhibition. Notably, BRD4 loss does not directly affect CDK9 localization. These studies, performed in translational models of T cell leukemia, establish a mechanism-based rationale for the development of BET bromodomain degradation as cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Quinase 9 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/metabolismo , Elongação da Transcrição Genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Quinase 9 Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Camundongos Transgênicos , Complexos Multiproteicos , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Peptídeo Hidrolases/genética , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/genética , Estabilidade Proteica , Proteólise , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Elongação da Transcrição Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transfecção , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Relapse and refractory T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has a poor prognosis, and new combination therapies are sorely needed. Here, we used an ex vivo high-throughput screening platform to identify drug combinations that kill zebrafish T-ALL and then validated top drug combinations for preclinical efficacy in human disease. This work uncovered potent drug synergies between AKT/mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) inhibitors and the general tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib. Importantly, these same drug combinations effectively killed a subset of relapse and dexamethasone-resistant zebrafish T-ALL. Clinical trials are currently underway using the combination of mTORC1 inhibitor temsirolimus and dasatinib in other pediatric cancer indications, leading us to prioritize this therapy for preclinical testing. This combination effectively curbed T-ALL growth in human cell lines and primary human T-ALL and was well tolerated and effective in suppressing leukemia growth in patient-derived xenografts (PDX) grown in mice. Mechanistically, dasatinib inhibited phosphorylation and activation of the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) to blunt the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, and when complexed with mTORC1 inhibition, induced potent T-ALL cell killing through reducing MCL-1 protein expression. In total, our work uncovered unexpected roles for the LCK kinase and its regulation of downstream TCR signaling in suppressing apoptosis and driving continued leukemia growth. Analysis of a wide array of primary human T-ALLs and PDXs grown in mice suggest that combination of temsirolimus and dasatinib treatment will be efficacious for a large fraction of human T-ALLs.
Assuntos
Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras , Criança , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Proteína Tirosina Quinase p56(lck) Linfócito-Específica/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/metabolismo , Dasatinibe/farmacologia , Dasatinibe/uso terapêutico , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Tirosina , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transdução de Sinais , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Recidiva , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMO
Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance remains a clinical challenge in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia where response to GC is a reliable prognostic indicator. To identify GC resistance pathways, we conducted a genome-wide, survival-based, short hairpin RNA screen in murine T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Genes identified in the screen interfere with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and are underexpressed in GC-resistant or relapsed ALL patients. Silencing of the cAMP-activating Gnas gene interfered with GC-induced gene expression, resulting in dexamethasone resistance in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that cAMP signaling synergizes with dexamethasone to enhance cell death in GC-resistant human T-ALL cells. We find the E prostanoid receptor 4 expressed in T-ALL samples and demonstrate that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases intracellular cAMP, potentiates GC-induced gene expression, and sensitizes human T-ALL samples to dexamethasone in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify PGE2 as a target for GC resensitization in relapsed pediatric T-ALL.
Assuntos
AMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Dinoprostona/farmacologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , 1-Metil-3-Isobutilxantina/farmacologia , Animais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Criança , Cromograninas/antagonistas & inibidores , Colforsina/farmacologia , AMP Cíclico/farmacologia , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Dinoprostona/administração & dosagem , Dinoprostona/antagonistas & inibidores , Dinoprostona/fisiologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/fisiologia , Feminino , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/antagonistas & inibidores , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/deficiência , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos Animais , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biossíntese , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/patologia , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Quimera por Radiação , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/biossíntese , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/fisiologia , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/biossíntese , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Apoptosis and necroptosis are two regulated cell death mechanisms; however, the interaction between these cell death pathways in vivo is unclear. Here we used cerebral ischemia/reperfusion as a model to investigate the interaction between apoptosis and necroptosis. We show that the activation of RIPK1 sequentially promotes necroptosis followed by apoptosis in a temporally specific manner. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion insult rapidly activates necroptosis to promote cerebral hemorrhage and neuroinflammation. Ripk3 deficiency reduces cerebral hemorrhage and delays the onset of neural damage mediated by inflammation. Reduced cerebral perfusion resulting from arterial occlusion promotes the degradation of TAK1, a suppressor of RIPK1, and the transition from necroptosis to apoptosis. Conditional knockout of TAK1 in microglial/infiltrated macrophages and neuronal lineages sensitizes to ischemic infarction by promoting apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate the critical role of necroptosis in mediating neurovascular damage and hypoperfusion-induced TAK1 loss, which subsequently promotes apoptosis and cerebral pathology in stroke and neurodegeneration.
Assuntos
Apoptose/fisiologia , Necroptose/fisiologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/metabolismo , Animais , Lesões Encefálicas/metabolismo , Morte Celular , Inflamação/patologia , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologiaRESUMO
Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death is a common feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that triggers inflammation by compromising barrier integrity. In many patients with IBD, epithelial damage and inflammation are TNF-dependent. Elevated TNF production in IBD is accompanied by increased expression of the TNFAIP3 gene, which encodes A20, a negative feedback regulator of NF-κB. A20 in intestinal epithelium from patients with IBD coincided with the presence of cleaved caspase-3, and A20 transgenic (Tg) mice, in which A20 is expressed from an IEC-specific promoter, were highly susceptible to TNF-induced IEC death, intestinal damage, and shock. A20-expressing intestinal organoids were also susceptible to TNF-induced death, demonstrating that enhanced TNF-induced apoptosis was a cell-autonomous property of A20. This effect was dependent on Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (RIPK1) activity, and A20 was found to associate with the Ripoptosome complex, potentiating its ability to activate caspase-8. A20-potentiated RIPK1-dependent apoptosis did not require the A20 deubiquitinase (DUB) domain and zinc finger 4 (ZnF4), which mediate NF-κB inhibition in fibroblasts, but was strictly dependent on ZnF7 and A20 dimerization. We suggest that A20 dimers bind linear ubiquitin to stabilize the Ripoptosome and potentiate its apoptosis-inducing activity.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Proteína 3 Induzida por Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Caspase 3/genética , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Caspase 8/genética , Caspase 8/metabolismo , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/genética , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Multimerização Proteica , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Proteína 3 Induzida por Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMO
Necroptosis is a form of cell death associated with inflammation; however, the biological consequences of chronic necroptosis are unknown. Necroptosis is mediated by RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL kinases but in hematopoietic cells RIPK1 has anti-inflammatory roles and functions to prevent necroptosis. Here we interrogate the consequences of chronic necroptosis on immune homeostasis by deleting Ripk1 in mouse dendritic cells. We demonstrate that deregulated necroptosis results in systemic inflammation, tissue fibrosis, and autoimmunity. We show that inflammation and autoimmunity are prevented upon expression of kinase inactive RIPK1 or deletion of RIPK3 or MLKL. We provide evidence that the inflammation is not driven by microbial ligands, but depends on the release of danger-associated molecular patterns and MyD88-dependent signaling. Importantly, although the inflammation is independent of type I IFN and the nucleic acid sensing TLRs, blocking these pathways rescues the autoimmunity. These mouse genetic studies reveal that chronic necroptosis may underlie human fibrotic and autoimmune disorders.
Assuntos
Autoimunidade , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Imunidade , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Animais , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Autoimunidade/genética , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fibrose , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Linfadenopatia/genética , Linfadenopatia/imunologia , Linfadenopatia/metabolismo , Linfadenopatia/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/genética , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , Necrose/genética , Necrose/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/deficiência , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Necroptosis has emerged as an important pathway of programmed cell death in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, immunity and inflammation. RIPK1 is implicated in inflammatory and cell death signalling and its kinase activity is believed to drive RIPK3-mediated necroptosis. Here we show that kinase-independent scaffolding RIPK1 functions regulate homeostasis and prevent inflammation in barrier tissues by inhibiting epithelial cell apoptosis and necroptosis. Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific RIPK1 knockout caused IEC apoptosis, villus atrophy, loss of goblet and Paneth cells and premature death in mice. This pathology developed independently of the microbiota and of MyD88 signalling but was partly rescued by TNFR1 (also known as TNFRSF1A) deficiency. Epithelial FADD ablation inhibited IEC apoptosis and prevented the premature death of mice with IEC-specific RIPK1 knockout. However, mice lacking both RIPK1 and FADD in IECs displayed RIPK3-dependent IEC necroptosis, Paneth cell loss and focal erosive inflammatory lesions in the colon. Moreover, a RIPK1 kinase inactive knock-in delayed but did not prevent inflammation caused by FADD deficiency in IECs or keratinocytes, showing that RIPK3-dependent necroptosis of FADD-deficient epithelial cells only partly requires RIPK1 kinase activity. Epidermis-specific RIPK1 knockout triggered keratinocyte apoptosis and necroptosis and caused severe skin inflammation that was prevented by RIPK3 but not FADD deficiency. These findings revealed that RIPK1 inhibits RIPK3-mediated necroptosis in keratinocytes in vivo and identified necroptosis as a more potent trigger of inflammation compared with apoptosis. Therefore, RIPK1 is a master regulator of epithelial cell survival, homeostasis and inflammation in the intestine and the skin.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Homeostase , Necrose , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Animais , Caspase 8/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/deficiência , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/metabolismo , Feminino , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/citologia , Intestinos/patologia , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , Celulas de Paneth/metabolismo , Celulas de Paneth/patologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/deficiência , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/deficiência , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Pele/citologia , Pele/metabolismo , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
The translational control of oncoprotein expression is implicated in many cancers. Here we report an eIF4A RNA helicase-dependent mechanism of translational control that contributes to oncogenesis and underlies the anticancer effects of silvestrol and related compounds. For example, eIF4A promotes T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia development in vivo and is required for leukaemia maintenance. Accordingly, inhibition of eIF4A with silvestrol has powerful therapeutic effects against murine and human leukaemic cells in vitro and in vivo. We use transcriptome-scale ribosome footprinting to identify the hallmarks of eIF4A-dependent transcripts. These include 5' untranslated region (UTR) sequences such as the 12-nucleotide guanine quartet (CGG)4 motif that can form RNA G-quadruplex structures. Notably, among the most eIF4A-dependent and silvestrol-sensitive transcripts are a number of oncogenes, superenhancer-associated transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators. Hence, the 5' UTRs of select cancer genes harbour a targetable requirement for the eIF4A RNA helicase.
Assuntos
Regiões 5' não Traduzidas/genética , Fator de Iniciação 4A em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Quadruplex G , Proteínas Oncogênicas/biossíntese , Proteínas Oncogênicas/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/uso terapêutico , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Motivos de Nucleotídeos , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/genética , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Triterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Dysfunction of microglia is known to play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated the role of RIPK1 in microglia mediating the pathogenesis of AD. RIPK1 is highly expressed by microglial cells in human AD brains. Using the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mouse model, we found that inhibition of RIPK1, using both pharmacological and genetic means, reduced amyloid burden, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, and memory deficits. Furthermore, inhibition of RIPK1 promoted microglial degradation of Aß in vitro. We characterized the transcriptional profiles of adult microglia from APP/PS1 mice and identified a role for RIPK1 in regulating the microglial expression of CH25H and Cst7, a marker for disease-associated microglia (DAM), which encodes an endosomal/lysosomal cathepsin inhibitor named Cystatin F. We present evidence that RIPK1-mediated induction of Cst7 leads to an impairment in the lysosomal pathway. These data suggest that RIPK1 may mediate a critical checkpoint in the transition to the DAM state. Together, our study highlights a non-cell death mechanism by which the activation of RIPK1 mediates the induction of a DAM phenotype, including an inflammatory response and a reduction in phagocytic activity, and connects RIPK1-mediated transcription in microglia to the etiology of AD. Our results support that RIPK1 is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Microglia/patologia , Presenilina-1/fisiologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microglia/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genéticaRESUMO
The gene encoding the RUNX1 transcription factor is mutated in a subset of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients, and RUNX1 mutations are associated with a poor prognosis. These mutations cluster in the DNA-binding Runt domain and are thought to represent loss-of-function mutations, indicating that RUNX1 suppresses T-cell transformation. RUNX1 has been proposed to have tumor suppressor roles in T-cell leukemia homeobox 1/3-transformed human T-ALL cell lines and NOTCH1 T-ALL mouse models. Yet, retroviral insertional mutagenesis screens identify RUNX genes as collaborating oncogenes in MYC-driven leukemia mouse models. To elucidate RUNX1 function(s) in leukemogenesis, we generated Tal1/Lmo2/Rosa26-CreERT2Runx1f/f mice and examined leukemia progression in the presence of vehicle or tamoxifen. We found that Runx1 deletion inhibits mouse leukemic growth in vivo and that RUNX silencing in human T-ALL cells triggers apoptosis. We demonstrate that a small molecule inhibitor, designed to interfere with CBFß binding to RUNX proteins, impairs the growth of human T-ALL cell lines and primary patient samples. We demonstrate that a RUNX1 deficiency alters the expression of a crucial subset of TAL1- and NOTCH1-regulated genes, including the MYB and MYC oncogenes, respectively. These studies provide genetic and pharmacologic evidence that RUNX1 has oncogenic roles and reveal RUNX1 as a novel therapeutic target in T-ALL.
Assuntos
Subunidade alfa 2 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Oncogenes , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myb/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Animais , Apoptose , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Sobrevivência Celular , Cromatina/metabolismo , Subunidade beta de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Deleção de Genes , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda de Células TRESUMO
The innate immune response is a central element of the initial defense against bacterial and viral pathogens. Macrophages are key innate immune cells that upon encountering pathogen-associated molecular patterns respond by producing cytokines, including IFN-ß. In this study, we identify a novel role for RIPK1 and RIPK3, a pair of homologous serine/threonine kinases previously implicated in the regulation of necroptosis and pathologic tissue injury, in directing IFN-ß production in macrophages. Using genetic and pharmacologic tools, we show that catalytic activity of RIPK1 directs IFN-ß synthesis induced by LPS in mice. Additionally, we report that RIPK1 kinase-dependent IFN-ß production may be elicited in an analogous fashion using LPS in bone marrow-derived macrophages upon inhibition of caspases. Notably, this regulation requires kinase activities of both RIPK1 and RIPK3, but not the necroptosis effector protein, MLKL. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that necrosome-like RIPK1 and RIPK3 aggregates facilitate canonical TRIF-dependent IFN-ß production downstream of the LPS receptor TLR4. Intriguingly, we also show that RIPK1 and RIPK3 kinase-dependent synthesis of IFN-ß is markedly induced by avirulent strains of Gram-negative bacteria, Yersinia and Klebsiella, and less so by their wild-type counterparts. Overall, these observations identify unexpected roles for RIPK1 and RIPK3 kinases in the production of IFN-ß during the host inflammatory responses to bacterial infection and suggest that the axis in which these kinases operate may represent a target for bacterial virulence factors.
Assuntos
Interferon beta/biossíntese , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/imunologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Interferon beta/imunologia , Klebsiella/imunologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Camundongos , Necrose/imunologia , Fosforilação , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/imunologia , Yersinia/imunologiaRESUMO
The protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 has critical roles in immune signalling, but how mutations in SHP-1 cause inflammatory disease in humans remains poorly defined. Mice homozygous for the Tyr208Asn amino acid substitution in the carboxy terminus of SHP-1 (referred to as Ptpn6(spin) mice) spontaneously develop a severe inflammatory syndrome that resembles neutrophilic dermatosis in humans and is characterized by persistent footpad swelling and suppurative inflammation. Here we report that receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1)-regulated interleukin (IL)-1α production by haematopoietic cells critically mediates chronic inflammatory disease in Ptpn6(spin) mice, whereas inflammasome signalling and IL-1ß-mediated events are dispensable. IL-1α was also crucial for exacerbated inflammatory responses and unremitting tissue damage upon footpad microabrasion of Ptpn6(spin) mice. Notably, pharmacological and genetic blockade of the kinase RIP1 protected against wound-induced inflammation and tissue damage in Ptpn6(spin) mice, whereas RIP3 deletion failed to do so. Moreover, RIP1-mediated inflammatory cytokine production was attenuated by NF-κB and ERK inhibition. Together, our results indicate that wound-induced tissue damage and chronic inflammation in Ptpn6(spin) mice are critically dependent on RIP1-mediated IL-1α production, whereas inflammasome signalling and RIP3-mediated necroptosis are dispensable. Thus, we have unravelled a novel inflammatory circuit in which RIP1-mediated IL-1α secretion in response to deregulated SHP-1 activity triggers an inflammatory destructive disease that proceeds independently of inflammasomes and programmed necrosis.
Assuntos
Inflamassomos , Interleucina-1alfa/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Animais , Morte Celular , Dermatite/imunologia , Dermatite/metabolismo , Dermatite/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Extremidades/patologia , Feminino , Deleção de Genes , Humanos , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Interleucina-1alfa/deficiência , Interleucina-1alfa/genética , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 6/deficiência , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 6/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 6/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Cicatrização , Ferimentos e Lesões/imunologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/patologiaRESUMO
The p53 tumor suppressor acts as a guardian of the genome by preventing the propagation of DNA damage-induced breaks and mutations to subsequent generations of cells. We have previously shown that phosphorylation of the Mdm2 oncoprotein at Ser394 by the ATM kinase is required for robust p53 stabilization and activation in cells treated with ionizing radiation, and that loss of Mdm2 Ser394 phosphorylation leads to spontaneous tumorigenesis and radioresistance in Mdm2S394A mice. Previous in vitro data indicate that the c-Abl kinase phosphorylates Mdm2 at the neighboring residue (Tyr393) in response to DNA damage to regulate p53-dependent apoptosis. In this present study, we have generated an Mdm2 mutant mouse (Mdm2Y393F) to determine whether c-Abl phosphorylation of Mdm2 regulates the p53-mediated DNA damage response or p53 tumor suppression in vivo. The Mdm2Y393F mice develop accelerated spontaneous and oncogene-induced tumors, yet display no defects in p53 stabilization and activity following acute genotoxic stress. Although apoptosis is unaltered in these mice, they recover more rapidly from radiation-induced bone marrow ablation and are more resistant to whole-body radiation-induced lethality. These data reveal an in vivo role for c-Abl phosphorylation of Mdm2 in regulation of p53 tumor suppression and bone marrow failure. However, c-Abl phosphorylation of Mdm2 Tyr393 appears to play a lesser role in governing Mdm2-p53 signaling than ATM phosphorylation of Mdm2 Ser394. Furthermore, the effects of these phosphorylation events on p53 regulation are not additive, as Mdm2Y393F/S394A mice and Mdm2S394A mice display similar phenotypes.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-abl/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/química , Tolerância a Radiação , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Alelos , Animais , Apoptose , Dano ao DNA , Éxons , Feminino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/radioterapia , Fosforilação , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: ATAC-seq (Assays for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) is a recently developed technique for genome-wide analysis of chromatin accessibility. Compared to earlier methods for assaying chromatin accessibility, ATAC-seq is faster and easier to perform, does not require cross-linking, has higher signal to noise ratio, and can be performed on small cell numbers. However, to ensure a successful ATAC-seq experiment, step-by-step quality assurance processes, including both wet lab quality control and in silico quality assessment, are essential. While several tools have been developed or adopted for assessing read quality, identifying nucleosome occupancy and accessible regions from ATAC-seq data, none of the tools provide a comprehensive set of functionalities for preprocessing and quality assessment of aligned ATAC-seq datasets. RESULTS: We have developed a Bioconductor package, ATACseqQC, for easily generating various diagnostic plots to help researchers quickly assess the quality of their ATAC-seq data. In addition, this package contains functions to preprocess aligned ATAC-seq data for subsequent peak calling. Here we demonstrate the utilities of our package using 25 publicly available ATAC-seq datasets from four studies. We also provide guidelines on what the diagnostic plots should look like for an ideal ATAC-seq dataset. CONCLUSIONS: This software package has been used successfully for preprocessing and assessing several in-house and public ATAC-seq datasets. Diagnostic plots generated by this package will facilitate the quality assessment of ATAC-seq data, and help researchers to evaluate their own ATAC-seq experiments as well as select high-quality ATAC-seq datasets from public repositories such as GEO to avoid generating hypotheses or drawing conclusions from low-quality ATAC-seq experiments. The software, source code, and documentation are freely available as a Bioconductor package at https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ATACseqQC.html .