Interstitial pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: A case report of a patient with interstitial pregnancy and a history of hyperprolactinemia. CASE REPORT: A 30-year-old woman was hospitalized for a suspicion of ectopic pregnancy and referred for laparoscopy. During the laparoscopic surgery, interstitial pregnancy was dia-gnosed and solved with cornuostomy. CONCLUSION: Ectopic interstitial pregnancy represents a serious worldwide issue because unrecognized, it can endanger a womans life, despite advances in ultrasound examination, the dia-gnosis often remains inaccurate. Laparoscopic surgical approach with evacuation of pregnancy with subsequent uterus suture represents one of the possible approaches. This method is minimally invasive and safe.

History and current trends in the treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder.

OBJECTIVE: Historical and current view on the therapy of overactive bladder. METHODS: This review summarizes the historical approach and current therapy of overactive bladder. The articles were gathered from Pubmed and Scopus databases. Studies published before December 2020 were used for the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Overactive bladder is a condition that quite a lot reduces the quality of life of our patients. Our therapeutic approach starts with non-pharmacological treatment, such as pelvic floor exercises. The next step is a pharmacological approach. The entry level drug is trospium. If the effect is not sufficient, propiverine, solifenacin, fesoterodine, darifenacin or mirabegron are used. Electrostimulation or botulinum toxin A application is an option only in cases that didnt respond to pharmacological treatment. It is safe to say, that in the end, there is a way of reducing the severity of overactive bladder symptoms for every  patient.

Comparison of two long-term gestagen regimens in the management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A pilot study.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a hormonal-dependent infection but in contrast to sporadic VVC, therapy of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is still unsolved. Long-term administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate was evaluated for the management of RVVC. Overall, 20 patients were treated with Depo-Provera; 14 patients were treated with Provera. Gestagen therapy was evaluated based on visual analogue scale (VAS), the frequency of attacks, the side effects of gestagens and the consumption of antifungals. There was a reduced symptomatology in both of the groups and substantial reduction in antifungal drug consumption during the second year of gestagen use. Twenty-four patients (70.6%) evaluated their condition regarding the vulvovaginal area as improvement (VAS decrease of 3-5 points). Five patients (14.7%) mentioned minimal or no improvement. Further, a number of antifungal drug-treated episodes dropped dramatically during the study period. Both regimes provided similar results, but five patients from the Depo-Provera group had to withdraw from gestagen therapy. Gestagen supplementation ameliorated the quality of life for the majority of patients with RVVC and suggested a potential role in the management of this syndrome, even if beneficial effect was evident after longer application, and some patients met with side effects that led to an interruption of therapy.

Radiofrequency therapy for severe idiopathic vulvodynia.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to provide a description of a new and a hopeful possibility in the treatment of severe vulvodynia, which does not respond to treatments used so far. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The use of radiofrequency therapy in vulvodynia treatment is described for the first time. This method was suggested by a neurosurgeon after applying all available possibilities. RESULT: In this article, we are reporting on the successful use of the pulsed radiofrequency treatment in a patient with intractable chronic vulvodynia. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a successful use of pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of chronic vulvodynia. If efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency is confirmed by more studies, it would be a welcome addition to the treatment modalities used to treat this sometimes truly intractable condition.

Treatment of Vulvovaginal Laxity by Electroporation: The Jett Plasma Medical for Her II Study.

INTRODUCTION: Vaginal laxity is a widespread and undertreated medical condition associated especially with vaginal parity. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of electroporation therapy treatment of vulvovaginal laxity by the Jett Plasma for Her II device. METHODS: The Jett Plasma for Her II Study is a multicentric, prospective, randomized, single-blinded, and controlled study. Women presenting with vaginal laxity were randomized to receive electroporation therapy delivered to the vaginal tissue (active-82 patients) vs. therapy with zero intensity (placebo-9 patients). RESULTS: A total of 91 subjects whose average age was 48.69 ± 10.89 were included. Due to the results of a one-way analysis of variance, it may be concluded that in the case of the vaginal laxity questionnaire (VLQ), there is a statistically significant difference between actively treated patients and the placebo group (F1,574 = 46.91; p < 0.001). In the case of the female sexual function index (FSFI), a one-way ANOVA test also showed a statistically significant difference between the actively treated patients and the placebo group (F1,278 = 7.97; p = 0.005). In the case of the incontinence impact questionnaire-7 (IIQ-7), a one-way ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference between the actively treated patients and the placebo group (F1,384 = 15.51; p < 0.001). It confirms that improvement of vaginal laxity is conjoined with benefits in symptoms of urinary incontinence. Biopsy performed after the end of the treatment shows an increase in the vaginal mucosa thickness by an average of 100.04% in the active group. The treatment was well tolerated with no adverse events. No topical anesthetics were required. CONCLUSIONS: Treatments of vulvovaginal laxity by electroporation therapy achieved significant and sustainable 12-month effectiveness. Responses to the questionnaires also suggest subjective improvement in self-reported sexual function, incontinence, sexual satisfaction, and urogenital distress.

Is there an association between pelvic organ prolapse and oxidative stress? A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has not been fully elucidated, although accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved. The present systematic review comprehensively discusses this topic. METHODS: The PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies published up to May 2021. This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number CRD42021242240). Two independent researchers screened and selected articles that fulfilled predefined inclusion criteria, performed a quality assessment, and extracted the relevant data. Of 901 original articles retrieved, 8 fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in the review. RESULTS: Elevated levels of markers of oxidative stress, such as advanced glycation end products, hydroxynonenal and hydroxydeoxyguanosine, were found in various parts of the pelvic floor of patients with POP. Accordingly, the levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, known as major antioxidant enzymes, were reduced, compared to those in healthy controls. Levels of two other markers (mitofusin 2 and nuclear factor erythroid derived 2) also support hypotheses suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress in POP. CONCLUSIONS: In the literature available, an association between oxidative stress and pelvic organ prolapse was confirmed.

Hemorrhoid management in women: the role of tribenoside + lidocaine.

Hemorrhoids are commonly reported in women. However, despite the high prevalence of hemorrhoids in women and the major impact of this condition on quality of life, specific evidence and recommendations on the treatment of hemorrhoids in women are scant. This paper reviews various options in current therapy for hemorrhoids in women-namely, medical intervention (topical and systemic drug therapy)-and discusses the available clinical evidence for an appropriate use of over-the-counter topical formulations for the symptomatic treatment of hemorrhoids. Its focus is on a medical preparation containing tribenoside + lidocaine, available as a rectal cream (tribenoside 5%/lidocaine 2%) and a suppository (tribenoside 400 mg/lidocaine 40 mg) and marketed under the brand Procto-Glyvenol® (Recordati, SpA, Italy). Given its rapid comprehensive efficacy on all the different symptoms of hemorrhoids, the tribenoside + lidocaine combination can find a place in the treatment of this hemorrhoidal disease. Importantly, its efficacy and tolerability have been formally evaluated in several well-conducted studies, some of which were specifically conducted in women. In particular, tribenoside + lidocaine can be safely administered in postpartum women and in pregnant women after the first trimester of pregnancy. In pregnant women, the tribenoside/lidocaine combination significantly improved both subjective and objective symptoms of hemorrhoids. Fast onset of symptom relief was reported from 10 minutes after administration, lasting up to 10-12 hours. On these bases, tribenoside + lidocaine can represent a fast, effective, and safe option to treat hemorrhoids when conservative therapy is indicated, and it deserves consideration as a first-line treatment of this disease in clinical practice.

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of quorum-sensing molecules of Candida albicans.

Candida albicans is generally one of the most commonly isolated fungal pathogen from human body. It is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections, bloodstream infections, urinary infections and mucosal infections of oral cavity and vagina C. albicans can grow as hyphae, pseudohyphae, or budding yeast. Morphological conversion of a yeast form to pseudohyphal or hyphal one is often characterized by the change of commensal status to an invasive form. Farnesol and tyrosol can participate in these transformation processes as quorum sensing molecules together with some physical-chemical factors. A new analytical method for identification and quantification of biologically active substances farnesol and tyrosol using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in connection with tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The analytes were separated on Acquity BEH C18 analytical column using binary mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and formic acid 0.075% (75:25) at flow-rate 0.20 ml/min. SRM (selected reaction monitoring) mode was applied in order to ensure sufficient selectivity and sensitivity using the first most intensive transition as a quantitative (121>77 and 205>121) and second one for the confirmation purposes (121>93 and 205>109). The method was validated in terms of linearity (>0.9994), precision (0.5-3.8% RSD), accuracy (78.9-106.0%), LOD (limit of detection) and LOQ (limit of quantitation). The method can serve as an analytical tool for the detection and determination of quorum-sensing molecules in biological samples.