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1.
Food Microbiol ; 38: 67-74, 2014 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24290628

RESUMO

A total of 60 Salmonella enterica serovar (ser.) Enteritidis isolates, 28 from poultry houses and 32 from clinical samples, were isolated during 2010. These isolates were subjected to testing and analyzed for antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, plasmids and plasmid replicon types. To assess genetic diversity, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) fingerprinting, using the XbaI restriction enzyme, Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and plasmid profiles were performed. All isolates from poultry, and 10 out of 32 clinical isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, sulfisoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Twenty-one of thirty-two clinical isolates were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline, and one isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid. PFGE typing of sixty ser. Enteritidis isolates by XbaI resulted in 10-12 bands and grouped into six clusters each with similarity from 95% to 81%. The MLVA analysis of sixty isolates gave 18 allele profiles with the majority of isolates displayed in three groups, and two clinical isolates found to be new in the PulseNet national MLVA database. All isolates were positive for 12 or more of the 17 virulence genes mostly found in S. enterica (spvB, spiA, pagC, msgA, invA, sipB, prgH, spaN, orgA, tolC, iroN, sitC, IpfC, sifA, sopB, and pefA) and negative for one gene (cdtB). All isolates carried a typical 58 kb plasmid, type Inc/FIIA. Three poultry isolates and one clinical isolate carried small plasmids with 3.8, 6, 7.6 and 11.5 kb. Ten of the clinical isolates carried plasmids, with sizes 36 and 38 kb, types IncL/M and IncN, and one isolate carried an 81 kb plasmid, type IncI. Southern hybridization of a plasmid with an Inc/FIIA gene probe hybridized one large 58 kb plasmid in all isolates. Several large and small plasmids from poultry isolates were not typed by our PCR-based method. These results confirmed that PFGE fingerprinting has limited discriminatory power for ser. Enteritidis in both poultry and clinical sources. However, the plasmid and MLVA allele profiles were a useful and important epidemiology tool to discriminate outbreak strains of ser. Enteritidis from poultry and clinical samples.


Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/instrumentação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Filogenia , Aves Domésticas , Salmonella enteritidis/classificação , Salmonella enteritidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Virulência/genética
2.
Glob Health Action ; 13(sup2): 1791426, 2020 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32741350

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. In addition, Lao PDR has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in southeast Asia and a high maternal mortality ratio. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive exploration of factors that influence SRH knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adolescents in Bokeo Province, Lao PDR. METHOD: Data from the Adolescent Girl Situation Analysis cross-sectional study, collected in 2018 using a mixed-method approach with 837 adolescents aged 10-19, and key informant interviews, were analysed. Regression analyses were used to identify predictors of modern contraception knowledge, autonomy, gender-based violence, sexual activity, and contraception use. This was complemented with qualitative thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Adolescents living in two rural districts had lower sexual and reproductive health knowledge compared to urban district residents. Findings showed misconceptions about the birth control pill, a belief that sex education is important, but that the current teaching quality is problematic. There was a strong positive association between knowledge and autonomy. In the two rural districts, residents were more likely to lack autonomy. Marriage was described as an autonomous decision, yet 40.4% lacked autonomy regarding marriage. Among sexually active adolescents, 35.2% used contraception. Boys and girls were said to be equal, yet education access and gender roles favoured boys. Additionally, violence was more justified by husbands against their wives. CONCLUSION: The study helps to understand the views and perceptions of adolescents and key informants on gender equality and gender-based violence. Three main areas require more effort and greater investment to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health: knowledge and use of contraceptives, gender inequality, and autonomy. There is poor knowledge of contraceptive methods, indicating a need to further integrate comprehensive sexual education, introduced in primary school, and to increase investment in training and monitoring teachers.


Assuntos
Comportamento Contraceptivo/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Gravidez na Adolescência/psicologia , Saúde Reprodutiva/educação , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Saúde Sexual/educação , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Comportamento Contraceptivo/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Laos , Masculino , Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Reprodutiva/estatística & dados numéricos , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Educação Sexual/métodos , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto Jovem
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