Correlation Between E6 and E7 Oncogenes and Malignant Transformation of Laryngeal Papillomatosis (LP) with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Pediatric Population.

INTRODUCTION: Laryngeal papillomatosis (LP) is the most common benign neoplasm affecting the upper respiratory tract mucosa in children. The most common genotypes of HPV associated with LP are types 6 and 11. Methods: Among 187 patients identified in our institution with LP, four cases showed malignant transformation to invasive squamous carcinoma. Results: These patients had tumors with HPV viruses that showed high expression of oncogene E6 and E7 and low expression of E2. Conclusion: Malignant transformation of LP is associated with oncogenic expression of E6 and E7.

Pathogenesis and Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Intestine, Liver, and Pancreas.

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, rapidly spread worldwide, causing an ongoing global pandemic. While the respiratory system is the most common site of infection, a significant number of reported cases indicate gastrointestinal (GI) involvement. GI symptoms include anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Although the mechanisms of GI pathogenesis are still being examined, viral components isolated from stool samples of infected patients suggest a potential fecal-oral transmission route. In addition, viral RNA has been detected in blood samples of infected patients, making hematologic dissemination of the virus a proposed route for GI involvement. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors serve as the cellular entry mechanism for the virus, and these receptors are particularly abundant throughout the GI tract, making the intestine, liver, and pancreas potential extrapulmonary sites for infection and reservoirs sites for developing mutations and new variants that contribute to the uncontrolled spread of the disease and resistance to treatments. This transmission mechanism and the dysregulation of the immune system play a significant role in the profound inflammatory and coagulative cascades that contribute to the increased severity and risk of death in several COVID-19 patients. This article reviews various potential mechanisms of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic injury.