Timing of fractional flow reserve-guided complete revascularization in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with multivessel disease: Rationale and design of the OPTION-STEMI trial.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend complete revascularization (CR) in hemodynamically stable patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD). With regard to the timing of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for non-infarct-related artery (non-IRA), recent randomized clinical trials have revealed that immediate CR was non-inferior to staged CR. However, the optimal timing of CR remains uncertain. The OPTION-STEMI trial compared immediate CR and in-hospital staged CR guided by fractional flow reserve (FFR) for intermediate stenosis of the non-IRA. METHODS: The OPTION-STEMI is a multicenter, investigator-initiated, prospective, open-label, non-inferiority randomized clinical trial. The study included patients with at least 1 non-IRA lesion with ≥50% stenosis by visual estimation. Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were randomized into 2 groups at a 1:1 ratio: immediate CR (i.e., PCI for the non-IRA performed during primary angioplasty) or in-hospital staged CR. In the in-hospital staged CR group, PCI for non-IRA lesions was performed on another day during the index hospitalization. Non-IRA lesions with 50%-69% stenosis by visual estimation were evaluated by FFR, whereas those with ≥70% stenosis was revascularized without FFR. The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and all unplanned revascularization at 1 year after randomization. Enrolment began in December 2019 and was completed in January 2024. The follow-up for the primary endpoint will be completed in January 2025, and primary results will be available in the middle of 2025. CONCLUSIONS: The OPTION-STEMI is a multicenter, non-inferiority, randomized trial that evaluated the timing of in-hospital CR with the aid of FFR in patients with STEMI and MVD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov. Unique identifier: NCT04626882; and URL: https://cris.nih.go.kr. Unique identifier: KCT0004457.

Effect of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Dose in Myocardial Infarction With Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function.

ABSTRACT: There have been few studies of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) dose in myocardial infarction (MI) with preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function. We evaluated the association of ARB dose with clinical outcomes after MI with preserved LV systolic function. We used MI multicenter registry. Six months after discharge, the ARB dose was indexed to the target ARB doses used in randomized clinical trials and grouped as >0%-25% (n = 2333), >25% of the target dose (n = 1204), and no ARB (n = 1263). The primary outcome was the composite of cardiac death or MI. Univariate analysis showed that mortality of those with any ARB dose was lower than those without ARB therapy. After multivariable adjustment, patients receiving >25% of target dose had a similar risk of cardiac death or MI compared with those receiving ≤25% or no ARB [hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-1.33; HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.82-1.08, respectively]. Propensity score analysis also demonstrated that patients with >25% dose had no difference in primary endpoint compared with those ≤25% dose or the no ARB group (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.79-1.33; HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64-1.14, respectively). The present study demonstrates that patients treated with >25% of target ARB dose do not have better clinical outcomes than those treated with ≤25% of target ARB dose or those with no ARB dose in MI patients with preserved LV systolic function.

Long-Term Beta-Blocker Therapy After Myocardial Infarction Without Heart Failure in the Reperfusion Era-Systemic Review and Meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT: Beta-blockers are recommended as a standard treatment for patients who experience a myocardial infarction (MI). However, the evidence supporting this recommendation is based on the prereperfusion era data. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of long-term (≥1 year) beta-blocker therapy in post-MI patients without clinical heart failure (HF) in the reperfusion era. We included observational cohort studies, which compared at least 1 year use of beta-blockers to no beta-blockers in patients with an acute MI, but without HF. The clinical endpoint considered was all-cause mortality, except for cardiovascular death in one study. Five cohort studies and 217,532 patients were included. One study demonstrated a reduction in all-cause mortality with beta-blockers, whereas, in 4 studies, there was no difference in the death rate. The pooled estimate by random effect showed that beta-blocker treatment does not reduce mortality (odds ratio 0.800, 95% confidence interval 0.559-1.145) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 94%). This meta-analysis shows that the use of oral beta-blockers for 1 year or more does not reduce the mortality of MI patients without HF. Large randomized trials need to evaluate beta-blocker discontinuation after an acute MI.

Predictors of Significant Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Cerebral Artery Atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: There are few existing data on the status of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with atherosclerosis of the cerebral artery detected by brain imaging studies. We aimed to analyze the predictors of asymptomatic angiographically significant CAD detected by simultaneous cerebral and coronary angiography. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study screened data obtained between August 2009 and April 2019; 11,047 patients underwent cerebral angiography for atherosclerotic change (>50% stenosis or aneurysm) seen in brain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA) at a single center by endovascular neurosurgeon's decision. Of these, 700 patients including 622 patients who underwent simultaneous coronary and cerebral angiography and 78 patients who underwent coronary angiography within a month were enrolled. We investigated the characteristics and predictors of angiographically significant CAD (>50% stenosis). Furthermore, we also analyzed the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, and stroke for 5 years. RESULTS: The frequency of significant CAD was 59% (413/700), the mean age was 68.9 ± 10.3 years, and 60.6% were male. During mean follow-up of 50 months, the MACCE rate of our whole cohort was significantly higher in the CAD group (21.5%) than in the non-CAD group (14.6%; hazard ratio 1.65, 95% CI 1.17-2.33, p value = 0.005). Considering that the embolic stroke is less associated with atherosclerotic change, our predictive model of significant CAD was made without embolic stroke (n = 599). In our multivariate model 2 including univariate <0.1, the independent predictors of significant CAD were male (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.11-2.35, p = 0.012), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.22-2.68, p = 0.003), previous stroke (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.02-2.60, p = 0.039), low ankle-brachial index (ABI; <0.9; OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.21-8.73, p = 0.019), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) <50% on echocardiography (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.25-6.35, p = 0.012), troponin I or T positive (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.69-4.53, p < 0.001), and complex features on cerebral angiography (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.78-4.19, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Accurate coronary evaluation by coronary angiography might be considered when patients with atherosclerotic cerebral artery detected on brain MRA or CTA planned cerebral angiography were male or have diabetes mellitus, previous stroke, low ABI (<0.9), left ventricular EF <50% on echocardiography, troponin I or T positivity, and complex features on cerebral angiography.

A wide range gate data acquisition for diagnosing coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: The turbulence of blood flow caused by stenosis has an impact on the surrounding coronary artery tissue and creates an audio-frequency vibration to the adjacent myocardial wall. We investigated the diagnostic feasibility of a novel diagnostic method using wide range gate (WRG) ultrasound data acquisition for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD). WRG data acquisition detects high-frequency vibrations from coronary artery stenosis, using pulse-wave Doppler ultrasound. METHODS: We used a Verasonics ultrasound data acquisition system to implement the WRG data acquisition. Investigators performed clinical trials for 80 subjects, with suspected CAD. All enrolled patients participated in WRG data acquisition before coronary angiography (CAG). RESULTS: As compared with the results of CAG, the sensitivity and specificity of the WRG data analysis were 80% and 84%, respectively. The WRG data analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity were 81% and 79% in the left anterior descending artery, respectively, 75% and 89% in the left circumflex artery, respectively, and 85% and 82% in the right coronary artery, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, a positive vibrometry result was an independent predictive factor for CAD. CONCLUSIONS: We proposed a new diagnostic method for detecting CAD using ultrasound. The new data acquisition method showed good potential as an initial diagnostic tool for CAD.

The level of nitric oxide regulates lipocalin-2 expression under inflammatory condition in RINm5F beta-cells.

We previously reported that proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1ß and interferon-γ) induced the expression of lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) together with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RINm5F beta-cells. Therefore, we examined the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on LCN-2 expression in cytokines-treated RINm5F beta-cells. Additionally, we observed the effect of LCN-2 on cell viability. First, we found the existence of LCN-2 receptor and the internalization of exogenous recombinant LCN-2 peptide in RINm5F and INS-1 beta-cells. Next, the effects of NO on LCN-2 expression were evaluated. Aminoguanidine, an iNOS inhibitor and iNOS gene silencing significantly inhibited cytokines-induced LCN-2 expression while sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor potentiated it. Luciferase reporter assay showed that transcription factor NF-κB was not involved in LCN-2 expression. Both LCN-2 mRNA and protein stability assays were conducted. SNP did not affect LCN-2 mRNA stability, however, it significantly reduced LCN-2 protein degradation. The LCN-2 protein degradation was significantly attenuated by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. Finally, the effect of LCN-2 on cell viability was evaluated. LCN-2 peptide treatment and LCN-2 overexpression significantly reduced cell viability. FACS analysis showed that LCN-2 induced the apoptosis of the cells. Collectively, NO level affects LCN-2 expression via regulation of LCN-2 protein stability under inflammatory condition and LCN-2 may reduce beta-cell viability by promoting apoptosis.

Clinical significance of chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation on morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexists with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major risk for AMI. However, the combined impact of CKD and AF on the mortality and morbidity in AMI population has not been determined. METHODS: Between January 2004 and December 2009, a total of 4,738 AMI patients were enrolled prospectively. Patients were divided into four groups according to the combined status of CKD and AF. The primary endpoint was a combination of 5-year major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS: The prevalence of AF was significantly higher in CKD patients than in non-CKD patients (6.76 vs. 3.31%, p < 0.001). The highest cumulative event rate of MACCE and death was observed in patients with both CKD and AF (68.5 and 64.0%), respectively. In multivariable analyses, compared with patients with neither AF nor CKD, hazard ratios (HR) for composite of MACCE were 1.66 (95% CI, 1.14-2.41), 1.24 (95% CI, 1.06-1.46), and 2.10 (95% CI, 1.42-3.13) for patients with AF only, those with CKD only, and those with both CKD and AF, respectively (p for interaction = 0.935). Patients with both CKD and AF had a greatest risk for all-cause mortality (HR 2.54; 95% CI, 1.60-4.53), and the significant synergistic interaction was observed between CKD and AF (p for interaction = 0.015). CONCLUSION: The combined effect of AF and CKD on the risk of MACCE after an AMI is stronger than any separate condition, and it confers a synergistic effect on the all-cause mortality risk.

Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of pannexin genes in chicken.

Pannexins (Panx) are a family of proteins that share sequences with the invertebrate gap junction proteins, innexins, and have a similar structure to that of the vertebrate gap junction proteins, connexins. To date, the Panx family consists of 3 members, but their genetic sequences have only been completely determined in a few vertebrate species. Moreover, expression of the Panx family has been reported in several rodent tissues: Panx1 is ubiquitously expressed in mammals, whereas Panx2 and Panx3 expressions are more restricted. Although members of the Panx family have been detected in mammals, their genetic sequences in avian species have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we obtained the full-length mRNA sequences of chicken PANX genes and evaluated the homology of the amino acids from these sequences with those of other species. Furthermore, PANX gene expression in several chicken tissues was investigated based on mRNA levels. PANX1 was detected in the brain, cochlea, chondrocytes, eye, lung, skin, and intestine, and PANX2 was expressed in the brain, eye, and intestine. PANX3 was observed in the cochlea, chondrocytes, and bone. In addition, expression of PANX3 was higher than PANX1 in the cochlea. Immunofluorescent staining revealed PANX1 in hair cells, as well as the supporting cells, ganglion neurons, and the tegmentum vasculosum in chickens, whereas PANX3 was only detected in the bone surrounding the cochlea. Overall, the results of this study provide the first identification and characterization of the sequence and expression of the PANX family in an avian species, and fundamental data for confirmation of Panx function.

Ethyl Formate Fumigation for Controlling Two Major Aphid Pests, Aphis spiraecola and Aphis gossypii, on Passion Fruit, from Cultivation to Post-Harvest Storage.

Tropical and subtropical crops are being increasingly cultivated in South Korea, leading to an increase in damage by exotic insect pests. Consequently, ethyl formate (EF) is currently being considered for quarantine and pre-shipment fumigation. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of EF fumigation for controlling Aphis spiraecola Patch and Aphis gossypii Glover, two representative quarantine pests on passion fruit ("Pink Bourbon") during greenhouse cultivation and post-harvest storage. The efficacy of EF against both aphids in terms of the lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LCt50%) and LCt99% was 1.36-2.61 g h/m3 and 3.73-7.55 g h/m3 under greenhouse conditions (23 °C), and 1.37-2.02 g h/m3 and 3.80-14.59 g h/m3 post-harvest (5 °C), respectively. EF at 4 g/m3 for 4 h resulted in 100% mortality of A. spiraecola, which was more resistant to EF, without causing phytotoxic damage to the trees in a 340 m3 greenhouse. Post-harvest fruit fumigation at 10 g/m3 for 4 h in a mid-size (0.8 m3) fumigation chamber resulted in complete disinfection. Moreover, the EF level decreased below the EF threshold within 10 min after natural ventilation in the greenhouse. Therefore, our results suggest EF fumigation as an effective method for controlling A. spiraecola and A. gossypii.

Ethyl Formate Fumigation against Pineapple Mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes, a Quarantine Insect Pest of Pineapples.

Pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a significant pest in pineapple production and a key trade barrier. We explored the potential use of ethyl formate (EF) as a methyl bromide alternative for the postharvest fumigation of D. brevipes in imported pineapples. When treated at 8 °C for 4 h, EF fumigation was effective against D. brevipes with LCt99, the lethal concentration × time product of EF necessary to achieve 99% mortality of D. brevipes nymphs and adults at 64.2 and 134.8 g h/m3, respectively. Sorption trials conducted with 70 g/m3 EF for 4 h at 8 °C using 7.5, 15 and 30% pineapple loading ratios (w/v) indicated that loading ratio lower than 30% is necessary to achieve the LCt99 values required to control D. brevipes. In a scaled up trial using 1 m3 chamber, EF fumigation with 70 g/m3 for 4 h at 8 °C with 20% pineapple loading ratio (w/v) resulted in a complete control of D. brevipes treated. There were no significant differences in hue values, sugar contents, firmness, and weight loss between EF-treated and untreated pineapples. Our results suggest that EF is a promising alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for the postharvest phytosanitary disinfection of D. brevipes in pineapples.

Exendin-4 inhibits iNOS expression at the protein level in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophage by the activation of cAMP/PKA pathway.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its potent agonists have been widely studied in pancreatic islet ß-cells. However, GLP-1 receptors are present in many extrapancreatic tissues including macrophages, and thus GLP-1 may have diverse actions in these tissues and cells. Therefore, we examined the mechanism by which exendin-4 (EX-4), a potent GLP-1 receptor agonist, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS expression in Raw264.7 macrophage cells. EX-4 significantly inhibited LPS-induced iNOS protein expression and nitrite production. However, Northern blot and promoter analyses demonstrated that EX-4 did not inhibit LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and iNOS promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that EX-4 did not alter the binding activity of NF-κB to the iNOS promoter. Consistent with the result of EMSA, LPS-induced IκBα phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 were not inhibited by EX-4. Also, actinomycin D chase study and the promoter assay using the construct containing 3'-untranslated region of iNOS showed that EX-4 did not affect iNOS mRNA stability. Meanwhile, cycloheximide chase study demonstrated that EX-4 significantly accelerated iNOS protein degradation. The EX-4 inhibition of LPS-induced iNOS protein was significantly reversed by adenylate cyclase inhibitors (MDL-12330A and SQ 22536), a PKA inhibitor (H-89) and PKAα gene silencing. These findings suggest that EX-4 inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression at protein level, but not at transcriptional mechanism of iNOS gene and this inhibitory effect of EX-4 was mainly dependent on cAMP/PKA system.

Induction mechanism of lipocalin-2 expression by co-stimulation with interleukin-1ß and interferon-γ in RINm5F beta-cells.

Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) was known to play a role in obesity and insulin resistance, however, little is known about the expression of LCN-2 in pancreatic islet ß-cells. We examined the molecular mechanisms by which proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) induce LCN-2 expression in RINm5F ß-cells. IL-1ß significantly induced LCN-2 expression while IFN-γ alone did not induce it. IFN-γ significantly potentiated IL-1ß-induced LCN-2 protein and mRNA expression. However, promoter study and EMSA showed that IFN-γ failed to potentiate IL-1ß-induced LCN-2 promoter activity and binding activity of transcription factors on LCN-2 promoter. Furthermore, LCN-2 mRNA stability and transcription factors NF-κB and STAT-1 were not involved in the stimulatory effect of IFN-γ on IL-1ß-induced LCN-2 expression. Meanwhile, Western Blot and promoter analyses showed that NF-κB was a key factor in IL-1ß-induced LCN-2 expression. Collectively, IL-1ß induces LCN-2 expression via NF-κB activation in RINm5F ß-cells. IFN-γ potentiates IL-1ß-induced LCN-2 expression at mRNA and protein levels, but not at promoter level and the stimulatory effect of IFN-γ is independent of NF-κB and STAT-1 activation. These data suggest that LCN-2 may play a role in ß-cell function under an inflammatory condition.

GuideLiner mother-and-child guide catheter extension: a simple adjunctive tool in PCI for balloon uncrossable chronic total occlusions.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the use of the GuideLiner "mother-and-child" guide catheter extension system as a simple solution to facilitate initial device delivery in balloon uncrossable chronic total occlusions (CTOs) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: During PCIs for CTO lesions, an important reason for procedural failure is the inability to deliver a balloon or microcatheter across the lesion. METHODS: We retrospectively accessed our interventional registry for 07/01/2010 to 03/21/2012 and extracted data on all CTO lesions involving GuideLiner catheter use. Cine review was performed to identify cases where a guidewire had crossed the CTO and the use of a GuideLiner catheter facilitated initial device delivery. RESULTS: We identified 28 patients that underwent PCI for CTO with a GuideLiner catheter used to assist initial balloon or microcatheter advancement across the culprit lesion. Mean overall CTO length was 26.3 ± 18.1 mm. The GuideLiner catheter was successful in delivering a small balloon to the CTO lesion in 85.7% of cases (24/28). A single CTO PCI resulted in a distal guidewire perforation, but there was no hemodynamic compromise or pericardial effusion and the patient was discharged the next day. Overall procedural success in these selected cases (where a guidewire had already crossed the CTO) was 89.3% (25/28). CONCLUSIONS: The GuideLiner mother-and-child catheter is a simple, safe and efficacious adjunctive device for difficult CTO PCIs where despite standard measures it is not possible to deliver an initial balloon or microcatheter across the occluded segment.

Spectral correction of light emitting diodes enables accurate hydration ratio calculation using narrowband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

Significance: Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are commonly utilized for tissue spectroscopy due to their small size, low cost, and simplicity. However, LEDs are often approximated as single-wavelength devices despite having relatively broad spectral bandwidths. When paired with photodiodes, the wavelength information of detected light cannot be resolved. This can result in errors during chromophore concentration calculations. These errors are particularly apparent when analyzing water and fat in the 900 to 1000 nm window where the spectral bandwidth of LEDs can encompass much of the analysis region, resulting in intense crosstalk. Aim: We utilize and present a spectral correction (SC) algorithm to correct for the spectral bandwidth of LEDs. We show the efficacy using a narrowband technique of spectrally broad and overlapping LEDs. Approach: Narrowband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (nb-DRS), a technique capable of quantifying the hydration ratio (RH2O) of turbid media, was utilized. nb-DRS typically requires a broadband light source and spectrometer. We reduce the hardware to just five LEDs and a photodiode detector, relying on SC to compensate for spectral crosstalk. The effectiveness of our SC approach was tested in simulations as well as in an emulsion phantom and limited selection of human tissue. Results: In simulations, we show that calculated RH2O errors increased with the spectral bandwidth of LEDs but could be corrected using SC. Likewise, in emulsions, we found an average error of 8.7% (maximum error 14%) if SC was not used. By contrast, applying SC reduced the average error to 2.2% (maximum error of 6.4%). We show that despite utilizing multiple, spectrally broad, and overlapping LEDs, SC was still able to restore the performance of our narrowband method, making it comparable to a much larger full broadband system.

Effective Phytosanitary Treatment for Export of Oriental Melons (Cucumis melo var L.) Using Ethyl Formate and Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Control Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), commonly known as greenhouse whitefly, is one of the main insect pests of Oriental melon (Cucumis melo var L.) in South Korea. T. vaporariorum is of concern as a quarantine pest for the exportation of C. melo in Southeast Asian countries. Due to future restrictions on the use of methyl bromide (MB) during quarantine, ethyl formate (EF) represents a potential alternative. In this study, we evaluated EF for its efficacy (probit-9 values) in enabling the export of Oriental melons. The probit-9 value of EF for controlling T. vaporariorum was 3.02 g·h/m3 after 2 h of fumigation. We also assessed the phytotoxicity of EF on melons when using modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) under low-temperature conditions, which is required for export and trade, to extend shelf-life. In scaled-up trials, we found 8 g/m3 EF for 2 h at 5 °C to be suitable as a new phytosanitary treatment against greenhouse whitefly for exported Oriental melons when using MAP. No phytotoxic damage was found 28 d after fumigation at 5 °C in terms of five quality parameters (firmness, sugar content, mass loss, color change, and external damage).

Comparison of Methyl Bromide and Ethyl Formate for Fumigation of Snail and Fly Pests of Imported Orchids.

Invasive snails and flies are major pests of imported orchids, controlled by methyl bromide (MB) fumigation in Korea. We compared the efficacy and phytotoxicity of ethyl formate (EF) and MB on four species of imported orchids using juvenile stages of Achatina fulica and third and fourth instars of Lycoriella mali. EF was as effective as MB. The LCt99 values of EF were 68.1 and 73.1 g h/m3 at 15 °C; and those of MB were 95.9 and 78.4 g h/m3 at 15 °C for A. fulica and L. mali, respectively. In the scale-up trials, EF treatment at 35 g/m3 for 4 h at 15 °C resulted in complete control of both pests. MB treatment based on the current treatment guidelines for imported orchids (48 g/m3, 2 h, at >15 °C) resulted in complete control of L. mali but not of A. fulica. Chlorophyll content and hue values of treated orchids were not affected by EF treatment but significantly changed by MB (p-value < 0.05). All four treated species of orchids died within 30 d of MB treatment, while only one species died from EF treatment. Our results suggest that EF is a potential alternative to MB in phytosanitary treatment of imported orchids.

A Novel Ethyl Formate Fumigation Strategy for Managing Yellow Tea Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) in Greenhouse Cultivated Mangoes and Post-Harvest Fruits.

The effects of climate change and shifting consumer preferences for tropical/subtropical mango fruits have accelerated their greenhouse cultivation in South Korea, which has consequently exacerbated the risk of unexpected or exotic insect pest outbreaks. This study used the pest risk analysis (PRA) of greenhouse-cultivated mangoes provided by the Animal & Plant Quarantine Agency in Korea to evaluate the potential of ethyl formate (EF) fumigation as a new pest management strategy against the yellow tea thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis), which is considered a surrogate pest in the thrips group according to the PRA. The efficacy and phytotoxicity of EF were evaluated in greenhouse-cultivated mango tree (Irwin variety) and post-harvest mango fruit scenarios. EF efficacy ranged from 6.25 to 6.89 g∙h/m³ for lethal concentration time (LCt)50 and from 17.10 to 18.18 g∙h/m³ for LCt99, indicating similar efficacy across both scenarios. Application of 10 g/m³ EF for 4 h at 23 °C could effectively control S. dorsalis (100% mortality) without causing phytotoxic damage to the greenhouse-cultivated mango trees, while post-harvest mango fruit fumigation with 15 g/m³ EF for 4 h at 10 °C showed potential for complete disinfestation of S. dorsalis without compromising fruit quality.

Ethyl Formate Fumigation for Control of the Scale Insect Asiacornococcus kaki, a Quarantine Pest on Sweet Persimmon, Diospyros kaki: Efficacy, Phytotoxicity and Safety.

Sweet persimmons are a valuable export commodity. However, the presence of live insects such as Asiacornococcus kaki limits their access to many export markets. Methyl bromide, traditionally used for pest control, is damaging to human health and the environment. Ethyl formate (EF) is a viable alternative; however, its effectiveness against A. kaki on sweet persimmon fruit is unknown. We evaluated the effectiveness of EF fumigation in controlling A. kaki present under the calyx of persimmon fruit. The hatching rate of eggs and the survival rates of nymphs and adults of A. kaki at low temperatures, its LCt50 and LCt99 after EF exposure, and phytotoxic damage caused by EF were evaluated in laboratory-scale and commercial-scale tests. The dose-response tests showed that the EF LCt99 at 5 °C was 9.69, 42.13, and 126.13 g h m-3 for adults, nymphs, and eggs, respectively. Commercial-scale tests demonstrated EF efficacy against all A. kaki stages without causing phytotoxic effects on persimmons, though the eggs of A. kaki were not completely controlled in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)-packaged fruit. This study demonstrated that EF is a potential fumigant for quarantine pretreatment, especially before persimmon fruit is packed with LLDPE film, to control A. kaki infesting sweet persimmon fruit.

Molecular mechanisms of early growth response protein-1 (EGR-1) expression by quercetin in INS-1 beta-cells.

Early growth response-1 (EGR-1), one of immediate early response genes, is involved in diverse cellular response. We recently reported that quercetin increased catalytic subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLC) via the interaction of EGR-1 to GCLC promoter in INS-1 beta-cells. Therefore, this study investigated molecular mechanisms of quercetin-induced EGR-1 expression in INS-1 cells. Quercetin significantly induced EGR-1 protein and its mRNA expressions. This induction of EGR-1 was completely blocked by pretreatment with a PKA inhibitor, H89 and partially blocked by a p38 inhibitor, SB203580. Additionally, the siRNA-mediated inhibition of PKAα and p38 resulted in significant reduction of quercetin-induced EGR-1 promoter activity. Also, quercetin-induced EGR-1 protein expression was significantly decreased in the cells transfected with PKAα siRNA. Study using truncated EGR-1 promoter constructs showed that serum response element (SRE) sites, not cAMP response element site, were essential for EGR-1 transcription. However, electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that quercetin did not affect the band intensity of DNA-protein complex on SRE site of EGR-1 promoter. Also, immune-shift assay using serum response factor (SRF) and phospho-SRF antibodies showed no difference between control and quercetin-treated groups. Collectively, quercetin-induced EGR-1 expression is largely dependent on PKA and partly on p38 MAPK pathway, and SRE sites of EGR-1 promoter are involved in quercetin-induced EGR-1 transcriptional activity.

Randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of zotarolimus-eluting stents vs. sirolimus-eluting stents for percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total occlusion--CAtholic Total Occlusion Study (CATOS) trial.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available regarding the direct comparison of angiographic and clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DESs) for chronic total occlusion (CTO). METHODS AND RESULTS: A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial was conducted to evaluate the non-inferiority of a zotarolimus-eluting stent (ZES; Endeavor Sprint®, n=80) to a sirolimus-eluting stent (SES; Cypher®, n=80) in patients with CTO lesion with a reference vessel diameter ≥ 2.5mm. The primary endpoint was in-segment binary restenosis rate at 9-month angiographic follow-up. Key secondary endpoints included target vessel failure (TVF; including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization) and Academic Research Consortium-defined definite/probable stent thrombosis (ST) within 12 months. The ZES was non-inferior to the SES with respect to the primary endpoint, which occurred in 14.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.0-22.2) and in 13.7% (95%CI: 5.8-21.6) of patients, respectively (non-inferiority margin, 15.0%; P for non-inferiority <0.001). There were no significant between-group differences in the rate of TVF (10.0% vs. 17.5%; P=0.168) nor in the rate of ST (0.0% vs. 1.3%; P=0.316) during the 12-month clinical follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness and safety of ZES are similar to those of SES and therefore it is a good treatment option in patients undergoing PCI for CTO with DESs.