Negligible Effect of Quercetin in the Pharmacokinetics of Sulfasalazine in Rats and Beagles: Metabolic Inactivation of the Interaction Potential of Quercetin with BCRP.

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) mediates pharmacokinetic drug interactions. This study evaluated the potential of quercetin to inhibit and induce BCRP in vitro and in vivo. The inhibition of BCRP was investigated for quercetin and its metabolites using BCRP/mBcrp1-overexpressing MDCKII cells by flow cytometry. The induction of BCRP was investigated in LS174T cells using quantitative PCR. The expression of rat BCRP in rat small intestine, liver, and kidney was also measured after multiple administrations of quercetin in rats (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg, seven days). The in vivo pharmacokinetic changes of sulfasalazine following single or multiple administration of quercetin in rats and beagles were investigated. Although the induction effect of quercetin on BCRP was observed in vitro, the in vivo expression of rat BCRP was not changed by multiple quercetin administrations. Oral administration of quercetin did not affect the plasma concentration or pharmacokinetic parameters of sulfasalazine, regardless of dose and dosing period in either rats or beagles. In addition, the inhibitory effect of quercetin metabolites on BCRP/mBcrp1 was not observed. These results suggest that the in vivo drug interaction caused by quercetin via BCRP was negligible, and it may be related to the metabolic inactivation of quercetin for the inhibition of BCRP.

Design of an Advanced Membrane Electrode Assembly Employing a Double-Layered Cathode for a PEM Fuel Cell.

The membrane electrolyte assembly (MEA) designed in this study utilizes a double-layered cathode: an inner catalyst layer prepared by a conventional decal transfer method and an outer catalyst layer directly coated on a gas diffusion layer. The double-layered structure was used to improve the interfacial contact between the catalyst layer and membrane, to increase catalyst utilization and to modify the removal of product water from the cathode. Based on a series of MEAs with double-layered cathodes with an overall Pt loading fixed at 0.4 mg cm(-2) and different ratios of inner-to-outer Pt loading, the MEA with an inner layer of 0.3 mg Pt cm(-2) and an outer layer of 0.1 mg Pt cm(-2) exhibited the best performance. This performance was better than that of the conventional single-layered electrode by 13.5% at a current density of 1.4 A cm(-2).